Foreign relations of Liechtenstein

Liechtenstein's foreign economic policy has been dominated by its customs union with Switzerland (and with Austria-Hungary until World War I). This union also led to its independent membership in the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) in 1991. Unlike Switzerland however (where citizens rejected membership in a referendum), Liechtenstein is part of the European Economic Area.

Politics of Liechtenstein
Constitution
Monarchy
Executive
Legislative
Elections
Administrative divisions
Foreign relations
Countries with which Liechtenstein maintains diplomatic relations
Consulate of Malta in Schaan

Liechtenstein was admitted to the United Nations in 1990. It is not a member of most specialized agencies of the United Nations, with the exceptions of the International Telecommunication Union, the Universal Postal Union and the World Intellectual Property Organization.

Liechtenstein has resorted two times to international dispute settlement by the International Court of Justice, in the Nottebohm (Liechtenstein v. Guatemala) case against Guatemala in the 1950s and in a case concerning art property of the Liechtenstein family against Germany in 2005. It lost in both cases.

Liechtenstein maintains resident embassies in Austria, Belgium, Germany, Holy See, Switzerland and the United States, along with a number of missions to international organisations. Under a 1919 agreement between Liechtenstein and Switzerland, ambassadors of Switzerland are authorised to represent Liechtenstein in countries and in diplomatic situations unless Liechtenstein opts to send its own ambassador.[1]

By 2017, Liechtenstein had diplomatic relations with 114 United Nations members.[2]

Relations with individual countries

International dispute with Czechoslovakia, Czech Republic and Slovakia

The country has an international dispute with Czech Republic and Slovakia concerning the estates of its princely family in those countries. After World War II, Czechoslovakia, as it then was, acting to seize what it considered to be German possessions, expropriated the entirety of the Liechtenstein dynasty's hereditary lands and possessions in the Czech regions of Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia. The expropriations (which were the subject of an unsuccessful court case brought by Liechtenstein in the German courts and the International Court of Justice) included over 1,600 km² (which is ten times the size of Liechtenstein) of agricultural and forest land mostly in Moravia, also including several family castles and palaces. An offer from the Czech Republic to return the palaces and castles (without the surrounding land) was rejected by Liechtenstein.[3]

Liechtenstein recognised and established diplomatic relations with the Czech Republic on 13 July 2009[4][5][6] and with Slovakia on 9 December 2009.[7] Liechtenstein's ruling prince, Hans-Adam II, has announced that the principality will take no further legal action to recover the appropriated assets.[3]

In February 2020, the Czech Constitutional court in Brno rejected a case made by Liechtenstein to get the Czech government to change their classification of the Liechtenstein dynasty as German under the Benes Decrees.[8] On 19 August 2020, an inter-state application under the European Convention on Human Rights was made by Liechtenstein to the European Court of Human Rights against the Czech Republic.[9]

Bilateral relations
Country Formal relations began on Notes
 Afghanistan 26 October 2018 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 October 2018[10]
 Albania 23 April 1993 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 April 1993[11]
 Algeria 21 October 2005 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 October 2005 signed Joint Communique
 Andorra 1 September 1995 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 September 1995[12]
 Angola 23 June 2021 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 June 2021[13]
 Antigua and Barbuda 25 September 2018 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 September 2018[14]
 Armenia7 May 2008

Both nations established diplomatic relations on 7 May 2008[15]

 AustriaSeptember 1981
  • Austria is accredited to Liechtenstein from its Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Vienna and maintains an honorary consulate in Vaduz.
  • Liechtenstein has an embassy in Vienna.
 Azerbaijan 21 January 1992

[16]

 Diplomatic relations between the Principality of Liechtenstein and the Republic of Azerbaijan were established on January 21, 1992.
 Bahrain 1 April 2005 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 April 2005[17]
 Belarus 10 February 1992 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 February 1992[18]
 Belgium
  • Belgium is accredited to Liechtenstein from its embassy in Bern, Switzerland.
  • Liechtenstein has an embassy in Brussels.
 Benin 26 June 2019 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 June 2019[19]
 Bolivia 17 November 2021 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 November 2021[20]
 Bosnia and Herzegovina 5 May 1992 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 May 1992[21]
 Brunei Darussalam 15 November 2011 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 November 2011[22]
 Bulgaria 26 April 1994 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 April 1994
 Cambodia 8 June 2011 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 June 2011[23]
 Canada June 1995 Both countries established diplomatic relations in June 1995[24]
 Chad 26 June 2019 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 June 2019[25]
 China 14 September 1950 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 September 1950[26]
 Colombia 24 October 2001 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 October 2001[27]
 Costa Rica 12 January 2000 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 January 2000[28]
 Cote d'Ivoire 14 March 2014 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 March 2014[29]
 Croatia 4 February 1992 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 February 1992[30]
 Cuba 11 June 1997 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 June 1997[31]
 Czech Republic 13 July 2009 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 July 2009[32][33]
 Dominican Republic 26 September 2019 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 September 2019 signed agreement, New York[34]
 Estonia 4 September 1991 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 September 1991[35]
 Fiji 30 July 2014 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 July 2014[36][37]
 Finland 26 June 1992 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 June 1992[38]
 France1992
  • France is accredited to Liechtenstein from its embassy in Bern, Switzerland and maintains an honorary consulate in Vaduz.
  • Liechtenstein does not have an accreditation to France.
 Georgia 10 June 1992 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 June 1992[39]
 Germany14 January 1992See Germany–Liechtenstein relations
  • Germany is accredited to Liechtenstein from its embassy in Bern, Switzerland and maintains an honorary consulate in Vaduz.
  • Liechtenstein has an embassy in Berlin.
 Ghana 19 December 2019 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 December 2019[40]
 Guatemala 22 December 2015 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 December 2015[41][42]
 Guinea 11 December 2015 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 December 2015[43]
  Holy See 28 August 1985 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 August 1985[44]
 Iceland 26 June 1992 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 June 1992[45]
 India1993[46]See India–Liechtenstein relations
  • India is accredited to Liechtenstein from its embassy in Bern, Switzerland.
  • Liechtenstein does not have an embassy accredited to India.
 Indonesia 12 November 1998 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 November 1998[47]
 Israel 28 April 1992 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 April 1992[48]
 Japan 12 June 1996 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 June 1996[49]
 Kazakhstan 31 January 2007 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 31 January 2007[50]
 Kenya 29 April 2022 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 April 2022[51]
 Kosovo 13 December 2012 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 December 2012[52]
 Kuwait 16 June 2008 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 June 2008[53]
 Kyrgyzstan 16 September 1999 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 September 1999[54]
 Laos 8 January 2004 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 January 2004[55]
 Latvia 24 October 1991 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 October 1991[56]
 Lithuania 27 March 2001 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 March 2001[57]
 Malaysia July 2004 Both countries established diplomatic relations in July 2004[58]
 Maldives 21 January 2011 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 January 2011[59]
 Malta 12 May 2003 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 May 2003 by Exchange of Notes, Vaduz[60]
 Mauritius 14 July 2017 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 July 2017[61]
 Mexico1 July 1994Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 July 1994[62]
Honorary Consulate of Mexico in Liechtenstein
  • Liechtenstein does not have an embassy accredited to Mexico.
  • Mexico is accredited to Liechtenstein from its embassy in Bern, Switzerland and maintains an honorary consulate in Vaduz.
 Moldova 14 August 2001 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 August 2001[63]
 Monaco 16 February 1996 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 February 1996[64]
 Mongolia 18 March 1998 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 March 1998[65]
 Montenegro 26 March 2007 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 March 2007[66]
 Namibia 22 September 2021 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 September 2021[67]
   Nepal 22 December 2017 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 December 2017[68]
 Niger 17 December 2008 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 December 2008[69]
 Nigeria 14 December 2012 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 December 2012[70]
 North Korea 2 May 2001 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 May 2001[71]
 North Macedonia 31 January 1994 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 31 January 1994[72]
 Panama 3 January 2012 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 January 2012[73]
 Peru 5 July 1996 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 July 1996[74]
 Philippines 24 November 1995 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 November 1995[75]
 Portugal 6 February 1992 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 February 1992[76]
 Qatar 26 June 2014 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 June 2014[77]
 Romania 12 December 1997 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 December 1997[78]
 Russia 30 January 1994 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 January 1994[79]
 Saudi Arabia 29 April 2009 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 April 2009 signed Protocol in Berne[80]
 Serbia 4 April 2003 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 April 2003[81]
 Singapore 19 April 2010 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 April 2010[82][83]
 Slovakia 9 December 2009 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 December 2009[84]
 Slovenia 31 January 1992 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 31 January 1992
 South Korea2 March 1993

Both nations established diplomatic relations on 2 March 1993[85]

 Sri Lanka 5 March 2021 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 March 2021[86]
 Switzerland13 August 1919See Liechtenstein–Switzerland relations
 Tajikistan 28 January 2008 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 January 2008[87]
 Thailand 14 August 1997 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 August 1997[88]
 Trinidad and Tobago 31 January 2014 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 31 January 2014[89]
 Tunisia 20 October 2017 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 October 2017
 Turkey2 October 1992[90]
  • Turkey established diplomatic relations with Liechtenstein only in 1992 because Switzerland[91] had taken responsibility for Liechtenstein's foreign relations until early 1990s.[92]
  • Turkey is accredited to Liechtenstein from its embassy in Bern, Switzerland and maintains an honorary consulate in Vaduz.[93][94]
 Ukraine 6 February 1992 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 February 1992[95][96]
 United Arab Emirates 22 October 2009 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 October 2009[97][98]
 United States10 February 1997[99]See Liechtenstein–United States relations
  • Liechtenstein has an embassy in Washington, D.C.
  • United States is accredited to Liechtenstein from its embassy in Bern, Switzerland.
 Vietnam 2 July 2008 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 July 2008[100]

Membership in international organizations

UN, CE, EBRD, ECE, EEA, EFTA, IAEA, ICC, ICRM, IFRCS, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, ITU, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, UNCTAD, UPU, WCL, WIPO, WTO

Liechtenstein was never a member of the League of Nations. Its application to join that international organisation was refused in 1920 due to its small size.[101]

See also

References
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  2. "ÄUSSERES, JUSTIZ UND KULTUR" (PDF) (in German). p. 118. Retrieved 23 August 2022.
  3. Adam, Georgina (23 June 2010). "Czech-Liechtenstein cultural détente". The Art Newspaper.
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