Foreign relations of Luxembourg

The Grand Duchy of Luxembourg has long been a prominent supporter of European political and economic integration. In 1921, Luxembourg and Belgium formed the Belgium-Luxembourg Economic Union (BLEU) to create an inter-exchangeable currency and a common customs regime. Post-war, Luxembourg became a founding member state of the United Nations, and dropped its policy of neutrality to become a founding member state of NATO. Luxembourg expanded its support for European integration, becoming a founding member state of the Benelux Economic Union (today's Benelux Union), and one of the "inner six" founding member states of the three European Communities; the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom), and the European Economic Community (EEC). Subsequently, Luxembourg became a founding member state of the European Union (EU) when the EEC and ECSC were incorporated into it in 1993. Luxembourg is a founding member of the Schengen Area, abolishing internal borders amongst its member states, named after the Luxembourg village where the original agreement — since incorporated into EU law — was signed in 1985. At the same time, the majority of Luxembourgers have consistently believed that European unity makes sense only in the context of a dynamic transatlantic relationship, and thus have traditionally pursued a pro-NATO, pro-US foreign policy.

Politics of Luxembourg
Constitution
Monarchy
Executive
Legislature
Elections
Administrative divisions
Foreign relations
Nations with which Luxembourg has diplomatic relations.

Luxembourg is the site of the European Court of Justice, the European Investment Bank, the European Court of Auditors, the secretariat of the European Parliament, the Statistical Office of the European Commission (Eurostat), and other EU bodies.

Relations by continent

Africa
Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Angola 14 May 2002 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 May 2002[1]
 Burkina Faso
  • Burkina Faso is accredited to Luxembourg from its embassy in Brussels, Belgium.
  • Luxembourg has an embassy in Ouagadougou.
 Cape Verde
 Ethiopia
  • Ethiopia is accredited to Luxembourg from its embassy in Brussels, Belgium.
  • Luxembourg has an embassy in Addis Ababa.
 Mozambique 7 January 1988 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 January 1988[2]
 Niger
  • Luxembourg has an embassy in Niamey.
  • Niger is accredited to Luxembourg from its embassy in Brussels, Belgium.
 Nigeria 29 December 1975 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 December 1975[3]
 Senegal
  • Luxembourg has an embassy in Dakar.
  • Senegal is accredited to Luxembourg from its embassy in Brussels, Belgium.
 Seychelles 17 February 1989 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 February 1989[4]
 Somalia 27 September 2013 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 September 2013[5]
 South Sudan 22 December 2011 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 December 2011[6]

Americas
Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Antigua and Barbuda 26 September 2007 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 September 2007[7]
 Argentina
  • Argentina is accredited to Luxembourg from its embassy in Brussels, Belgium.
  • Luxembourg is accredited to Argentina from its embassy in Brasília, Brazil.
 Bahamas 28 September 2007 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 September 2007[8]
 Belize15 May 2008

Both countries established diplomatic relations on May 15, 2008.[9]

 Bolivia 21 December 1990 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 December 1990[10]
 Brazil1911
  • Brazil is accredited to Luxembourg from its embassy in Brussels, Belgium.
  • Luxembourg has an embassy in Brasília.
 Canada
 Chile
  • Chile is accredited to Luxembourg from its embassy in Brussels, Belgium and maintains an honorary consulate in Luxembourg City.
  • Luxembourg maintains an honorary consulate in Santiago.
 Dominican Republic 25 May 2005 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 May 2005[13]
 El Salvador 26 April 1991 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 April 1991[14]
 Guyana 17 June 2009 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 June 2009[15]
 Honduras 6 July 1978 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 July 1978[16]
 Mexico1947See Luxembourg–Mexico relations

Diplomatic relations between Luxembourg and Mexico were established in 1947. In 1980, Prime Minister Pierre Werner paid an official visit to Mexico. In March 1996, Grand Duke Jean paid a visit to Mexico. During the Grand Duke's visit, both nations signed an Air Transportation Agreement. In April 2019, Prime Minister Xavier Bettel paid an official visit to Mexico and met with President Andrés Manuel López Obrador.[17][18]

  • Luxembourg is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States and maintains an honorary consulate in Mérida.[19]
  • Mexico is accredited to Luxembourg from its embassy in Brussels, Belgium and maintains an honorary consulate in Luxembourg City.[20]
 Nicaragua
  • Luxembourg has an embassy in Managua.
  • Nicaragua is accredited to Luxembourg from its embassy in Berlin, Germany.
 Saint Kitts and Nevis 18 June 2009 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 June 2009[21]
 Saint Lucia 23 September 2009 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 September 2009[22]
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 26 September 2007 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 September 2007[23]
 Suriname 1 February 2010 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 February 2010[24]
 United States17 July 1903Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 July 1903[25]
Embassy of Luxembourg in Washington, D.C.
Main article: Luxembourg–United States relations
See also: List of ambassadors of Luxembourg to the United States

The United States, fighting on the Allied side, contributed to Luxembourg's liberation in World War I and World War II. More than 5,000 American soldiers, including U.S. Army General George S. Patton, are buried at the Luxembourg American Cemetery and Memorial near the capital of Luxembourg City, and there are monuments in many towns to American liberators. The strong U.S.-Luxembourg relationship is expressed both bilaterally and through common membership in NATO, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), and the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE).

Asia
Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Afghanistan 13 January 2005 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 January 2005[26]
 Armenia11 June 1992

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 June 1992[27]

  • Armenia is accredited to Luxembourg from its embassy in Brussels, Belgium, and an honorary consulate in Luxembourg City.
  • Luxembourg maintains an honorary consulate in Yerevan.
 Azerbaijan1 June 1992Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 June 1992[28]

See Azerbaijan–Luxembourg relations

 Bhutan 1 December 2011 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 December 2011[29]
 Brunei Darussalam 18 July 2003 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 July 2003[30]
 Cambodia 15 May 2002 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 May 2002[31]
 China16 November 1972Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 November 1972[32]

See China–Luxembourg relations

 Georgia17 October 1992Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 October 1992[33]

See Georgia–Luxembourg relations

 India1 July 1948Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 July 1948[34]

See India–Luxembourg relations

  • India has a consulate general in Luxembourg City.
  • Luxembourg has an embassy in New Delhi.[35]
 Israel

In November 1947, Luxembourg voted in favor of the partition plan to create a Jewish state. Israel and Luxembourg established full diplomatic relations in 1949.

  • Israel is accredited to Luxembourg from its embassy in Brussels, Belgium.
  • Luxembourg is accredited to Israel from its Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Luxembourg City.
  • The relations became strained after Luxembourg condemned the Israel–United Arab Emirates peace agreement.
 Japan
  • Japan has an embassy in Luxembourg City.
  • Luxembourg has an embassy in Tokyo.
 Laos 25 September 1997 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 September 1997[36]
 Maldives 11 July 1988 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 July 1988[37]
 Myanmar 31 July 2012 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 31 July 2012[38]
   Nepal 27 November 1975 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 November 1975[39]
 PalestineSee Luxembourg–Palestine relations
  • Palestine is accredited to Luxembourg from its mission in Brussels, Belgium.
  • Luxembourg is accredited to Palestine from its Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Luxembourg City.
 South Korea16 March 1962
  • Luxembourg and South Korea established diplomatic relations on 16 March 1962.[40]
  • Both countries have a shipping agreement in 1987 and an air agreement in 2003.
  • Luxembourg is accredited to South Korea from its embassy in Tokyo, Japan.
  • South Korea is accredited to Luxembourg from its embassy in Brussels, Belgium.
  • High-level Exchanges.
  • From Luxembourg to the South Korea.
 Sri Lanka 27 July 1972 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 July 1972[42]
 Timor Leste 27 September 2007 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 September 2007[43]
 TurkeySee Luxembourg–Turkey relations

Bilateral relations between the Republic of Turkey and the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg gained momentum with the opening of a Turkish Embassy in Luxembourg in 1987.[44]

  • Luxembourg has an embassy in Ankara, which was opened on 29 November 2011.[44]
  • Turkey has an embassy in Luxembourg City.

There are 500 ethnic Turk's living in Luxembourg, 200 of whom have dual citizenship. The trade volume between the two States had reached $217 million in 2011.[44]

Luxembourg strongly supports Turkey's candidacy as a full European Union member.[45][46]

 Vietnam1973See Luxembourg–Vietnam relations

Both countries signed diplomatic relations in 1973.

  • Luxembourg is accredited to Vietnam from its embassy in Beijing, China.
  • Vietnam is accredited to Luxembourg from its embassy in Brussels, Belgium.

Europe
Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Austria
  • Austria has an embassy in Luxembourg City.
  • Luxembourg has an embassy in Vienna.
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union.
 BelgiumSee Belgium–Luxembourg relations
  • Belgium has an embassy in Luxembourg City.
  • Luxembourg has an embassy in Brussels.
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
 Czech Republic
See also: List of ambassadors of Luxembourg to the Czech Republic
 Denmark
 Estonia27 August 1991

Luxembourg recognised Estonia on February 22, 1923, and re-recognised Estonia on August 27, 1991.[50] Both countries re-established diplomatic relations on August 29, 1991.[50]

In 1937, a prominent Estonian political leader Artur Sirk, while a fugitive in Luxembourg was found dead, having apparently committed suicide by jumping out a second-story window. Although the Luxembourg Gendarmerie report assumed suicide, because of inconsistencies in the report, the Estonian chargé d'affaires in Paris, Rudolph Mollerson was sent to investigate.[51] Estonian historians including Pusta[52] and Tomingas[53] have argued that the death was an act of defenestration by agents of the first President of Estonia, Konstantin Päts.

As of December 31, 2007, foreign investments made in Estonia originating from Luxembourg totaled 225 million EUR accounting for 2% of the total volume of foreign direct investments. There are about 300 Estonians living in Luxembourg.[50] An Estonian cultural association was founded in 1998.[54] Estonian President Arnold Rüütel made a state visit to Luxembourg in May 2003,[50][55] prime minister Andrus Ansip's in 2006.Luxembourgish Prime Minister Jean-Claude Juncker visited Estonia in 1999 and 2007.

  • Trade agreement between Estonia and Belgium and Luxembourg (1935)[56]
  • Agreement on Road Transport between Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands (came into force 1.12.94)[57]
  • Agreement Between Estonia and the Belgo-Luxembourg Economic Union on the Reciprocal Promotion and Protection of Investments (came into force 23.09.99)[58]
  • Agreement Between Estonia and the States of Benelux on Readmission of Persons (came into force 1.02.05)
  • Agreement on the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Income and Capital Tax evasion (signed 23.05.2006)[59][60]
  • Estonia is accredited to Luxembourg from its embassy in Brussels, Belgium and maintains an honorary consulate in Luxembourg City.[50] Luxembourg is represented in Estonia through its embassy in Prague (Czech Republic).[50]
  • Luxembourg is accredited to Estonia from its embassy in Prague, Czech Republic.
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
 Finland25 October 1921
 FranceSee France–Luxembourg relations
 GermanySee Germany–Luxembourg relations
  • Germany has an embassy in Luxembourg City.
  • Luxembourg has an embassy in Berlin.
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
 Greece
 Hungary
 Ireland20 December 1961Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 December 1961[65]
 Italy
 Kosovo21 February 2008

Luxembourg recognized the independence of Kosovo on 21 February 2008.[69]

  • Kosovo is accredited to Luxembourg from its embassy in Brussels, Belgium.
  • Luxembourg has an embassy in Pristina.
 Lithuania23 March 1992
 Malta
  • Malta is accredited to Luxembourg from its embassy in Brussels, Belgium and through an honorary consulate in Luxembourg City.
  • Luxembourg is accredited to Malta from its embassy in Rome, Italy.
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union.
 Montenegro 21 September 2006 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 September 2006[71]
 Netherlands
  • Luxembourg has an embassy in The Hague.
  • Netherlands has an embassy in Luxembourg City.
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
 Poland18 April 1921Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 April 1921[72]
  • Luxembourg has an embassy in Warsaw.
  • Poland has an embassy in Luxembourg City.
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
 Portugal
  • Luxembourg has an embassy in Lisbon.
  • Portugal has an embassy in Luxembourg City.
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
 Romania10 December 1910

Both countries established diplomatic relations on December 10, 1910.

  • Luxembourg is accredited to Romania from its embassy in Athens, Greece and maintains two honorary consulates (in Bucharest and Sibiu).
  • Romania has an embassy in Luxembourg City.[73]
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
 RussiaSee Luxembourg–Russia relations
  • Luxembourg has an embassy in Moscow and an honorary consulate in Saint Petersburg.
  • Russia has an embassy in the city of Luxembourg City.

Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, and the United Nations.

In the history of bilateral relations, the first Russian president to come on an official visit to Luxembourg was Vladimir Putin on 24 May 2007. As bilateral trade had more than tripled from US$66.6 million in 2003 to US$228.3 million in 2006, time had come to strengthen the ties between the two countries, energy and finance being the key areas of cooperation between Russia and Luxembourg.

 SpainSee Luxembourg–Spain relations
  • Luxembourg has an embassy in Madrid.
  • Spain has an embassy in Luxembourg City.
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
 Switzerland
  • Luxembourg has an embassy in Bern.
  • Switzerland has an embassy in Luxembourg City.
 Ukraine1 July 1992Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 July 1992[74]
  • Luxembourg is accredited to Ukraine from its embassy in Prague, Czech Republic and through an honorary consulate in Kyiv.
  • Ukraine is accredited to Luxembourg from its embassy in Brussels, Belgium and through an honorary consulate in Luxembourg City.[75]
 United Kingdom
  • Luxembourg has an embassy in London.
  • United Kingdom has an embassy in Luxembourg City.
  • Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe and NATO.

Oceania
Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Australia
  • Australia is accredited to Luxembourg from its embassy in Brussels, Belgium.
  • Luxembourg is accredited to Australia from its Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Luxembourg, City.
 Marshall Islands 20 July 1993 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 July 1993[76]
 Micronesia 24 April 2008 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 April 2008[77]
 Nauru 21 May 2010 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 May 2010[78]
 New Zealand
  • Luxembourg is accredited to New Zealand from its Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Luxembourg, City.
  • New Zealand is accredited to Luxembourg from its embassy in Brussels, Belgium.
 Palau 16 February 2012 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 February 2012[79]
 Samoa 2 June 2009 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 June 2009[80]
 Solomon Islands 19 November 2010 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 November 2010[81]
 Tuvalu 16 September 2009 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 September 2009[82]
 Vanuatu 24 September 2010 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 September 2010[83]

Relations by organization

NATO
See also: List of Permanent Representatives of Luxembourg to NATO

United Nations
Main article: Luxembourg and the United Nations
See also: Permanent Representative of Luxembourg to the United Nations

See also

References
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Further reading
  • Fally, V. (1992). Le Grand-Duché de Luxembourg et la construction européenne. Luxembourg City.
  • Fally, V. (1996). Le Luxembourg face à la construction européenne. Luxembourg City.
  • Frentz, Jean-Marie (2010). "The Foreign Policy of Luxembourg". In Steinmetz, Robert; Wivel, Anders (eds.). Small States in Europe: Challenges and Opportunities. Ashgate. ISBN 978-0-7546-7782-6.
  • Hey, Jeanne A. K. (2002). "Luxembourg's Foreign Policy: Does Small Size Help or Hinder?". Innovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research. 15 (3): 211–225. doi:10.1080/1351161022000027621. S2CID 144069583.
  • Hey, Jeanne A. K., ed. (2003). Small States in World Politics: Explaining Foreign Policy Behavior. Lynne Rienner Publishers. ISBN 978-1-55587-920-4.
  • Hoffmann, Serge (2002). "Les relations germano-luxembourgeoises durant les années 30" [Germano-Luxembourgish relations in the 1930s] (PDF). Ons Stad (in French) (71). Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 September 2016. Retrieved 21 January 2016.
  • Huberty, Martine (May 2013). "Ein kleiner Fisch im großen Teich Luxemburger Verhandlungsstragien im Kontext der EU-Institutionen" [A small fish in a big pond: Luxembourgish negotiation strategies in the context of EU institutions] (PDF). Forum (in German) (329): 21–23.
  • Kayser, Steve (June 2006). "La neutralité du Luxembourg de 1918 à 1945" [Luxembourg's neutrality from 1918 to 1945] (PDF). Forum (in French) (257): 36–39. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 January 2019. Retrieved 21 January 2016.
  • Wurth, Hubert (2006). "La politique étrangère du Luxembourg" [Luxembourg’s Foreign Policy]. Revue Internationale et Stratégique (in French). 61 (61): 217–226. doi:10.3917/ris.061.0217.
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