Carotid sheath

The carotid sheath is a condensation of the deep cervical fascia[1] enveloping multiple vital neurovascular structures of the neck,[2] including the common and internal carotid arteries, the internal jugular vein, the vagus nerve (CN X), ansa cervicalis,[1][2] and sympathetic trunk. The carotid sheath helps protects the structures contained therein.[2]

Carotid sheath
Section of the neck at about the level of the sixth cervical vertebra. Showing the arrangement of the fascia coli. Carotid sheath is labeled in red.
Details
Identifiers
Latinvagina carotica fasciae cervicalis
TA98A04.2.05.007
TA22214
FMA46561
Anatomical terminology

Anatomy

One carotid sheath is situated on each side of the neck,[3] extending between the skull and the arch of the aorta.[2] It extends between the base of the skull superiorly, and level of the first rib and sternum inferiorly (varying between the levels of C7 and T4).

Structure

The carotid sheath is a fibrous connective tissue formation surrounding several important structures of the neck. It is thicker around the arteries than around the vein, allowing the vein to expand.[2]

The three major fascial layers in the neck contribute to the carotid sheath: the investing fascia, the pretracheal fascia, and the prevertebral fascia. The carotid sheath has limited loose connective tissue.[4]

Contents

Structures contained within the carotid sheath include the:

Arrangement

The ansa cervicalis is embedded in the anterior wall of sheath.

The sympathetic trunk is situated posterior to the common carotid artery;[7] the cervical part of the sympathetic trunk is embedded in prevertebral fascia immediately posterior to the sheath.

Relations

The carotid sheath occurs at the level of the oropharynx.[3]

The carotid sheath is situated at each lateral boundary of the retropharyngeal space,[3] deep to the sternocleidomastoid muscle.[3][2] The pharynx is situated medially to the carotid sheath, (in the suprahyoid region) the parotid gland laterally to it, (in the suprahyoid region the infratemporal fossa anteriorly to it, and the prevertebral fascia posteriorly to it.[2]

Superiorly, the carotid sheath encircles the margins of the carotid canal and jugular foramen. Inferiorly, it terminates at the aortic arch;[2] it is continuous inferiorly with the axillary sheath at the venous angle.[3]

Function

The carotid sheath acts to protect and separate the structures contained within.[2]

Clinical significance

The carotid sheath may act as a conduit for infections, although this is rare due to the limited connective tissue.[4]

Additional images
  • Hypoglossal nerve, cervical plexus, and their branches.
    Hypoglossal nerve, cervical plexus, and their branches.
  • Muscles of the pharynx, viewed from behind, together with the associated vessels and nerves.
    Muscles of the pharynx, viewed from behind, together with the associated vessels and nerves.

See also

References
  1. Standring, Susan (2020). Gray's Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice (42nd ed.). [New York]. ISBN 978-0-7020-7707-4. OCLC 1201341621.
  2. Garner, Darren H.; Kortz, Michael W.; Baker, Stephen (2022), "Anatomy, Head and Neck, Carotid Sheath", StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, PMID 30137861, retrieved 2022-12-27
  3. Fessler, Richard G.; Kim, Daniel H. (2012-01-01), Quiñones-Hinojosa, Alfredo (ed.), "Chapter 191 - Surgical Approaches to the Cervicothoracic Junction", Schmidek and Sweet Operative Neurosurgical Techniques (Sixth Edition), Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, pp. 2177–2191, ISBN 978-1-4160-6839-6, retrieved 2021-01-12
  4. Chow, Anthony W. (2015-01-01), Bennett, John E.; Dolin, Raphael; Blaser, Martin J. (eds.), "65 - Infections of the Oral Cavity, Neck, and Head", Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases (Eighth Edition), Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, pp. 789–805.e2, ISBN 978-1-4557-4801-3, retrieved 2021-01-12
  5. Madani, M. M.; Golts, E. (2014-01-01), "Cardiovascular Anatomy", Reference Module in Biomedical Sciences, Elsevier, ISBN 978-0-12-801238-3, retrieved 2021-01-12
  6. "Midcervical Level". Imaging Anatomy: Ultrasound: 118–123. 2018-01-01. doi:10.1016/B978-0-323-54800-7.50018-0. ISBN 9780323548007.
  7. Ryan, Stephanie (2011). "Chapter 1". Anatomy for diagnostic imaging (Third ed.). Elsevier Ltd. p. 44. ISBN 9780702029714.
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