Cynara

Cynara cardunculus, Parque Natural do Sudoeste Alentejano e Costa Vicentina

Taxonavigation

Taxonavigation: Asterales
Classification System: APG IV Superregnum: Eukaryota Regnum: Plantae Cladus: Angiosperms Cladus: Eudicots Cladus: Core eudicots Cladus: Asterids Cladus: Campanulids Ordo: Asterales

Familia: Asteraceae
Subfamilia: Carduoideae
Tribus: Cardueae
Subtribus: Carduinae
Genus: Cynara
Species: C. algarbiensis – C. auranitica – C. baetica – C. cardunculus – C. cornigera – C. cyrenaica – C. humilis – C. makrisii – C. scolymus – C. syriaca – C. tournefortii
Nothospecies: C. × gaditana – C. × pacensis

Name

Cynara L., Sp. Pl. 2: 827 (1753); Gen. Pl., ed. 5: 359 (1754).

Lectotype species: Cynara cardunculus L. ((designated by M.L. Green in Sprague et al., Nom. Prop. Brit. Bot. 179 (Aug 1929))

Synonyms

Homotypic
- Cinara Mill., Gard. Dict. Abr. ed. 4 (sub Artichoke) (1754).
Heterotypic
- Bourgaea Coss., Notes Pl. Crit.: 39 (1849).
  - Type: Bourgaea humilis (L.) Cosson
- Cynaropsis Kuntze, Lex. Gen. Phan.: 158 (1903).
  - Type: Cynara cardunculus subsp. cardunculus Kuntze, Lex. Gen. Phan.: 158 (1903)
- Arcyna Wiklund, Willdenowia 33: 63 (2003).
  - Type: Arcyna tournefortii (Boiss. ex Reuter) Wiklund

Distribution

Native distribution areas:

Continental: Europe
- Regional: Northern Europe
  - Great Britain, Ireland.
- Regional: Middle Europe
  - Austria, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland.
- Regional: Southwestern Europe
  - Baleares, Corse, France, Portugal, Sardegna, Spain.
- Regional: Southeastern Europe
  - Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, Italy, Kriti, Romania, Sicilia, Turkey-in-Europe, Yugoslavia.
- Regional: Eastern Europe
  - Krym, South European Russia, Ukraine.
Continental: Africa
- Regional: Northern Africa
  - Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia.
- Regional: Macaronesia
  - Canary Islands, Madeira.
- Regional: Northeast Tropical Africa
  - Ethiopia.
- Regional: Western Indian Ocean
  - Mauritius, Réunion.
Continental: Asia-Temperate
- Regional: Caucasus
  - Transcaucasus.
- Regional: Western Asia
  - Cyprus, East Aegean Islands, Iran, Iraq, Lebanon-Syria, Palestine, Turkey.
Continental: Asia-Tropical
- Regional: Indian Subcontinent
  - Pakistan.
- Regional: Indo-China
  - Myanmar, Vietnam.
- Regional: Malesia
  - Jawa.
Continental: Australasia
- Regional: Australia
  - New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Victoria, Western Australia.
Continental: Pacific
- Regional: Northwestern Pacific
  - Marianas.
Continental: Northern America
- Regional: Southwestern U.S.A.
  - California.
Continental: Southern America
- Regional: Central America
  - Guatemala, Panama.
- Regional: Northern South America
  - Venezuela.
- Regional: Western South America
  - Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador.
- Regional: Southern South America
  - Juan Fernández Islands, Uruguay.

References: Brummitt, R.K. 2001. TDWG – World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, 2^nd Edition

References

Primary references

Linnaeus, C. 1753. Species Plantarum. Tomus II: 827. Reference page.
Linnaeus, C. 1754. Genera Plantarum, ed. 5: 359. Reference page.

Additional references

Hitchcock, A.S. & Green, M.L. 1929. Standard species of Linnaean genera of Phanerogamae (1753–1754). pp. 111–195 in International Botanical Congress. Cambridge (England), 1930. Nomenclature. Proposals by British Botanists. His Majesty's Stationery Office, London. Biblioteca Digital Reference page.
Hand, R., & Hadjikyriakou, G. 2009. Cynara makrisii (Asteraceae, Cardueae), a new artichoke species in Cyprus. Willdenowia 39 (1): 77–81. DOI: 10.3372/wi.39.39108 Reference page.
Robba, L., Carine, M. A., Russell, S. J., & Raimondo, F. M. 2005. The monophyly and evolution of Cynara L. (Asteraceae) sensu lato: evidence from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region of nrDNA. Plant Systematics and Evolution 253 (1-4): 53-64. DOI: 10.1007/s00606-004-0259-3 Reference page.
Wiklund, A. 1992. The genus Cynara L. (Asteraceae-Cardueae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 109 (1): 75-123. DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.1992.tb00260.x Reference page.
Moth Wiklund, A. 2003. Arcyna, a new genus segregated from Cynara (Compositae). Willdenowia 33(1): 63–68. DOI: 10.3372/wi.33.33105 JSTOR Reference page.

Links

Euro+Med 2006 onwards: Cynara in Euro+Med PlantBase – the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Published online. Accessed: 2021 Apr. 10.
Govaerts, R. et al. 2021. 10 in Kew Science Plants of the World Online. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published online. Accessed: 2021 Apr.. Reference page.
International Plant Names Index. 2021. Cynara. Published online. Accessed: Apr. 10 2021.
Farr, E.R. & Zijlstra, G. (eds.) 1996 onwards. Cynara in Index Nominum Genericorum (Plantarum). Accessed: 2022 Dec 6.
Tropicos.org 2022. Cynara. Missouri Botanical Garden. Published online. Accessed: 6 Dec 2022.
Hassler, M. 2022. World Plants. Synonymic Checklist and Distribution of the World Flora. . Cynara. Accessed: 6 Dec 2022.

Vernacular names

azərbaycanca: Artişok
беларуская: Артышок
dansk: Kardon-slægten
Deutsch: Artischocken
English: Cardoon
suomi: Artisokat
polski: Karczoch
русский: Артишок
slovenčina: Artičok
svenska: Kronärtskockssläktet
Tiếng Việt: Chi Atisô

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