Tamangic languages

The Tamangic languages, TGTM languages, or West Bodish languages or Kaike-Ghale-Tamangic languages (Glottolog), are a family of Sino-Tibetan languages spoken in the Himalayas of Nepal. They are called "West Bodish" by Bradley (1997), from Bod, the native term for Tibet. TGTM stands for Tamang-Gurung-Thakali-Manang.

Tamangic
Geographic
distribution		Nepal, India (Sikkim)
Linguistic classificationSino-Tibetan
Subdivisions
  • Tamangic proper ("TGTM")
  • Ghale
  • Kaike
Glottologkaik1248

Proto-TGTM has been reconstructed in Mazaudon (1994). Tamangic is united with the Bodish and West Himalayish languages in Bradley's (1997) "Bodish" and Van Driem's (2001) Tibeto-Kanauri.

Languages

The Tamangic languages are:

  • Tamang (several divergent varieties, with a million speakers)
  • Gurung (two varieties with low mutual intelligibility)
  • Thakali (including the Seke dialect; ethnically Tamang)
  • Manang language cluster: the closely related Manang, Gyasumdo, Nar Phu, and Nyeshangte languages.
  • Chantyal
  • Ghale languages (Ghale and Kutang): spoken by ethnic Tamang, perhaps related to Tamangic.
  • Kaike (moribund): may be the most divergent.

Footnotes

    References
    • Bradley, David (1997). "Tibeto-Burman languages and classification". In Tibeto-Burman languages of the Himalayas, Papers in South East Asian linguistics. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
    • George van Driem (2001) Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region. Brill.
    • Georg, Stefan (1996). Marphatan Thakali. Untersuchungen zur Sprache des Dorfes Marpha im Oberen Kali-Gandaki-Tal/Nepal. München: LINCOM EUROPA. ISBN 90-04-09905-0.
    • Mazaudon, Martine. 1994. Problèmes de comparatisme et de reconstruction dans quelques langues de la famille tibéto-birmane. Thèse d'Etat, Université de la Sorbonne Nouvelle.
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