nad

nad

1. (linguistics) noun animate dependent

Douglas Harper suggests an abbreviation of gonad originating among biology students.

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nad (plural nads)

1. (slang, mostly plural) testicle
   • 2004, Bob Gunn, Sex, Ghosts and Gumshoes, page 119:

     I look down and the little one has already cut right through my ball sac and is in the process of slicing my left nad free.

• -and, -dan, ADN, AND, DAN, DNA, Dan, Dan., NDA, and, and-, dan, dna

Inherited from Old Czech nad, from Proto-Slavic *nadъ.

• IPA^(key): [ˈnat]

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• Rhymes: -at

nad [+instrumental]

1. over, above

   Antonym: pod

• nad in Příruční slovník jazyka českého, 1935–1957
• nad in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého, 1960–1971, 1989

• And, dan, Dan, dna, DNA

nad (genitive nende, partitive neid)

1. short form of nemad: they

• nade

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *nadъ.

nad

1. Denotes location; above, over [+instrumental]

• “nad”, in Internetowi Słowôrz Kaszëbsczégò Jãzëka [Internet Dictionary of the Kashubian Language], Fundacja Kaszuby, 2022
• Eùgeniusz Gòłąbk (2011), “nad(e)”, in Słownik Polsko-Kaszubski / Słowôrz Pòlskò-Kaszëbsczi

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *nadъ.

nad

1. Denotes movement; to over, to above [+accusative]
2. Denotes movement; to under, to below [+accusative]
3. Denotes subject of an attack etc.. [+accusative]
4. Denotes a higher position in comparisons; above [+accusative]
5. Denotes larger amount; above, more than [+accusative] or [+instrumental]
6. Denotes first degree of comparisons; more than [+accusative] or [+instrumental]
7. With a reduplicated noun, expresses superlative nature; of [+accusative]
8. Denotes additionality or excess; in addition to [+accusative]
9. Denotes a manner contrary to something else. [+accusative]
10. Denotes location; above, over [+instrumental]
11. Denotes position in a hierarchy; above, over [+instrumental]
12. Denotes vessel through which divine action is taken; through [+instrumental]
13. Denotes target of an action aimed at [+instrumental]
14. Denotes subject of power; over, above [+instrumental]
15. Denotes subject of emotion; over [+instrumental]
16. Denotes contradiction; despite [+instrumental]

• Czech: nad

• Jan Gebauer (1903–1916), “nad”, in Slovník staročeský (in Czech), Prague: Česká grafická společnost "unie", Česká akademie císaře Františka Josefa pro vědy, slovesnost a umění

nad

1. Alternative spelling of nád

• nade

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *nadъ. First attested in the 14th century.

• IPA^(key):

• (Pre 15^th CE) /nat/
• (15^th CE) /nat/

nad

1. Denotes location; above, over [+instrumental]
2. Denotes location; near, close to [+instrumental]
3. Denotes time; just before [+instrumental]
4. Denotes cause; because of [+instrumental]
5. Denotes position in comparison; over, more than [+instrumental] or [+accusative]
6. With a reduplicated noun, expresses superlative nature; of [+instrumental]
7. Denotes subject of power; above [+instrumental]
8. Denotes subject of someones thoughts or actions in relation to, vis-a-vis [+instrumental]
9. Denotes motion; to above, to over [+accusative]

• Polish: nad, nade
• Silesian: nad, nady

• Boryś, Wiesław (2005) Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego (in Polish), Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie, →ISBN
• Andrzej Bańkowski (2000) Etymologiczny słownik języka polskiego (in Polish)
• B. Sieradzka-Baziur, editor (2011–2015), “nad, nade”, in Słownik pojęciowy języka staropolskiego [Conceptual Dictionary of Old Polish] (in Polish), Kraków: IJP PAN, →ISBN

• nade

Inherited from Old Polish nad. First attested in the 14th century.[1]

• IPA^(key): /nat/
• (Middle Polish) IPA^(key): /ˈnat/

• Audio

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• Rhymes: -at
• Syllabification: nad
• Homophone: nad-

nad

1. Denotes location; above, over [+instrumental]

   Nad biurkiem wisi piękny obraz. ― Above the desk hangs a beautiful painting.

   Synonyms: ponad, powyżej

   Coordinate terms: pod, popod

2. Denotes location, particularly in relation to a body of water; on, by [+instrumental]

   Mieszkają w dużym domu nad morzem. ― They live in a big house by the sea.

   Opole leży nad Odrą. ― Opole lies on the Oder.

3. Denotes motion; to above, to over [+accusative]

   Synonyms: ponad, powyżej

   Coordinate terms: pod, popod

   Podnieś ręce nad głowę! ― Put your hands above your head!

4. Denotes movement, particularly in relation to a body of water; to [+accusative]

   W niedzielę jedziemy nad jezioro. ― We're going to the lake on Sunday.

   Antonym: znad

5. (literary) Denotes position in comparison; than; over [+accusative]
6. (+ instrumental) over (indicates relative status, authority or power)

   Nauczyciel umiejętnie panuje nad klasą. ― The teacher skillfully keeps control over the class.

   Antonym: pod

7. (literary) Denotes highest degree of intensity of an action or state;

   Kocham to nad życie. ― I love it to death/more than life itself/more than anything in the world.

   Synonym: ponad

8. Denotes subject of activities; on [+instrumental]

   Pracuję nad scenariuszem do nowego filmu. ― I'm working on a script for a new film.

9. With a reduplicated noun, expresses superlative nature; the greatest of all, of [+instrumental] or (stylized) [+accusative]

   Oj, marzy mi się pizza nad pizzami! ― Oh, I dream of the greatest of all pizzas!

   Zawisza Czarny, rycerz nad rycerzami, zginął po wzięciu do tureckiej niewoli. ― Zawisza Czarny, a knight of the knights, was killed after being captured by the Turks.

According to Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej (1990), nad is one of the most used words in Polish, appearing 91 times in scientific texts, 107 times in news, 101 times in essays, 127 times in fiction, and 72 times in plays, each out of a corpus of 100,000 words, totaling 498 times, making it the 90th most common word in a corpus of 500,000 words.[2]

• nad in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
• nad in Polish dictionaries at PWN
• “nad, nade”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish], 2010-2022
• “NAD”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century], 17.12.2008
• Samuel Bogumił Linde (1807-1814), “nad”, in Słownik języka polskiego
• Aleksander Zdanowicz (1861), “nad”, in Słownik języka polskiego, Wilno 1861
• J. Karłowicz, A. Kryński, W. Niedźwiedzki, editors (1904), “nad”, in Słownik języka polskiego (in Polish), volume 3, Warsaw, page 28
• Zofia Stamirowska (1987-2021), “nad”, in Anna Basara, editor, Słownik gwar Ostródzkiego, Warmii i Mazur, volume 224, Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich Wydawnictwo Polskiej Akademii Nauk, →ISBN, page 4

Univerbation of an (“in”) +‎ do (“thy”)

nad (+ dative, triggers lenition)

1. in thy; in your (singular)

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *nadъ. Compare na (“on, onto”), nad-, nat-.

• IPA^(key): /nâd/

nȁd (Cyrillic spelling на̏д)

1. (+ instrumental case) over, above (with no change of position, answering the question gdjȅ/gdȅ)

   nad stolom ― over the table

   vlast nad nekim ― power over somebody

   heroj nad herojima ― the greatest of all heroes

   Synonym: ȉznad

   Antonym: pȍd

2. (+ accusative case) over, above (usually with change of position, answering the question kùda)

   Nagnuo se nad vodu. ― He leaned over the water.

   Synonym: ȉznad

   Antonym: pȍd

• “nad” in Hrvatski jezični portal

• nady

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *nadъ.

• IPA^(key): /nat/
• Syllabification: nad

nad

1. Denotes location; above, over [+instrumental]

   Synonyms: pōnad, powyżyj

   Coordinate term: pod

2. Denotes movement; to above, to over [+accusative]

   Synonyms: pōnad, powyżyj

   Coordinate term: pod

3. Denotes position close to water; by [+instrumental]

   Synonym: kole

4. Denotes movement close to water; to [+accusative]
5. Denotes object of certain actions. [+instrumental]
6. Denotes proximity of a time; around [+instrumental]
7. Denotes object most affceted by something. [+accusative]
8. With a reduplicated noun, expresses superlative nature; of [+instrumental]

• nad in silling.org

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *nadъ.

• IPA^(key): /nat/

nad

1. (with instrumental) over, above (stationary)
2. (with accusative) over, above (motion towards)

See na with the same meaning. Compare Latin neque.

• IPA^(key): /nad/

nad

1. (formal) that … not (introduces a negative noun clause, marking it for emphasis)

   Mae e’n dweud nad athro yw ef.

   He says that he is not a teacher.

2. that … not (introduces a negative noun clause, used before a vowel)

   Mae e’n dweud nad ydy e’n mynd.

   He says that he is not going.

• mai (affirmative, emphasis)
• taw (affirmative, emphasis)
• na (negative, unmarked, used before a consonant)

• R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “nad”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies