David Bentley Hart

David Bentley Hart (born 1965) is an American writer, philosopher, religious studies scholar, critic, and theologian noted for his distinctive, humorous, pyrotechnic and often combative prose style.[1][2][3] With academic works published on Christian metaphysics, philosophy of mind, classics, Asian languages, and literature, Hart received the Templeton Fellowship at the University of Notre Dame Institute for Advanced Study in 2015 and organized a conference focused on the philosophy of mind.[4] His translation of the New Testament was published by Yale in 2017[5][6][7][8] (with a 2nd edition in 2023).[9]

David Bentley Hart
Hart in 2022
Born1965 (age 57–58)
NationalityAmerican
Education
Occupation(s)writer, philosopher, religious studies scholar, critic, and theologian
Notable work
  • The Beauty of the Infinite (2003)
  • The Doors of the Sea (2005)
  • Atheist Delusions (2009)
  • The Experience of God (2013)
  • That All Shall Be Saved (2019)
  • Roland in Moonlight (2021)
  • You Are Gods (2022)
  • Tradition and Apocalypse (2022)
  • The New Testament: A Translation (2nd edition 2023)
Opponent(s)Richard Dawkins, Daniel Dennett, Materialism, Capitalism, Libertarianism, Secularism, Calvinism, neo-Thomism, Integralism
Awards
  • 2011 Michael Ramsey Prize by the Archbishop of Canterbury for Atheist Delusions
  • 2020 Best Religion Book of the Year in Publishers Weekly for Theological Territories
  • 2021 A. N. Wilson's Book of the Year in the Times Literary Supplement for Roland in Moonlight
Philosophy career
SchoolClassical theism, Neoplatonism, Continental philosophy, Idealism, Vishishtadvaita Vedanta, Sophiology, Eastern Orthodoxy (previously Anglicanism)
InstitutionsUniversity of Notre Dame
ThesisBeauty, Violence, and Infinity: A Question Concerning Christian Rhetoric (1997)
Doctoral advisorRobert Louis Wilken (on dissertation committee)
Main interests
comparative religious studies, metaphysics, myth, world literature, philosophy of mind, theological aesthetics, patristics, Eastern Orthodox theology, Eastern philosophy, Eastern religions, Gnosticism, baseball
Websitedavidbentleyhart.substack.com

A prolific essayist, Hart has written on topics as diverse as art, baseball, literature, religion, philosophy, consciousness, problem of evil, apocatastasis, theosis, fairies, film, and politics. His fiction includes The Devil and Pierre Gernet: Stories (2012) as well as two books from 2021: Roland in Moonlight and Kenogaia (A Gnostic Tale). Hart also maintains a popular subscription periodical called Leaves in the Wind that features original essays and conversations with other writers such as Rainn Wilson, China Miéville, Tariq Goddard, and Salley Vickers.[10][11] Hart's friendship and substantial intellectual common ground with John Milbank has been noted several times by both thinkers.[12] Hart is an Orthodox Christian.[13][14]

Academic career

Hart earned a B.A. in Interdisciplinary Study from the University of Maryland, a M.Phil. in Theology from the University of Cambridge, and a Ph.D. in Religious Studies from the University of Virginia.[15] He has taught at the University of Virginia, the University of St. Thomas (Minnesota), Duke Divinity School, and Loyola College in Maryland. He served as visiting professor at Providence College, where he also previously held the Robert J. Randall Chair in Christian Culture. During the 2014–2015 academic year, Hart was Danforth Chair at Saint Louis University in the Department of Theological Studies. In 2015, he was appointed as Templeton Fellow at the University of Notre Dame Institute for Advanced Study and is currently a collaborative scholar in the departments of Theology and German for Notre Dame.[16] His primary academic interests have been philosophical theology, systematics, patristics, classical and continental philosophy, and South and East Asian religion with recent focus on the genealogy of classical and Christian metaphysics, ontology, the metaphysics of the soul, and the philosophy of mind.[17]

Hart has authored eighteen books and produced two translated works. See Hart's bibliography article for a full list. The New Testament: A Translation was published in 2017 with Yale University Press (and a 2nd edition in 2023). His translation in collaboration with John R. Betz of Analogia Entis: Metaphysics: Original Structure and Universal Rhythm by Erich Przywara was published in 2014 by Eerdmans. Hart's academic books include The Beauty of the Infinite: The Aesthetics of Christian Truth (Wm. B. Eerdmans, 2003), The Experience of God: Being, Consciousness, Bliss (Yale, 2013), The Hidden and the Manifest: Essays in Theology and Metaphysics (Eerdmans, 2017), That All Shall Be Saved: Heaven, Hell, and Universal Salvation (Yale, 2019), Theological Territories: A David Bentley Hart Digest (Notre Dame Press. 2020), Tradition and Apocalypse: An Essay on the Future of Christian Belief (Baker Academic, 2022), and You Are Gods: On Nature and Supernature (Notre Dame Press, 2022).[18][19][20][21][22]

Literary writing

Since the late 1990s, Hart has published hundreds of essays on varied subjects including Don Juan, Vladimir Nabokov, Charles Baudelaire, Victor Segalen, Leon Bloy, William Empson, David Jones, The Secret Commonwealth of Elves, Fauns and Fairies (1893), and baseball. This steady output of often provocative essays have appeared in The New Atlantis,[23] Commonweal, The New York Times, Aeon, First Things,[24] The Wall Street Journal and many other periodicals. Several of these have shaped future books such as The Doors of the Sea , Roland in Moonlight, and Atheist Delusions: The Christian Revolution and Its Fashionable Enemies (Yale, 2009). In 2017, Hart was described by Matthew Walther (a columnist at The Week and later founding editor of The Lamp) as "our greatest living essayist".[25] For a selected list of Hart's essays, see here in his bibliography.

His essays often mix humor and critical commentary. In an essay titled "A Person You Flee at Parties: Donald and the Devil" (about Donald Trump from May 6, 2011, for First Things), Hart concluded:

Cold, grasping, bleak, graceless, and dull; unctuous, sleek, pitiless, and crass; a pallid vulgarian floating through life on clouds of acrid cologne and trailed by a vanguard of fawning divorce lawyers, the devil is probably eerily similar to Donald Trump—though perhaps just a little nicer.[26]

Hart's essays sometimes explored the boundaries between different religious traditions as with "Saint Sakyamuni" (2009)[27] or the boundaries of orthodoxy as with "Saint Origen" (2015).[28]

In 2012, The Devil and Pierre Gernet, a collection of his fiction, was released by Eerdmans.[29] Two of his books, A Splendid Wickedness in 2016 and The Dream-Child's Progress in 2017, are collections devoted to popular and literary essays that also include several short stories. His short stories have been described as "Borgesian" and are elaborate metaphysical fables, full of wordplay, allusion, and structural puzzles.[30]

David Bentley Hart and Roland, the title character in Roland in Moonlight (2021).

Hart added two books to his fiction works in 2021: Roland in Moonlight and Kenogaia (A Gnostic Tale).[31][32][33] His book Roland in Moonlight has a largely autobiographical framework while consisting primarily of dialogs with his dog Roland (pictured here) as well as accounts of his fictional great uncle Aloysius Bentley (1895-1987). Hart had written previously about both Roland and Aloysius in essays for First Things, with two about Aloysius 2011 and six about Roland from 2014 to 2016. (See the main book article for more details.) Describing Roland in Moonlight for a review in Church Times, John Saxbee (former Bishop of Lincoln) wrote: "Sometimes, a book defies description or, rather, refuses to settle into a conventional genre. David Bentley Hart’s prodigious mind and imagination has given us just such a book. Perhaps, here, Sophie’s World meets Alice through the Looking-Glass, or Don Quixote meets The Wind in the Willows."[34]

Reception

Hart's first major work, The Beauty of the Infinite (2003), an adaptation of his doctoral thesis, received acclaim from the theologians John Milbank, Janet Soskice, Paul J. Griffiths, and Reinhard Hütter. William Placher said of the book, "I can think of no more brilliant work by an American theologian in the past ten years."[35] Geoffrey Wainwright said, "This magnificent and demanding volume should establish David Bentley Hart, around the world no less than in North America, as one of his generation's leading theologians."[36]

In 2020, Theological Territories: A David Bentley Hart Digest was named Best Religion Book of the Year by Publishers Weekly.[37]

On May 27, 2011, Hart's book Atheist Delusions was awarded the Michael Ramsey Prize in Theology by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Rowan Williams.[38][39] It was also praised by the agnostic philosopher Anthony Kenny in The Times Literary Supplement: “Hart has the gifts of a good advocate. He writes with clarity and force, and he drives his points home again and again. He exposes his opponents’ errors of fact or logic with ruthless precision.”[40]

Oliver Burkeman, writing in The Guardian in January 2014, praised Hart's book The Experience of God as "the one theology book all atheists really should read".[41]

Roland in Moonlight was chosen by A.N. Wilson as his November 2021 “Book of the Year” for the Times Literary Supplement. Wilson described this "dialogue with the author's dog Roland, who turns out to be a philosopher of mind, with a particular bee in his bonnet about the inadequacy of materialist explanations for 'consciousness'" as "probably the dottiest book of the year" while noting that "I KEEP returning to it."[42][43]

In 2022, the Catholic Media Association awarded a first place prize to Kenogaia (A Gnostic Tale) in the category of “Escapism” for authors from other traditions.[44][45]

Criticism and heterodoxy questions

In addition to these accolades, Hart has been criticized by some scholars. New Testament scholar and translator N. T. Wright challenged Hart's translation of the New Testament in January 2018.[46][47] Hart responded on a few of the points, including on the Eclectic Orthodoxy blog and with his essay "The Spiritual Was More Substantial Than the Material for the Ancients" in Notre Dame's Church Life Journal.[48][49] Peter Leithart wrote a critical response to Hart's book That All Shall Be Saved called "Good God?" in October 2019 and posted a response from Hart five days later.[50][51] Edward Feser claimed in April 2022 that Hart's book You Are Gods: On Nature and Supernature advocates pantheism.[52] Gerald McDermott criticized Hart's book Tradition and Apocalypse in July 2022 for "a gnostic reading of Genesis and heterodox views of Christology, creation, and salvation."[53][54] In late 2022 and early 2023, Fr. James Dominic Rooney wrote several articles for Church Life Journal (with the McGrath Institute for Church Life at the University of Notre Dame) that accused Hart of multiple heresies related to his books That All Shall Be Saved and You Are Gods.[55] Hart responded to Rooney in an interview on the podcast Grace Saves All with David Artman as well as briefly on his Leaves in the Wind subscription newsletter.[56][57]

Although there are accusations of heterodoxy from some of Hart's Christian critics, especially after his 2019 publication of That All Shall Be Saved, a variety of prominent Christian scholars with strong commitments to traditional Christianity praised the book. Roman Catholic scholar Robert Louis Wilken wrote that "in this original and lively book, Hart shows, why most Christian thinking about eternal damnation is unbiblical," and Orthodox Christian scholar John Behr described the book as "a brilliant treatment — exegetically, theologically, and philosophically — of the promise that, in the end, all will indeed be saved, and exposing the inadequacy — above all moral — of claims to the contrary."[58] Archbishop Alexander Golitzin of the Orthodox Church in America recorded a public interview on January 14, 2022, in which he named Hart's book That All Shall Be Saved and said that it "draws upon some very prominent and worthy and holy teachers" in the early church who held that the "love of God will ultimately overcome the capacity of the creature to say no to God." The archbishop went on to clarify that "we can't teach universal salvation as doctrine, but we can hope for it" which Golitzin identified as "my own attitude ...which I take from Metropolitan Kallistos Ware."[59]

In February 2022, the Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America (in collaboration with the Orthodox Christian Studies Center of Fordham University) invited Hart to deliver a public homily for the Sunday of the Publican & the Pharisee as part of their “Orthodox Scholars Preach” series.[60] In 2017, Hart served on a special commission of Orthodox theologians for the Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew I of Constantinople to help compose “For the Life of the World: Toward a Social Ethos of the Orthodox Church” and to coauthor the preface.[61]

Influences and key ideas

Hart has cited a wide variety of inspirations and influences in his writing as well as across his various areas of scholarship in religious studies, philosophy of mind, and Christian metaphysics. With his essay style, Hart has often referenced H. L. Mencken as an influence. As literary influences, Hart and others have noted Lewis Carroll and Kenneth Grahame.[62][63] As "exemplars" in writing English prose, Hart has noted: Robert Louis Stevenson, Sylvia Townsend Warner, J. A. Baker, Patrick Leigh Fermor, and Vladimir Nabokov.[64]

An Anglican convert to Eastern Orthodoxy, Hart has praised Orthodox thinkers such as Kallistos Ware, Alexander Schmemann, John Meyendorff, and Olivier Clément.[65] Hart has also called Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew “one of the hopes of Orthodoxy.”[66] Hart's greatest praise, however, goes to Sergei Bulgakov who Hart has several times called the greatest theologian of the twentieth century.[67] Hart has expressed his admiration for sophiology and summarized his own understanding of it in his forward to Vladimir Solovyov’s Justification of the Good.

Among American theologians, Hart has called Robert Jenson the theologian with whom it is “most profitable to struggle.”[68]

More broadly, Hart has also noted many other influences and inspirations (some of whom he can also criticize severely in certain respects): Paul,[69] Origen, Plotinus, Proclus, Desert Fathers, Cappadocian Fathers (esp. St. Gregory of Nyssa), Pseudo-Dionysius, St. Maximus the Confessor, Isaac of Nineveh, Eriugena, Meister Eckhart, St. Symeon the New Theologian, Nicholas of Cusa, St. John of the Cross, St. Bonaventure, St. Augustine, St. Thomas Aquinas, Kant, William Blake, Hegel, Vladimir Solovyov, Dostoevsky, George MacDonald, Nietzsche, Pavel Florensky, Karl Barth, Martin Heidegger, Erich Przywara, Henri de Lubac, Hans Urs von Balthasar, Rowan Williams, Rumi, Ramanuja, Shankara, Maimonides, Ibn Arabi, Sadr al-Din al-Qunawi, Animism, Baháʼí, Dharmic religions (esp. Bhakti, Mahāyāna Buddhism, Vishishtadvaita Vedanta, and Sikhism), Kabbalah, Sufi Islam, and Taoic religions.[70][71]

As indicated by the wide range of topics covered in his essays, Hart has an interest in a diverse range of topics: baseball, Ancient Greek philosophy, patristics, Byzantine philosophy, Catholic theology, Comparative religious studies, Eastern philosophy, Eastern religions, Gnosticism, the atemporal fall, Hellenistic Judaism, historical criticism, Medieval philosophy, metaphysics, mysticism, myth, The Dreaming, fairies, perennialism, philosophy of mind, theological aesthetics, and world literature.[72]

Monism

As an outspoken advocate of classical theism as seen, for example, in his book The Experience of God[73] who is also, more generally, engaged with the schools of continental philosophy, idealism, and neoplatonism,[74] Hart also affirms monism. He said in a 17 November 2020 interview about a pre-release reading of his book You Are Gods:

At the end of the day, I’m a monist as any sane person is. We can play games with it, but any metaphysics that is coherent is ultimately reducible to a monism.[75]

John Milbank in an April 2022 conversation with Hart about You Are Gods said we “agree that in fact neoplatonism and Vedanta and Islamic mysticism are monistic” and “that, actually, an emanationism, a monotheism, these are actually the more monistic visions and that, if we’ve got all these things in Christianity like Trinity, incarnation, grace and deification and so on, these aren’t qualifying monism.” Instead, Milbank said that Hart's book You Are Gods shows that Christianity is spelling out or expounding monism and monotheism.[76] In his book You Are Gods, Hart also describes variations of both dualism and monism that he calls grim and monstrous:

An absolute dualism, of course, is a very grim thing indeed; but a narrative monism unqualified by any hint of true gnostic detachment, irony, sedition, or doubt—by any proper sense, that is, that the fashion of this world is horribly out of joint, that we are prisoners of delusion, that not every evil can be accounted for as part of divine necessity—turns out to be at least as monstrous.

Universalism

Hart's book That All Shall Be Saved was published on September 24, 2019, and makes the case that universalism is the only coherent version of the Christian faith. Although grounded primarily in arguments from Christian metaphysics and moral philosophy, the book also considers biblical exegesis, systematic theology, and historical theology (with extensive references to universalist ideas among Christian patristic figures such as Gregory of Nyssa). Hart, with his characteristic rhetorical provocations, uses terms such as "infernalists" to describe his opponents.[77][78][79] This grounding in Christian metaphysics, insistence on universalism being the only true articulation of the Christian gospel, and use of combative rhetoric all combine to make Hart's case for universalism more uncompromising than most previous Christian arguments, and this has led to the use of the term "hard universalism" to describe Hart's position.[80] (See this article's section on "Criticism and heterodoxy questions" for some more information on this topic.)

Personal life

Hart is married and has one grown son with whom he co-wrote the children's book The Mystery of Castle MacGorilla. He has two brothers: Addison Hodges Hart (also an author)[81][82] and Fr. Robert Hart (rector of Saint Benedict's Anglican Catholic Church in Chapel Hill, NC).[83]

At the age of 18, Hart moved from high-church Anglicanism to join the Orthodox tradition and is asked to serve and contribute by leaders in the Orthodox worldwide such as the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople.[84][85] During a September 16, 2022 conversation with Rainn Wilson, Hart shared briefly about an “indescribable” past experience of his own on Mount Athos:

I was in this state of spiritual despair, and I also had an encounter. ...So I understand both the difficultly of explaining it and the impossibility of forgetting it, at once, and how it can change your life. But it doesn't come as a set of instructions. It sure as hell didn't turn me into a saint but did actually make me realize that the spiritual dimension of reality is reality.[86]

Hart is a Christian socialist and a democratic socialist and has been a member of the Democratic Socialists of America.[87][88][89] On August 8, 2020, Hart wrote:

I’m basically an anarchist and communalist. I believe that all that lilies of the field nonsense that Jesus preached was more than a daydream; and I think the longing for strict social hierarchy ...as an antidote to modernity is simply a longing for a reprise of the same sins that created modernity.[90]

With a few more specifics, Hart wrote on April 3, 2022:

In my heart of hearts, I want to vote for someone whose entire political philosophy is derived from John Ruskin by way of Kenneth Grahame, with lashings of William Cobbett, Gilbert White, and William Morris; failing that, I want to enjoy the luxury of writing in Wendell Berry on every ballot. But the imminent collapse of the civil order of the entire world doth make pragmatists of us all. I long for the day, however, when I can return to my posture of airily insouciant disdain for the whole system and can again cast votes only for hopeless third party candidates with a clear conscience. But I suspect I will die before that day comes.[91]

See also

References
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  2. "A Mind-Bending Translation of the New Testament". The Atlantic. 10 December 2017. Archived from the original on 29 July 2018. Retrieved 2018-07-28.
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  7. Berneking, Steve (14 September 2022). "What's New About David Bentley Hart's Translation of the New Testament; Assessing its Translation Effectiveness and Affectiveness". The Bible Translator. 73 (2): 191–202. doi:10.1177/20516770221108341. S2CID 252216285.
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  73. "Metaphysics and the Experience of God: The Meditations of David Bentley Hart". Public Discourse (online journal of the Witherspoon Institute). 17 January 2014. Archived from the original on 3 February 2014.
  74. "Mind, Soul, World: Consciousness in Nature" (PDF). Notre Dame Institute for Advanced Study. 14 March 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 March 2016.
  75. "Episode 3: Gnosticism... It's Good (feat. David Bentley Hart)". Actually, It's Good podcast. 17 November 2020. Archived from the original on 18 November 2020. Retrieved 14 January 2023.
  76. "'You Are Gods' with David Bentley Hart and John Milbank". University of Notre Dame Press. 16 November 2021. Archived from the original on 11 January 2023. Retrieved 14 January 2023.
  77. "Review: That All Shall Be Saved". The University of St Andrews. 29 January 2020. Archived from the original on 4 December 2022. Retrieved 28 January 2023.
  78. "Shall All Be Saved? David Bentley Hart's Vision of Universal Reconciliation—An Extended Review". Christian Scholar’s Review. 12 November 2020. Archived from the original on 30 September 2022. Retrieved 28 January 2023.
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  81. "Book list for author Addison Hodges Hart". Amazon. Archived from the original on 13 February 2016. Retrieved 28 January 2023.
  82. "The Pragmatic Mystic". Archived from the original on 9 December 2022.
  83. "Fr. Robert Hart". North American Anglican. Archived from the original on 12 January 2023.
  84. "Addenda et Notanda". Leaves in the Wind. 26 August 2022. Archived from the original on 13 January 2023.
  85. "Receiving the World Like Children: Next-Day Reflections on an Evening Stolen from (and Graciously Given by) David Hart". 4 November 2022. Archived from the original on 25 December 2022.
  86. "A Conversation with Rainn Wilson". Leaves in the Wind. 16 September 2022. Archived from the original on 16 January 2023.
  87. "Three Cheers for Socialism". Commonweal Magazine. 24 February 2020. Archived from the original on 12 January 2023.
  88. "David Bentley Hart, David Gornoski on the Politics of Jesus, Socialism, Property Ethics". YouTube: David Gornoski Fan Favorites. Archived from the original on 2018-09-02. Retrieved 2018-08-20.
  89. "McDermott's Ignorant Slander". Jesus and the Ancient Paths. 19 July 2022. Archived from the original on 9 December 2022. Retrieved 28 January 2022.
  90. "Comment at bottom: God is not Odin, God is not Zeus, God is not Marduk". Eclectic Orthodoxy. 3 August 2020. Archived from the original on 24 December 2022. Retrieved 28 January 2022.
  91. "Thoughts In and Out of Season". Leaves in the Wind. 3 April 2022. Archived from the original on 14 April 2022. Retrieved 28 January 2022.
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