List of governors of Florida

The governor of Florida is the head of government of the U.S. state of Florida and the commander-in-chief of the state's military forces.[2] The governor has a duty to enforce state laws and the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the Florida Legislature,[3] to convene the legislature[4] and grant pardons, except in cases of impeachment.[5]

Governor of Florida
Seal of the State of Florida
Flag of the State of Florida
Incumbent
Ron DeSantis
since January 8, 2019
Government of Florida
Style
TypeHead of State
Head of Government
Member ofFlorida Executive Branch
Florida Cabinet
ResidenceFlorida Governor's Mansion
AppointerPopular vote
Term lengthFour years, renewable once consecutively
Constituting instrumentConstitution of Florida
PrecursorGovernor of the Florida Territory
Inaugural holderWilliam Dunn Moseley
FormationJune 25, 1845
DeputyLieutenant Governor of Florida
Salary$130,273 (2013)[1]
Websitewww.flgov.com

When Florida was first acquired by the United States, future president Andrew Jackson served as its military governor. Florida Territory was established in 1822 and five people served as governor over 6 distinct terms. The first territorial governor, William Pope Duval, served 12 years, the longest of any Florida governor to date.

Since statehood in 1845, there have been 45 people who have served as governor, one of whom served two distinct terms. Four state governors have served two full four-year terms: William D. Bloxham, in two stints, as well as Reubin Askew, Jeb Bush and Rick Scott who each served their terms consecutively. Bob Graham almost served two full terms but resigned with three days left in his term in order to take a seat in the United States Senate.[6] The shortest term in office belongs to Wayne Mixson, who served three days following Graham's resignation.

The current officeholder is Ron DeSantis, a member of the Republican Party who took office on January 8, 2019.

Governors

Federal military commissioner
For a list of governors of Florida before it became a United States territory, see List of colonial governors of Florida.

Spanish Florida was acquired from Spain in the Adams–Onís Treaty, which took effect July 10, 1821.[7] Parts of West Florida had already been assigned to Alabama, Louisiana, and Mississippi; the remainder and East Florida were governed by a military commissioner with the powers of governor until the territory was organized and incorporated.[8]

Federal Military Commissioner of Florida[lower-alpha 1]
No. Commissioner Term in office Appointed by
1 Andrew Jackson
(1767–1845)
[9]		 March 10, 1821
–
December 31, 1821
(resigned)[lower-alpha 2]		 James Monroe

Governors of the Territory of Florida

Florida Territory was organized on March 30, 1822, combining East and West Florida.[13]

Governors of the Territory of Florida
No. Governor Term in office[lower-alpha 3] Appointed by
1 William Pope Duval
(1784–1854)
[14][15]		 April 17, 1822[lower-alpha 4]
–
April 17, 1834[lower-alpha 5]
(successor appointed)[lower-alpha 6]		 James Monroe
John Quincy Adams
Andrew Jackson
2 John Eaton
(1790–1856)
[25][26]		 April 24, 1834[lower-alpha 7]
–
March 16, 1836
(successor appointed)[lower-alpha 8]		 Andrew Jackson
3 Richard K. Call
(1792–1862)
[29][30]		 March 16, 1836[lower-alpha 9]
–
December 2, 1839[lower-alpha 10]
(successor appointed)		 Andrew Jackson
Martin Van Buren
4 Robert R. Reid
(1789–1841)
[35][36]		 December 12, 1839[lower-alpha 11]
–
March 19, 1841
(successor appointed)		 Martin Van Buren
5 Richard K. Call
(1792–1862)
[29][30]		 March 19, 1841[lower-alpha 12]
–
August 11, 1844
(successor appointed)		 William Henry Harrison
John Tyler
6 John Branch
(1782–1863)
[41][42]		 August 11, 1844[lower-alpha 13]
–
June 25, 1845
(statehood)		 John Tyler

Governors of the State of Florida

The State of Florida was admitted to the Union on March 3, 1845. It seceded from the Union on January 10, 1861,[45] and joined the Confederate States of America on February 8, 1861,[46] as a founding member. Following the end of the American Civil War, it was part of the Third Military District.[47] Florida was readmitted to the Union on June 25, 1868.[48]

The Florida Constitution of 1838 provided that a governor be elected every 4 years, who was not allowed to serve consecutive terms.[49] The secessionist constitution of 1861 would have reduced this to two years and removed the term limit,[50] but the state fell to the Union before the first election under that constitution. The rejected constitution of 1865 and the ratified constitution of 1868 maintained the four-year term,[51][52] though without the earlier term limit, which was reintroduced in the 1885 constitution.[53] The current constitution of 1968 states that should the governor serve, or would have served had he not resigned, more than six years in two consecutive terms, he cannot be elected to the succeeding term.[54] The start of a term was set in 1885 at the first Tuesday after the first Monday in the January following the election,[53] where it has remained.[55]

Originally, the president of the state senate acted as governor should that office be vacant.[56] The 1865 and 1868 constitutions created the office of lieutenant governor,[57][58] who would similarly act as governor. This office was abolished in 1885, with the president of the senate again taking on that duty.[59] The 1968 constitution recreated the office of lieutenant governor, who now becomes governor in the absence of the governor.[60] The governor and lieutenant governor are elected on the same ticket.[54]

Florida was a strongly Democratic state before the Civil War, electing only one candidate from the Whig Party (the Democrats' chief opposition at the time).[61] It elected three Republican governors following Reconstruction, but after the Democratic Party re-established control, 90 years passed before voters chose another Republican.

Governors of the State of Florida
No. Governor Term in office Party Election Lt. Governor[lower-alpha 14][lower-alpha 15]
1 William Dunn Moseley
(1795–1863)
[62][63][64]		 June 25, 1845
–
October 1, 1849
(term-limited)		 Democratic 1845 Office did not exist
2   Thomas Brown
(1785–1867)
[65][66][67]		 October 1, 1849
–
October 3, 1853
(term-limited)		 Whig 1848
3 James E. Broome
(1808–1883)
[68][69][70]		 October 3, 1853
–
October 5, 1857
(term-limited)		 Democratic 1852
4 Madison S. Perry
(1814–1865)
[71][72][73]		 October 5, 1857
–
October 7, 1861
(term-limited)		 Democratic 1856
5 John Milton
(1807–1865)
[74][75][76]		 October 7, 1861
–
April 1, 1865
(died in office)[lower-alpha 16]		 Democratic 1860
6 Abraham K. Allison
(1810–1893)
[77][78]		 April 1, 1865
–
May 19, 1865
(resigned)[lower-alpha 17]		 Democratic President of
the Senate
acting
— Vacant May 19, 1865
–
July 13, 1865		 — Office vacated
after civil war
7 William Marvin
(1808–1902)
[79][80][81]		 July 13, 1865
–
December 20, 1865
(provisional term ended)		 — Provisional
governor
appointed by
President[lower-alpha 18]
8 David S. Walker
(1815–1891)
[82][83][84]		 December 20, 1865
–
July 4, 1868
(did not run)		 Democratic[lower-alpha 19] 1865   William W. J. Kelly[lower-alpha 20]
9 Harrison Reed
(1813–1899)
[85][86][87]		 July 4, 1868[lower-alpha 21]
–
January 7, 1873
(did not run)		 Republican 1868 William Henry Gleason
(removed December 14, 1868)[lower-alpha 22]
Vacant
Edmund C. Weeks
(appointed January 24, 1870)
(term ended December 27, 1870)[lower-alpha 23]
Samuel T. Day
(took office December 27, 1870)
10 Ossian B. Hart
(1821–1874)
[93][94][95]		 January 7, 1873
–
March 18, 1874
(died in office)		 Republican 1872 Marcellus Stearns
11 Marcellus Stearns
(1839–1891)
[96][97][98]		 March 18, 1874
–
January 2, 1877
(lost election)		 Republican Lieutenant
governor
acting		 Acting as governor
12 George Franklin Drew
(1827–1900)
[99][100][101]		 January 2, 1877
–
January 4, 1881
(did not run)		 Democratic 1876 Noble A. Hull
(resigned March 3, 1879)
Vacant
13 William D. Bloxham
(1835–1911)
[102][103][104]		 January 4, 1881
–
January 6, 1885
(lost nomination)[lower-alpha 24]		 Democratic 1880 Livingston W. Bethel
14 Edward A. Perry
(1831–1889)
[106][107][108]		 January 6, 1885[lower-alpha 25]
–
January 8, 1889
(term-limited)		 Democratic 1884 Milton H. Mabry
15 Francis P. Fleming
(1841–1908)
[110][111][112]		 January 8, 1889
–
January 3, 1893
(term-limited)		 Democratic 1888 Office did not exist
16 Henry L. Mitchell
(1831–1903)
[113][114][115]		 January 3, 1893
–
January 5, 1897
(term-limited)		 Democratic 1892
17 William D. Bloxham
(1835–1911)
[102][103][116]		 January 5, 1897
–
January 8, 1901
(term-limited)		 Democratic 1896
18 William Sherman Jennings
(1863–1920)
[117][118][119]		 January 8, 1901
–
January 3, 1905
(term-limited)		 Democratic 1900
19 Napoleon B. Broward
(1857–1910)
[120][121][122]		 January 3, 1905
–
January 5, 1909
(term-limited)		 Democratic 1904
20 Albert W. Gilchrist
(1858–1926)
[123][124][125]		 January 5, 1909
–
January 7, 1913
(term-limited)		 Democratic 1908
21 Park Trammell
(1876–1936)
[126][127][128]		 January 7, 1913
–
January 2, 1917
(term-limited)		 Democratic 1912
22 Sidney Johnston Catts
(1863–1936)
[129][130][131]		 January 2, 1917
–
January 4, 1921
(term-limited)		 Prohibition 1916
23 Cary A. Hardee
(1876–1957)
[132][133][134]		 January 4, 1921
–
January 6, 1925
(term-limited)		 Democratic 1920
24 John W. Martin
(1884–1958)
[135][136][137]		 January 6, 1925
–
January 8, 1929
(term-limited)		 Democratic 1924
25 Doyle E. Carlton
(1885–1972)
[138][139][140]		 January 8, 1929
–
January 3, 1933
(term-limited)		 Democratic 1928
26 David Sholtz
(1891–1953)
[141][142][143]		 January 3, 1933
–
January 5, 1937
(term-limited)		 Democratic 1932
27 Fred P. Cone
(1871–1948)
[144][145][146]		 January 5, 1937
–
January 7, 1941
(term-limited)		 Democratic 1936
28 Spessard Holland
(1892–1971)
[147][148][149]		 January 7, 1941
–
January 2, 1945
(term-limited)		 Democratic 1940
29 Millard Caldwell
(1897–1984)
[150][151][152]		 January 2, 1945
–
January 4, 1949
(term-limited)		 Democratic 1944
30 Fuller Warren
(1905–1973)
[153][154][155]		 January 4, 1949
–
January 6, 1953
(term-limited)		 Democratic 1948
31 Daniel T. McCarty
(1912–1953)
[156][157][158]		 January 6, 1953
–
September 28, 1953
(died in office)		 Democratic 1952
32 Charley Eugene Johns
(1905–1990)
[159][160][161]		 September 28, 1953
–
January 4, 1955
(lost nomination)[lower-alpha 26]		 Democratic President of
the Senate
acting
33 LeRoy Collins
(1909–1991)
[162][163][164]		 January 4, 1955
–
January 3, 1961
(term-limited)		 Democratic 1954
(special)[lower-alpha 27]
1956
34 C. Farris Bryant
(1914–2002)
[165][166][167]		 January 3, 1961
–
January 5, 1965
(term-limited)		 Democratic 1960
35 W. Haydon Burns
(1912–1987)
[168][169][170]		 January 5, 1965
–
January 3, 1967
(lost election)		 Democratic 1964[lower-alpha 28]
36 Claude R. Kirk Jr.
(1926–2011)
[171][172][173]		 January 3, 1967
–
January 5, 1971
(lost election)		 Republican 1966
Ray C. Osborne
(office created January 7, 1969)
37 Reubin Askew
(1928–2014)
[174][175][176]		 January 5, 1971
–
January 2, 1979
(term-limited)		 Democratic 1970 Thomas Burton Adams Jr.
1974 Jim Williams
38 Bob Graham
(b. 1936)
[177][178]		 January 2, 1979
–
January 3, 1987
(resigned)[lower-alpha 29]		 Democratic 1978 Wayne Mixson
1982
39 Wayne Mixson
(1922–2020)
[180]		 January 3, 1987
–
January 6, 1987
(successor took office)		 Democratic Succeeded from
lieutenant
governor		 Vacant
40 Bob Martinez
(b. 1934)
[181][182]		 January 6, 1987
–
January 8, 1991
(lost election)		 Republican 1986 Bobby Brantley
41 Lawton Chiles
(1930–1998)
[183][184]		 January 8, 1991
–
December 12, 1998
(died in office)		 Democratic 1990 Buddy MacKay
1994
42 Buddy MacKay
(b. 1933)
[185][186]		 December 12, 1998
–
January 5, 1999
(successor took office)[lower-alpha 30]		 Democratic Succeeded from
lieutenant
governor		 Vacant
43 Jeb Bush
(b. 1953)
[187][188]		 January 5, 1999
–
January 2, 2007
(term-limited)		 Republican 1998 Frank Brogan
(resigned March 3, 2003)
2002
Toni Jennings
44 Charlie Crist
(b. 1956)
[189][190]		 January 2, 2007
–
January 4, 2011
(did not run)		 Republican[lower-alpha 31] 2006 Jeff Kottkamp
45 Rick Scott
(b. 1952)
[192]		 January 4, 2011
–
January 7, 2019[lower-alpha 32]
(term-limited)		 Republican 2010 Jennifer Carroll
(resigned March 12, 2013)
Vacant
Carlos Lopez-Cantera
(appointed February 3, 2014)
2014
46 Ron DeSantis
(b. 1978)
[194]		 January 8, 2019
–
Incumbent[lower-alpha 33]		 Republican 2018 Jeanette Núñez
2022

Acting governor

Florida has had a number of people serve as acting governor. The state's first three constitutions provided that the succession in office became operative whenever the governor was out of the state. Thus, in 1853 when Governor Thomas Brown attended an event in Boston—the Senate president who would normally succeed the governor at the time was also out of state. Therefore, the Speaker of the Florida House of Representatives, A.K. Allison, became acting governor on September 16, 1853. He served for 17 days.[195]

Article IV Section 3 (b) of the Florida Constitution now calls for the lieutenant governor to "act as Governor" during the governor's physical or mental incapacity. This provision has been invoked one time. On June 18, 2008, Governor Charlie Crist filed a proclamation with the secretary of state transferring power of governor to Lt. Governor Jeff Kottkamp pursuant to the constitutional provision while he underwent knee surgery.[196]

See also

Notes
  1. Jackson's official title was "Commissioner and Governor of East and West Florida".[9]
  2. Jackson left Florida on October 8, 1821.[10] His resignation was submitted on November 13, 1821, and the president accepted it on December 31, 1821.[11][12]
  3. The range given is from the date the governor was confirmed by the Senate, or appointed by the President during a Senate recess, to the date the governor's successor was confirmed, unless noted.
  4. Duval was nominated to be "Governor of the Floridas" on April 15, 1822.[16] This was withdrawn and he was nominated to be "Governor of the Territory of Florida" on April 16,[17] and confirmed by the Senate to that position on April 17.[18] No source specifies when he took office, but it was reported he reached Pensacola, then the capital, on June 22.[19] He was reconfirmed on March 8, 1825;[20] reappointed during Senate recesses on January 9, 1828,[21] and April 18, 1831;[21] and reconfirmed by the Senate on April 30, 1832.[22]
  5. The nomination of Duval's successor says his commission would expire on April 17, 1834.[23]
  6. At some point in 1827, the territorial secretary William M. McCarty acted as governor.[24]
  7. Eaton was nominated on March 29, 1834, for a term beginning April 17, when his predecessor's commission expired;[23] confirmed by the Senate on April 24;[27] and took office on December 11.[25]
  8. Eaton was instead appointed minister to Spain.[28]
  9. Call was nominated on February 18, 1836,[31] confirmed by the Senate on March 16,[32] and took office on April 4.[29] He was reconfirmed by the Senate on February 25, 1839.[33]
  10. Multiple sources say Call's term ended on December 2, 1836,[34][21][35] but none say why, nor why this happened a week before Reid's confirmation on December 12.
  11. Reid was nominated on December 11, 1839,[37] and confirmed by the Senate on December 12.[38]
  12. Call was appointed on March 19, 1841,[21] during a Senate recess; nominated on June 17;[39] and confirmed by the Senate on August 11.[40]
  13. Branch was nominated on June 14, 1844,[43] and confirmed by the Senate on June 15,[44] for a term to start August 11.
  14. The office of lieutenant governor was created in 1868,[57] abolished in 1885,[59] and recreated in 1968.[60]
  15. Lieutenant governors represented the same party as their governor unless noted.
  16. Milton committed suicide due to the pending defeat of the Confederate States of America, stating in his final address to the legislature that "death would be preferable to reunion."[75]
  17. Allison resigned to go into hiding from approaching Union troops, and was captured by them on June 19, 1865.[77]
  18. Marvin was appointed provisional governor by the Union occupation.[80]
  19. Sources describe Walker as a Democrat[83] or a Conservative.[84][82]
  20. Represented the Republican Party
  21. Reed was popularly elected under the terms of the 1868 constitution, and took the oath of office on June 8, 1868;[88] however, the federal commander of Florida did not recognize the validity of the state constitution and the election until July 4.[89][90]
  22. During an attempted impeachment of Reed, Gleason proclaimed himself governor. The Supreme Court eventually sided with Reed, and Gleason was removed from office.[91]
  23. Appointed as temporary lieutenant governor to replace William Henry Gleason. However, the state comptroller did not believe the governor could appoint a replacement to an elected office and refused to pay Weeks, and the Senate refused to accept his presidency over them, even proposing a motion to arrest him. Governor Reed called for a special election to replace him, and though Weeks fought it, the Florida Supreme Court declared his term to have ended when the new election results were certified.[92]
  24. Bloxham lost the Democratic nomination to Edward A. Perry.[105]
  25. Modern sources say Perry took office on January 7;[107][108] however, the constitutional start of the term was January 6, and contemporary news reported he was inaugurated that day.[109]
  26. Johns lost the Democratic nomination to LeRoy Collins.[162]
  27. Special election to fill the remainder of McCarty's term[163]
  28. This term was only two years as the election schedule was changed so that it would not coincide with presidential elections.[169]
  29. Graham resigned to take an elected seat in the United States Senate.[179]
  30. MacKay was a candidate in the 1998 election but lost; he succeeded Chiles after the election but before his successor took office.
  31. Crist was elected as a member of the Republican Party, and switched to independent in April 2010.[191]
  32. Due to Ron DeSantis and Jeannette Núñez taking their oath of office ahead of time, they became governor and lieutenant governor at midnight on January 8, rather than waiting for an inauguration ceremony. Thus, Scott and Lopez-Cantera's terms ended at the end of January 7.[193]
  33. DeSantis' second term began on January 3, 2023, and will expire January 5, 2027; he will be term-limited

References
General
  • "Former Florida Governors". National Governors Association. Retrieved July 10, 2019.
  • "A Guide to Florida Governors and the Florida Cabinet". State Library and Archives of Florida. Retrieved April 19, 2015.
  • Buccellato, Robert (2015). Florida Governors Lasting Legacies (Images of America). Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-1467113694.
  • Sobel, Robert (1978). Biographical directory of the governors of the United States, 1789–1978, Vol. I. Meckler Books. ISBN 9780930466015. Retrieved July 10, 2019.
  • McMullin, Thomas A. (1984). Biographical directory of American territorial governors. Westport, CT : Meckler. ISBN 978-0-930466-11-4. Retrieved January 19, 2023.
Constitutions
Specific
  1. "CSG Releases 2013 Governor Salaries". The Council of State Governments. June 25, 2013. Retrieved November 23, 2014.
  2. FL Const. art. IV, § 1a
  3. FL Const. art. III, § 8
  4. FL Const. art. III, § 3c
  5. FL Const. art. IV, § 8
  6. "Mixson To Be Governor for 3 Days; Graham Will Quit Early so He Can Run for U.S. Senate Seat". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved 2022-10-25.
  7. "Adams-Onís Treaty". Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History & Culture. Oklahoma Historical Society. Archived from the original on July 31, 2010. Retrieved July 6, 2010.
  8. "Andrew Jackson, Commissioner of the United States". Florida Department of State. Retrieved October 28, 2016.
  9. "Andrew Jackson". Florida Memory. Retrieved February 18, 2023.
  10. Morris, Allen; Joan Perry Morris (1999). The Florida Handbook, 1999–2000. Peninsular Books. p. 275. ISBN 978-0-9616000-7-5. Retrieved July 6, 2010.
  11. Harold D. Moser; David R. Hoth; George H. Hoemann, eds. (1996). The Papers of Andrew Jackson: 1821–1824. University of Tennessee Press. pp. xiv, 126, 513. ISBN 0-87049-897-5. Retrieved July 6, 2010.
  12. Stanislaus Murray Hamilton, ed. (1902). The Writings of James Monroe. G.P. Putnam's Sons. p. 207. Retrieved July 6, 2010.
  13. Peters, Virginia Bergman (1979). The Florida Wars. Hamden: The Shoestring Press. pp. 63–74. ISBN 0-208-01719-4.
  14. McMullin pp. 97–98
  15. "William DuVal". Florida Memory. Retrieved February 18, 2023.
  16. U.S. Senate Exec. Journal. 17th Cong., 1st sess., 15 April 1822, 293. Accessed February 18, 2023.
  17. U.S. Senate Exec. Journal. 17th Cong., 1st sess., 16 April 1822, 294. Accessed February 18, 2023.
  18. U.S. Senate Exec. Journal. 17th Cong., 1st sess., 17 April 1822, 295. Accessed February 18, 2023.
  19. Knauss, James Owen (1932). "William Pope DuVal: Pioneer and State Builder". Florida Historical Quarterly. 11 (3): 100–101.
  20. U.S. Senate Exec. Journal. 19th Cong., special sess., 8 March 1825, 437. Accessed February 18, 2023.
  21. The Territorial Papers of the United States: Volume I: General. United States Government Publishing Office. 1934. p. 8.
  22. U.S. Senate Exec. Journal. 22nd Cong., 1st sess., 30 April 1832, 185. Accessed February 18, 2023.
  23. U.S. Senate Exec. Journal. 23rd Cong., 1st sess., 29 March 1834, 380. Accessed February 19, 2023.
  24. "McCarty, William Mason". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. Retrieved December 21, 2022.
  25. McMullin pp. 98–99
  26. "John Henry Eaton". Florida Memory. Retrieved February 18, 2023.
  27. U.S. Senate Exec. Journal. 23rd Cong., 1st sess., 24 April 1834, 392. Accessed February 19, 2023.
  28. Whitfield, James B. (1946). "All Governors of Territorial Florida had been Members of Congress". Florida Historical Quarterly. 25 (3). Retrieved January 14, 2023.
  29. McMullin pp. 99–101
  30. "Richard Keith Call". Florida Memory. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  31. U.S. Senate Exec. Journal. 24th Cong., 1st sess., 18 February 1836, 509. Accessed February 19, 2023.
  32. U.S. Senate Exec. Journal. 24th Cong., 1st sess., 16 March 1836, 524. Accessed February 19, 2023.
  33. U.S. Senate Exec. Journal. 25th Cong., 3rd sess., 25 February 1839, 204. Accessed February 19, 2023.
  34. Warner, Lee H. (1983). "Florida's Capitols". The Florida Historical Quarterly. 61 (3): 247. ISSN 0015-4113.
  35. McMullin pp. 101–102
  36. "Robert Raymond Reid". Florida Memory. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  37. U.S. Senate Exec. Journal. 26th Cong., 1st sess., 11 December 1839, 222. Accessed February 19, 2023.
  38. U.S. Senate Exec. Journal. 26th Cong., 1st sess., 12 December 1839, 223. Accessed February 19, 2023.
  39. U.S. Senate Exec. Journal. 27th Cong., 1st sess., 17 June 1841, 386. Accessed February 19, 2023.
  40. U.S. Senate Exec. Journal. 27th Cong., 1st sess., 11 August 1841, 418. Accessed February 19, 2023.
  41. McMullin pp. 102–103
  42. "John Branch". Florida Memory. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  43. U.S. Senate Exec. Journal. 28th Cong., 1st sess., 14 June 1844, 323. Accessed February 19, 2023.
  44. U.S. Senate Exec. Journal. 28th Cong., 1st sess., 15 June 1844, 341. Accessed February 19, 2023.
  45. "Florida and the Civil War" A Short History". Florida Memory. State Library & Archives of Florida. Archived from the original on April 26, 2010. Retrieved July 5, 2010.
  46. "February 1861–1865". This Day in History. Florida Historical Society. Archived from the original on January 10, 2011. Retrieved July 6, 2010.
  47. Cox, Merlin (January 1968). "Military Reconstruction in Florida". Florida Historical Quarterly. 46 (3): 219.
  48. "June in Florida History". This Day in History. Florida Historical Society. Archived from the original on October 14, 2011. Retrieved July 6, 2010.
  49. 1838 Const. art III, § 2
  50. 1861 Const. art. III, § 2
  51. 1865 Const. art. III, § 2
  52. 1868 Const. art. V, § 2
  53. 1885 Const. art. IV, § 2
  54. FL Const. art. IV, § 5
  55. FL Const. art. IV, § 2
  56. 1838 Const. art III, § 18
  57. 1865 Const. art. III, § 19
  58. 1868 Const. art. V, § 15
  59. 1885 Const. art. IV, § 19
  60. FL Const. art. IV, § 3
  61. "Whig Party | History, Beliefs, Significance, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2018-10-19.
  62. Sobel p. 251
  63. "William Dunn Moseley". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  64. "William Dunn Moseley". Florida Memory. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  65. Sobel pp. 251–252
  66. "Thomas Brown". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  67. "Thomas Brown". Florida Memory. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  68. Sobel p. 252
  69. "James Emilius Broome". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  70. "James E. Broome". Florida Memory. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  71. Sobel p. 253
  72. "Madison Starke Perry". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  73. "Madison Starke Perry". Florida Memory. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  74. Sobel p. 254
  75. "John Milton". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  76. "John Milton". Florida Memory. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  77. "Abraham Kurkindolle Allison". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  78. "Abraham Kurkindolle Allison". Florida Memory. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  79. Sobel pp. 254–255
  80. "William Marvin". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  81. "William Marvin". Florida Memory. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  82. Sobel pp. 255–256
  83. "David Shelby Walker". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  84. "David Shelby Walker". Florida Memory. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  85. Sobel p. 256
  86. "Harrison Reed". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  87. "Harrison Reed". Florida Memory. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  88. Florida Senate Journal. 15th Leg., 1st sess., 8 June 1868, 4–5. Accessed February 19, 2023.
  89. "Harrison Reed". Museum of Florida History. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  90. "Restoration of Civil Authority in Florida". Detroit Free Press. 1868-07-15. p. 1. Retrieved 2023-02-20.
  91. Davis, William Watson (1913). The Civil War and Reconstruction in Florida, Volume 53. Columbia University. pp. 550–555. ISBN 9780722201985. Retrieved July 6, 2010.
  92. Cases argued and adjudged in the Supreme Court of Florida. Vol. XIII. State of Florida. 1871. Retrieved July 6, 2010.
  93. Sobel pp. 256–257
  94. "Ossian Bingley Hart". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  95. "Ossian B. Hart". Florida Memory. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  96. Sobel pp. 257–258
  97. "Marcellus Lovejoy Stearns". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  98. "Marcellus L. Stearns". Florida Memory. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  99. Sobel pp. 258–259
  100. "George Franklin Drew". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  101. "George Franklin Drew". Florida Memory. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  102. Sobel pp. 259–260
  103. "William Dunnington Bloxham". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  104. "William D. Bloxham". Florida Memory. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  105. Prince, Sigsbee, Jr. (January 1951). "Edward A. Perry, Yankee General of the Florida Brigade". The Florida Historical Quarterly. 29 (3): 202. JSTOR 30138822.
  106. Sobel p. 260
  107. "Edward Aylsworth Perry". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  108. "Edward Aylsworth Perry". Florida Memory. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  109. "Perry Inaugurated – Davis Speaker". The Pensacolian. 1885-01-10. p. 5. Retrieved 2023-02-20.
  110. Sobel p. 261
  111. "Francis Philip Fleming". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  112. "Francis P. Fleming". Florida Memory. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  113. Sobel pp. 261–262
  114. "Henry Laurens Mitchell". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  115. "Henry Laurens Mitchell". Florida Memory. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  116. "William D. Bloxham". Florida Memory. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  117. Sobel pp, 262–263
  118. "William Sherman Jennings". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  119. "William S. Jennings". Florida Memory. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  120. Sobel p. 263
  121. "Napoleon Bonaparte Broward". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  122. "Napoleon Bonaparte Broward". Florida Memory. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  123. Sobel p. 264
  124. "Albert Waller Gilchrist". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  125. "Albert Gilchrist". Florida Memory. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  126. Sobel pp. 264–265
  127. "Park Trammell". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  128. "Park Trammell". Florida Memory. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  129. Sobel pp. 265–266
  130. "Sidney Johnston Catts". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  131. "Sidney Catts". Florida Memory. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  132. Sobel p. 266
  133. "Cary Augustus Hardee". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  134. "Cary Hardee". Florida Memory. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  135. Sobel p. 267
  136. "John Wellborn Martin". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  137. "John Martin". Florida Memory. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  138. Sobel pp. 267–268
  139. "Doyle Elam Carlton". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  140. "Doyle Carlton". Florida Memory. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  141. Sobel p. 268
  142. "David Sholtz". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  143. "Dave Sholtz". Florida Memory. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  144. Sobel p. 269
  145. "Frederick Preston Cone". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  146. "Fred Cone". Florida Memory. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  147. Sobel pp. 269–270
  148. "Spessard Lindsey Holland". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  149. "Spessard Holland". Florida Memory. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  150. Sobel p. 270
  151. "Millard Fillmore Caldwell". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  152. "Millard Fillmore Caldwell". Florida Memory. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  153. Sobel pp. 270–271
  154. "Fuller Warren". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  155. "Fuller Warren". Florida Memory. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  156. Sobel p. 271
  157. "Daniel Thomas McCarty". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  158. "Dan McCarty". Florida Memory. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  159. Sobel p. 272
  160. "Charley Eugene Johns". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  161. "Charley Johns". Florida Memory. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  162. Sobel pp. 272–273
  163. "Thomas Leroy Collins". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  164. "LeRoy Collins". Florida Memory. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  165. Sobel pp. 273–274
  166. "Cecil Farris Bryant". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  167. "Farris Bryant". Florida Memory. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  168. Sobel p. 274
  169. "Haydon Burns". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  170. "Haydon Burns". Florida Memory. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  171. Sobel pp. 274–275
  172. "Claude Roy Kirk". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  173. "Claude Roy Kirk, Jr". Florida Memory. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  174. Sobel pp. 275–276
  175. "Reubin O'Donovan Askew". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  176. "Reubin O'Donovan Askew". Florida Memory. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  177. "Daniel Robert Graham". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  178. "D. Robert (Bob) Graham". Florida Memory. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  179. "Mixson Begins 3-Day Tenure as Governor". The Miami Herald. 1987-01-04. p. 735. Retrieved 2023-02-20.
  180. "Wayne Mixson". Florida Memory. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  181. "Robert Martinez". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  182. "Robert (Bob) Martinez". Florida Memory. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  183. "Lawton Chiles". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  184. "Lawton M. Chiles". Florida Memory. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  185. "Kenneth Hood Mackay". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  186. "Kenneth Hood "Buddy" MacKay, Jr". Florida Memory. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  187. "Jeb Bush". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  188. "John Ellis (Jeb) Bush". Florida Memory. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  189. "Charlie Crist". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  190. "Charles (Charlie) J. Crist, Jr". Florida Memory. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  191. "Can Crist Win in Florida as an Independent?". Time. May 3, 2010. Archived from the original on May 5, 2010. Retrieved July 14, 2010.
  192. "Rick Scott". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  193. "DeSantis already governor when ceremony begins". Tampa Bay Times. January 5, 2019. Retrieved January 9, 2019.
  194. "Ron DeSantis". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  195. Allen Morris & Joan Perry Morris, "The Florida Handbook" 2007-2008.
  196. "Gov. Crist Has Surgery on Knee".

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