Haft Tepe

Haft Tepe (also Haft Tape) is an archaeological site situated in the Khuzestan Province in south-western Iran. At this site the possible remains of the Elamite city of Kabnak were discovered in 1908, and excavations are still carried out.

Haft Tepe
Royal Tomb at Haft Tepe
Shown within Iran
Alternative nameKabnak
LocationKhuzestan Province, Iran
Coordinates32°04′44″N 48°19′35″E
TypeSettlement
History
CulturesElamite
Site notes
ConditionIn ruins

History

The city of Kabnak is mentioned as an important political centre during the reign of the Elamite king Tepti-Ahar, the last king of the Kidinuid dynasty ruling in the 15th century BC. He may also have been buried in the city. After his death the centre of power returned to the old capital Susa, although there is no clear evidence that Kabnak ever held real power at all. Due to the turmoil of this era it is possible the construction of Kabnak was necessary after Tepti-Ahar lost control over Susa, however this theory has not been completely confirmed by solid proof.[1] Some centuries later another city was built at the nearby site of Choqa Zanbil.

Excavations at Haft Tepe revealed a large temple founded by Tepti-Ahar where the god Kirwashir was worshiped. Beneath the temple lay a subterranean funerary complex intended for the king and his family. Skeletal remains were found in the tomb, though it is not certain they belong to royalty. [2] Another large structure found at the site was perhaps the foundations of a ziggurat, along with courtyards and suites of rooms. The temple complex was decorated with bronze plates and wall paintings. Administrative texts belonging to the reigns of Tepti-Ahar and Inshushinak-zunkir-nappipir were also found at the site. Recently some clay statuettes of fertility goddesses have been unearthed at the site.

Archaeology

The site is around 1.5 km by 800 meters made up of 14 mounds with the highest being 17 meters high. [3] Haft Tepe was first surveyed by the French archaeologist Jacques de Morgan in 1908. The site was excavated in the period from 1965 to 1979 by a team from the University of Tehran, led by the Iranian archaeologist Ezzat Negahban.[4][5][6] A legal document was found sealed with a cylinder seal, unusual at that time:

"Išme-karāb, king of the city of Susa, hated the utukku demon and to the city of Susa, when out of his doors he caused (him) to leave, he gave a seal, to which he afterwards gave power. He or his adversary in court, should they contest the agreement again, the kidinnu of Napiriša and Inšušinak has been touched upon. And he who shall alter this seal(ed tablet), may he go away upon the command of Napiriša and Inšušinak. The sceptre of Išme-karāb may it be put upon his head.[7]

Since 2003 excavations have been carried out by a team of German-Iranian archaeologists, including the University of Mainz, University of Kiel and the Iranian Cultural Heritage Organization, headed by Behzad Mofidi in ten seasons through 2013.[8][9][10][11]

In the 2006 season a number of cuneiform administrative tablets were recovered and have now been published. They are primarily inventories.[12]

See also

Notes
  1. Van De Mieroop, Marc: "A History of the Ancient Near East, ca. 3000-323 BC", page 185. Blackwell Publishing, 2007. ISBN 1-4051-4911-6
  2. Human remains from Haft Tepe, Iran, 2012-2013, Bioarchaeology of the Near East, vol. 12, pp. 55-60, 2018, ISSN 1899-962X
  3. Ezat O. Negahban, Haft Tepe Roundels: An Example of Middle Elamite Art, American Journal of Archaeology, vol. 88, no. 1, pp. 3-10, 1984
  4. Negahbaran, Ezat O. (1995): Excavations at Haft Tepe, Iran. Journal of Near Eastern Studies 54(4):293
  5. Negahban, E.1991Excavations at Haft Tepe. University Museum Monographs 70. Philadelphia: University Museum, University of Pennsylvania
  6. Negahbaran, Ezat O. 1994 The Artist’s Workshop of Haft Tepe. Pp. 31–41 in Cinquante-deux reflexions sur le proche-orient ancien. Offertes en hommage à Léon De Meyer,ed. H. Gasche, M. Tan-ret, C. Janssen & A. Degraeve. Mesopotamian History and Environment, Occasional Publications II. Genth: University of Genth
  7. Katrien De Graef. “The Seal of an Official or an Official Seal? The Use of Court Seals in Old Babylonian Susa and Haft Tepe.” Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. 138, no. 1, 2018, pp. 121–42
  8. B. Mofidi-Nasrabadi, Archäologische Untersuchungen in Haft Tape (Iran), Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran und Turan, vol. 35-36, pp. 225-239, 2003-04
  9. Behzad Mofidi-Nasrabadi, Vorbericht der archäologischen Ausgrabungen der Kampagnen 2005-2007 in Haft Tappeh (Iran), Verlag, 2010, ISBN 978-3-89688-418-3
  10. Mofidi-Nasrabadi, B, Vorbericht der archäologischen Untersuchungen in den Kampagnen 2008, 2009 und 2010 in Haft Tappeh (Iran), Elamica, vol. 2, pp. 55-159, 2012
  11. Mofidi-Nasrabadi, B, Vorbericht der archäologischen Untersuchungen in den Kampagnen 2012-2013 in Haft Tappeh (Iran), Elamica, vol. 4, pp. 67-167, 2014
  12. Prechel, D., Die Tontafeln aus Haft Tappeh 2005-2007, in: B. Mofidi-Nasrabadi, Vorbericht der archäologischen Ausgrabungen der Kampagnen 2005-2007 in Haft Tappeh (Iran), Münster, pp. 51-57, 2010

References
  • Izzat Allāh Nigāhbān, Excavations at Haft Tepe, Iran, University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology, 1991, ISBN 0-934718-89-X
  • Beckman, G.1991A stray tablet from Haft Tépé. IrAnt 26: 81–83
  • Glassner, J. J.1991Les textes de Haft Tépé, la Susiane et l’Élam au II millénaire. Pp. 109–126 in Mesopotamie et Elam,ed. L. De Meyer & H. Gasche. Mesopotamian History and Environment, Occasional Publications I. Genth: University of Genth
  • P. Herrero, Tablettes administratives de Haft Tépé, Cahiers de la Délégation archéologique francaise en Iran, vol. 6, pp. 93–116, 1976
  • P. Herrero and J. J Glassner, Haft-Tépé: Choix de textes I, Iranica Antiqua, vol. 25, pp. 1–45, 1990
  • P. Herrero and J. J Glassner, Haft-Tépé: Choix de textes II, Iranica Antiqua, vol. 26, pp. 39–80, 1991
  • P. Herrero and J. J Glassner, Haft-Tépé: Choix de textes III, Iranica Antiqua, vol. 28, pp. 97–135, 1993
  • P. Herrero and J. J Glassner, Haft-Tépé: Choix de textes IV, Iranica Antiqua, vol. 31, pp. 51–82, 1996
  • E. Reiner, Inscription from a Royal Elamite Tomb, Archiv für Orientforschung, vol. 24, pp. 87–102, 1973
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.