Andhra Pradesh

Andhra Pradesh (English: /ˌɑːndrə prəˈdɛʃ/,[11] Telugu: [ãːndʱrɐ prɐdeːʃ] (listen) abbr. AP) is a state in the southern coastal region of India.[12] It is the seventh-largest state by area covering an area of 162,970 km2 (62,920 sq mi) [5] and tenth-most-populous state, with 49,577,103 [4] inhabitants.[13][14] It is bordered by Telangana to the north-west, Chhattisgarh to the north, Odisha to the north-east, Tamil Nadu to the south, Karnataka to the west and the Bay of Bengal to the east.[15] It has the second longest coastline in India after Gujarat, of about 974 km (605 mi).[16] Andhra State was the first state to be formed on a linguistic basis in India on 1 October 1953.[17] On 1 November 1956, Andhra State was merged with the Telugu-speaking areas (ten districts) of Hyderabad State to form United Andhra Pradesh. On 2 June 2014, these merged areas of Hyderabad State were bifurcated from United Andhra Pradesh to form the new state Telangana.[18] The present form of Andhra is same as Andhra state, except Bhadrachalam town and few nearby villages continue in Telangana. Amaravati serves as the capital of the state with the largest city being Visakhapatnam.[19]

"Andhra" redirects here. For other uses, see Andhra (disambiguation).

Andhra Pradesh
State
From top, left to right: Talakona forest at Tirupati, Nandi at Lepakshi, Gandikota river valley, Venkateswara Temple at Tirumala, Dhyana Buddha statue at Amaravathi, Araku Valley, Simhachalam Temple at Visakhapatnam, Kodanda Rama Temple at Vontimitta
Official emblem of Andhra Pradesh
Emblem of Andhra Pradesh
Etymology: State of Andhras
Nickname: 
"Kohinoor of India"
Motto: 
Satyameva Jayate (Truth alone triumphs)
Anthem: Maa Telugu Thalliki (To Our Mother Telugu)
The map of India showing Andhra Pradesh
Location of Andhra Pradesh in India
Coordinates: 14.902800°N 79.090000°E / 14.902800; 79.090000
Country India
RegionSouth India
Before wasUnited Andhra Pradesh
Bifurcation2 June 2014
Formation
(as a state)		1 November 1956[1][2]
CapitalAmaravati
Largest cityVisakhapatnam
Largest metroAndhra Pradesh Capital Region
Districts26
Government
 • BodyGovernment of Andhra Pradesh
 • GovernorS. Abdul Nazeer[3]
 • Chief ministerY. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy (YSRCP)
State LegislatureBicameral
 • CouncilAndhra Pradesh Legislative Council (58 seats)
 • AssemblyAndhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly (175 seats)
National ParliamentParliament of India
 • Rajya Sabha11 seats
 • Lok Sabha25 seats
High CourtAndhra Pradesh High Court
Area
 • Total162,975 km2 (62,925 sq mi)
 • Rank7th
Elevation
269 m (883 ft)
Highest elevation
(Arma Konda)
1,680 m (5,510 ft)
Lowest elevation
(Bay of Bengal)
−1 m (−3 ft)
Population
 (2011)
 • TotalNeutral increase 49,577,103 [4][5]
 • Rank10th
 • Density304/km2 (790/sq mi)
 • Urban
29.47%
 • Rural
70.53%
Demonym(s)Andhrulu, Teluguvaaru
Language
 • OfficialTelugu
 • Additional officialUrdu[6][7]
 • Official scriptTelugu script, Abjad
GDP
[8][9]
 • Total (2020-2021)Increase₹8.84 trillion (US$110 billion) (NSDP)
 • Rank8th
 • Per capitaIncrease₹170,215 (US$2,100) (16th)
Time zoneUTC+05:30 (IST)
ISO 3166 codeIN-AP
Vehicle registrationAP
HDI (2018)Neutral increase 0.649 Medium (27th)
Literacy (2011)Increase 67.02% (31st)
Sex ratio (2011)993♀/1000 ♂ (20th)
Websiteap.gov.in
Symbols of Andhra Pradesh
Emblem of Andhra Pradesh
SongMaa Telugu Thalliki (To Our Mother Telugu)
Foundation dayAndhra Pradesh Day
BirdRose-ringed parakeet[10]
FlowerJasmine
FruitMango
MammalBlackbuck[10]
TreeNeem
State highway mark
State highway of Andhra Pradesh
AP SH1 - AP SH240
List of Indian state symbols

Andhra Pradesh was once a major Buddhist pilgrimage site in the country and a Buddhist learning center which can be seen in many sites in the state in the form of monastery ruins, chaityas, and stupas.[20][21] It is also known for being the land of Koh-i-Noor and other globally known diamonds from Kollur Mine.[22] It is also a major producer of rice for which it is known as the "Rice bowl of India".[23] Its official language is Telugu. It is one of the classical languages of India, the fourth most spoken language in India, and the 13th-most spoken language in the world.[24][25] Urdu is another official language of the state.[26]

Early inhabitants were known as the Andhras, tracing their history back to the Vedic period, as per the 8th century BCE Rigvedic text Aitareya Brahmana. According to the Aitareya Brahmana, the Andhras left North India from the banks of the Yamuna river and migrated to South India.[27][28] The Assaka Mahajanapada (700–300 BCE) was an ancient kingdom located between the Godavari and Krishna rivers in southeastern India. Accounts that people in the region are descendants of the sage Viswamitra are found in the Ramayana, the Mahabharata and the Puranas.[29] The region also derives its name from the Satavahanas, who are also known as Andhras, the earliest kings of Andhra Pradesh and India.[30]

In the 3rd century BCE, Andhra was a vassal kingdom of Ashoka of Mauryan Empire. After his death, Andhra became powerful and extended its empire to the whole of Maratha country and beyond under the rule of Satavahana dynasty.[31] After that, the major rulers include Andhra Ikshvakus, Pallavas, Vishnukundinas, Eastern Chalukyas, Rashtrakutas, Cholas, Kakatiyas, Vijayanagara Empire, Gajapati Empire, Mughal Empire, Deccan sultanates, Qutb Shahi dynasty, Asaf Jahis and British Raj.

Andhra Pradesh comprises three major regions namely Rayalaseema in the south-west, Coastal Andhra bordering the Bay of Bengal in the east and Uttarandhra at north-east.[32] The state has a total of 26 districts with 8 in Rayalaseema, 12 in Coastal Andhra and 6 in Uttarandhra. The state also has an enclave of Puducherry called Yanam which lies to the south of Kakinada in the Godavari delta. The economy of Andhra Pradesh is the 8th largest in India, with a gross state domestic product (GSDP) of ₹8.84 trillion (US$110 billion) and has the country's 16th-highest GSDP per capita of ₹170,215 (US$2,100) based on year 2020-21 data.[8][9] Andhra Pradesh ranks 27th among Indian states in Human Development Index(HDI) based on 2018 report.[33] It has a jurisdiction over almost 15,000 square kilometres (5,800 sq mi) of territorial waters.[34][35]

Andhra Pradesh hosted 121.8 million visitors in 2015, a 30% growth in tourist arrivals over the previous year, making it the third most-visited state in India.[36] The Tirumala Venkateswara Temple near Tirupati is one of the world's most visited religious sites, with 18.25 million visitors per year.[37] The region is also home to a variety of other pilgrimage centres, such as the Pancharama Kshetras, Mallikarjuna Jyotirlinga and Kodanda Rama Temple. The state's natural attractions include the beaches of Visakhapatnam, hill stations such as the Araku Valley and Horsley Hills, and the deltas of Konaseema in the Godavari river, and Diviseema in the Krishna river.

History
Main article: History of Andhra Pradesh

Toponym

A group of people named Andhras was mentioned in Sanskrit texts such as Aitareya Brahmana (800–500 BCE). According to Aitareya Brahmana of the Rig Veda, the Andhras left north India from banks of River Yamuna and settled in south India.[38][39][40] The Satavahanas have been mentioned by the names Andhra, Andhrara-jateeya and Andhrabhrtya in the Puranic literature.[41][42] They did not refer to themselves as Andhra in any of their coins or inscriptions; it is possible that they were termed as Andhras because of their ethnicity or because their territory included the Andhra region.[43][44][45]

Early and medieval history
Telugu Thalli statue in Tirupati

The Assaka Mahajanapada, one of the sixteen Vedic Mahajanapadas, included Andhra, Maharashtra and Telangana.[46] Archaeological evidence from places such as Amaravati, Dharanikota, and Vaddamanu suggests that the Andhra region was part of the Mauryan Empire. Amaravati might have been a regional centre for the Mauryan rule. After the death of Emperor Ashoka, Mauryan rule weakened around 200 BCE and was replaced by several smaller kingdoms in the Andhra region.[47]

The Satavahana dynasty dominated the Deccan region from the 1st century BCE to the 3rd century CE.[48] The later Satavahanas made Dharanikota and Amaravathi their capital, which according to the Buddhists is the place where Nagarjuna, the philosopher of Mahayana lived in the 2nd and 3rd centuries.[49] The Andhra Ikshvakus, with their capital at Vijayapuri, succeeded the Satavahanas in the Krishna River valley in the latter half of the 2nd century.[50] Pallavas, who were originally executive officers under the Satavahana kings, were not a recognised political power before the 2nd century CE and were swept away by the Western Chalukyan invasion, led by Pulakesin II in the first quarter of the 7th century CE.[51] After the downfall of the Ikshvakus, the Vishnukundinas were the first great dynasty in the 5th and 6th centuries, and held sway over the entire Andhra country, including Kalinga and parts of Telangana. They played an important role in the history of Deccan during the 5th and 6th century CE, with Eluru, Amaravathi and Puranisangam.[52]

The Salankayanas were an ancient dynasty that ruled the Andhra region between Godavari and Krishna with their capital at Vengi (modern Pedavegi) from 300 to 440 CE.[53] The Eastern Chalukyas of Vengi, whose dynasty lasted for around five hundred years from the 7th century until 1130 CE, eventually merged with the Chola dynasty. They continued to rule under the protection of the Chola dynasty until 1189 CE when the kingdom succumbed to the Hoysalas and the Yadavas.[54] The roots of the Telugu language have been seen on inscriptions found near the Guntur district and from others dating to the rule of Renati Cholas in the fifth century CE.[55][56]

Kayastha chiefs descended from North Indian Kayasthas ruled over vast swathes of land in Andhra country, and they are recorded in Andhra history dating back to the 13th century CE.[57] Kakatiyas ruled Andhra Pradesh state for nearly two hundred years and constructed several forts. They were succeeded by the Musunuri Nayaks. Musunuri Nayaks led a confederation of Nayakas to overthrow the rule of the Delhi Sultanate in Telugu lands.[58]

The Reddi kingdom (1325–1448 CE) was established by Prolaya Vema Reddi in the early 14th century, who ruled from present day Kondaveedu. Prolaya Vema Reddi was part of the confederation of states that started a movement against the invading Turkic Muslim armies of the Delhi Sultanate. They constructed Kondaveedu Fort , which they ruled between 1328 and 1428, before it was taken over by the Gajpathis of Orissa, and later ravaged by the Muslim rulers of the Bahmani kingdom in 1458. The Vijayanagara emperor Krishnadevaraya captured it in 1516. The Golconda Sultans fought for the fort in 1531, 1536 and 1579, and Sultan Quli Qutb Shah captured it in 1579, renaming it Murtuzanagar. It was reconquered by Vijayanagara who overthrew sultanate rule across the entirety of modern-day Andhra Pradesh (excluding Telangana). After this rebellion, the Bahmani sultans launched no further military campaigns outside their kingdoms, because the Maratha empire soon emerged as the strongest power in India.[59][60][61] Efforts are in progress to classify Kondaveedu Fort as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.[62]

Rajmahal of Chandragiri Fort

The Vijayanagara Empire originated in the Deccan Plateau region in the early 14th century. It was established in 1336 by Harihara Raya I and his brother Bukka Raya I of the Sangama Dynasty.[63][64] The empire's patronage enabled fine arts and literature to reach new heights in Kannada, Telugu, Tamil, and Sanskrit, while Carnatic music evolved into its current form.[65] During the Vijayanagara Empire, the Pemmasani Nayaks controlled parts of Andhra Pradesh and had large mercenary armies that were the vanguard of the Vijayanagara Empire in the sixteenth century.[66] The Lepakshi group of monuments are culturally and archaeologically significant as it is the location of shrines dedicated to Shiva, Vishnu, and Veerabhadra which were built during the Vijayanagara Kings' period (1336–1646). The temples are the location of mural paintings of the Vijayanagara kings, Dravidian art, and inscriptions. Near the temple complex is a large granite Nandi bull. On a hillock known as Kurma Saila ('tortoise-shaped hill') are other temples to Papanatheswara, Raghunatha, Srirama, and Durga.[67][68]

The Government of Andhra Pradesh has taken the initiative for including the "Lepakshi Group of Monuments" among the UNESCO World Heritage sites in India.[69][70]

Modern history
Gandikota fort view

Harihara and Bukka, who served as treasury officers of the Kakatiyas of Warangal, founded the Vijayanagara Empire.[71] In 1347 CE, an independent Muslim state, the Bahmani Sultanate, was established in south India by Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah in a revolt against the Delhi Sultanate. The Qutb Shahi dynasty held sway over the Andhra country after the dissolution of Vijayanagar empire by joint action of Mughals, Bijapur and Golconda sultanates.[72]

In the early nineteenth century, Northern Circars was ceded to the British East India Company and became part of the Madras Presidency. Eventually, this region emerged as the Coastal Andhra region. Later the Nizam rulers of Hyderabad ceded five territories to the British that eventually became the Rayalaseema region. The Nizams retained control of the interior provinces as the princely state of Hyderabad, acknowledging British rule in return for local autonomy. However, Komaram Bheem, a tribal leader, started his fight against the erstwhile Asaf Jahi Dynasty for the liberation of Hyderabad State.[73] Meanwhile, the French occupied Yanam, in the Godavari delta, and (save for periods of British control) would hold it until 1954. In 1947, Vizianagaram was the largest Hindu princely state in Andhra Pradesh.

In 1839 just before the British Raj, a cyclone struck Coringa, East Godavari district and toppled buildings, as a result 20,000 ships were destroyed and over 300,000 people were killed.[74][75][76]

India became independent from the British Raj in 1947. The 7th Nizam wanted to retain the independence of the princely Hyderabad State from India, but the people of the region launched a movement to join the Indian Union. The state of Hyderabad was integrated into the Indian Union with Operation Polo in 1948.[77]

Post-independence
See also: Andhra State, Vishalandhra Movement, and United Andhra Pradesh
Archaeological Museums map of Andhra Pradesh

In an effort to gain an independent state based on linguistic identity, and to protect the interests of the Telugu-speaking people of Madras State, Potti Sreeramulu fasted to death in 1952. As Madras became a bone of contention, in 1949 a JVP committee report stated: "Andhra Province could be formed provided the Andhras give up their claim on the city of Madras [now Chennai]". After Potti Sreeramulu's death, the Telugu-speaking area of Andhra State was carved out of Madras State on 1 October 1953, with Kurnool as its capital city.[78] On the basis of the gentlemen's agreement of 1 November 1956, the States Reorganisation Act formed combined Andhra Pradesh by merging the Telugu-speaking areas of the already existing Hyderabad State.[79] Hyderabad was made the capital of the new state. The Marathi-speaking areas of Hyderabad State merged with Bombay State and the Kannada-speaking areas were merged with Mysore State.

After 58 years as united state, the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act bill was passed by the Parliament of India for the formation of the Telangana state comprising ten districts, despite opposition by the state legislature. The bill included the provision to retain Hyderabad as capital for up to ten years and also included the provision to ensure access to the educational institutions for the same period.[18] The new state of Telangana came into existence on 2 June 2014 after approval from the President of India.[80] Number of petitions questioning the validity of Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014 are long pending before the Supreme Court constitutional bench since April 2014.[81]

In 2017, Government of Andhra Pradesh began operating from its new capital Amaravati.[82][83]

Geography
Main articles: Geography of Andhra Pradesh and List of rivers in Andhra Pradesh

The state has varied topography ranging from the hills of Eastern Ghats which includes Nallamala Hills to the shores of Bay of Bengal that support varied ecosystems with the rich diversity of flora and fauna. Krishna and Godavari are the main rivers that flow through the state. The coastline of the state extends along the Bay of Bengal from Srikakulam district to Tirupati district with a length of 974 km (606 mi).[5] The plains to the east of Eastern Ghats form the Eastern Coastal plains. The coastal plains are for the most part, are delta regions formed by the Godavari, Krishna, and Penna rivers. The Eastern ghats are discontinuous and individual sections have local names. The Eastern ghats are a major dividing line in the state's geography. The Kadapa Basin[84][85] formed by two arching branches of the Eastern ghats is a mineral-rich area. The ghats become more pronounced towards the south and extreme north of the coast. Most of the coastal plains are put to intense agricultural use. The Rayalaseema region has semi-arid conditions.

Natural vegetation and conservation
Main article: Natural vegetation and Wildlife of Andhra Pradesh
Mangrove forest near Kakinada

The Andhra Pradesh Forest Department deals with protection, conservation and management of forests. The total forest cover of the state after the bifurcation covers an area of 22,862 square kilometres (8,827 sq mi).[86] The forest in the state can be broadly divided into four major biotic provinces.[87] They are:

  1. Deccan Plateau
  2. Central Plateau
  3. Eastern Highland
  4. East Coastal Plains

Eastern Ghats region is home to dense tropical forests, while the vegetation becomes sparse as the Ghats give way to the Deccan Plateau, where shrub vegetation is more common. The vegetation found in the state is largely of dry deciduous types with a mixture of teak, Terminalia, Dalbergia, Pterocarpus, Anogeissus, etc.

The state has many sanctuaries, national parks and zoological parks, such as Coringa, Krishna Wildlife Sanctuary, Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve, Kambalakonda Wildlife Sanctuary, Sri Venkateswara Zoological Park and Indira Gandhi Zoological Park. Atapaka Bird Sanctuary, Nelapattu Bird Sanctuary, Telineelapuram and Telukunchi Bird Sanctuaries and Pulicat Lake Bird Sanctuary attract many migratory birds.[88] The state possesses some rare and endemic plants like Cycas beddomei, Pterocarpus santalinus, Terminalia pallida, Syzygium alternifolium, Shorea talura, Shorea tumburgia, Psilotum nudum, etc.[87] The diversity of fauna includes tigers, panthers, hyenas, black bucks, cheetals, sambars, sea turtles and a number of birds and reptiles. The estuaries of the Godavari and Krishna rivers support rich mangrove forests with fishing cats and otters as keystone species.[87]

Mineral resources

Andhra Pradesh is one of the storehouses of mineral resources in India. Andhra Pradesh with varied geological formations, contain rich and variety of industrial minerals and building stones.[89]

Andhra Pradesh is listed at the top in the deposit and production of mica in India. Minerals found in the state include limestone, reserves of oil and natural gas, manganese, asbestos, iron ore, ball clay, fire clay, gold diamonds, graphite, dolomite, quartz, tungsten, steatitic, feldspar, silica sand. It has about one-third of India's limestone reserves and is known for large exclusive deposits of barytes and galaxy granite in the international market.[89]

Climate

The climate of Andhra Pradesh varies considerably, depending on the geographical region. Summers last from March to June. In the coastal plain, the summer temperatures are generally higher than the rest of the state, with temperature ranging between 20 and 41 °C (68 and 106 °F). July to September is the season for tropical rains. About one-third of the total rainfall is brought by the northeast monsoon. October and November see low-pressure systems and tropical cyclones form in the Bay of Bengal which, along with the northeast monsoon, bring rains to the southern and coastal regions of the state.

November, December, January, and February are the winter months in Andhra Pradesh. Since the state has a long coastal belt the winters are not very cold. The range of winter temperature is generally 12 to 30 °C (54 to 86 °F). Lambasingi in Visakhapatnam district is also nicknamed as the "Kashmir of Andhra Pradesh" due to its relatively cool climate as compared to others and the temperature ranges from 0 to 10 °C (32 to 50 °F).[90][91]

Demographics
See also: Ethnic groups of Andhra Pradesh and Demographics of Andhra Pradesh

Based on the 2011 Census of India, population of Andhra Pradesh, after considering the addition of 7 mandals from Telangana in the year 2014, is 49,577,103, with a density of 304/km2 (790/sq mi). The total population consists of 70.53% of rural population and 29.47% of urban population.[5]

Children in the age group of 0–6 years are 5,222,384, constituting 10.6% of the total population. Among them 2,686,453 are boys and 2,535,931 are girls. The population of the state consists 17.1% of Scheduled Caste and 5.3% of Scheduled Tribe population.[34]

The state has sex ratio of 997 females per 1000 males, higher than the national average of 926 per 1000. The literacy rate of the state stands at 67.35%. Erstwhile West Godavari district has the highest literacy rate of 74.32% and erstwhile Vizianagaram district has the least with 58.89%.[5] Andhra Pradesh ranks 27th of all Indian States in the Human Development Index scores for the year 2018.[33]

Languages

Languages of Andhra Pradesh[lower-alpha 1] (2011)[92]

  Telugu (89.21%)
  Urdu (6.55%)
  Tamil (1.04%)
  Others (3.20%)

Telugu is the official language of Andhra Pradesh, which is also the mother tongue of nearly 90% of the population. Rajahmundry is the cultural capital of Andhra Pradesh and Telugu language has roots originated from this region.[92][93][94] Urdu is the largest minority language and also the second official language of Andhra Pradesh.[26][92]

Tamil, Kannada and Odia are also spoken in the border-areas. Lambadi, Koya, Savara, Konda, Gadaba and a number of other languages are spoken by the Scheduled Tribes of the state.[95]

Religion
Main article: Religion in Andhra Pradesh

Religion in Andhra Pradesh (2011)[96]

  Hinduism (90.89%)
  Islam (7.30%)
  Christianity (1.38%)
  Jainism (0.05%)
  Sikhism (0.02%)
  Buddhism (0.01%)
  Other (0.01%)
  Not Stated (0.34%)

The majority of the people in Andhra Pradesh are Hindus while Muslims constitute a sizeable minority. According to the 2011 census, the major religious groups in the state are Hindus (90.89%), Muslims (7.30%) and Christians (1.38%).[lower-alpha 2] Buddhists (0.01%), Sikhs (0.02%), Jains (0.05%), others (0.01%) and those who declined to state their religion (0.34%) make up the remaining portion of population.[96]

Hinduism

Venkateswara Temple at Tirupati is the world's second-richest temple and is visited by millions of devotees throughout the year. Andhra Pradesh is home to Shankaracharya of Pushpagiri Peetham. Other Hindu saints include Sadasiva Brahmendra, Bhaktha Kannappa, Yogi Vemana and Pothuluru Veerabrahmendra.[97]

Mahayana Buddhism

Buddhism spread to Andhra Pradesh early in its history. The Krishna river valley was "a site of extraordinary Buddhist activity for almost a thousand years."[98] The ancient Buddhist sites in the lower Krishna valley, including Amaravati, Nagarjunakonda and Jaggayyapeta "can be traced to at least the third century BCE, if not earlier."[99]

The region played a central role in the development of Mahayana Buddhism, along with the Magadha-area in northeastern India.[100][101] A. K. Warder holds that "the Mahāyāna originated in the south of India and almost certainly in the Andhra country."[102] According to Xing, "Several scholars have suggested that the Prajnaparamita probably developed among the Mahasamghikas in Southern India probably in the Andhra country, on the Krishna River."[103] The Prajñāpāramitā Sutras belong to the earliest Mahayana Sutras.[104][105]

Administrative divisions

Regions

Andhra Pradesh comprises three geographic regions: Uttaraandhra, Kostaandhra and Rayalaseema.

Districts
Main article: List of districts in Andhra Pradesh
Andhra Pradesh political map

The state is further divided into 26 districts, with Uttarandhra comprising 6 districts, Kostaandhra comprising 12 districts and Rayalaseema comprising 8 districts. [106]

Uttaraandhra region :

  1. Alluri Sitharama Raju
  2. Anakapalli
  3. Parvathipuram Manyam
  4. Srikakulam
  5. Visakhapatnam
  6. Vizianagaram

Kostaandhra region :

  1. Bapatla
  2. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Konaseema
  3. East Godavari
  4. Eluru
  5. Guntur
  6. Kakinada
  7. Krishna
  8. NTR
  9. Palnadu
  10. Prakasam
  11. Sri Potti Sriramulu Nellore
  12. West Godavari

Rayalaseema region :

  1. Anantapur
  2. Annamayya
  3. Chittoor
  4. YSR
  5. Kurnool
  6. Nandyal
  7. Sri Sathya Sai
  8. Tirupati

Revenue divisions
Main article: List of Revenue Divisions in Andhra Pradesh

These 26 districts are further divided into 77 revenue divisions.[34][107]

Mandals
Main article: List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh

The 77 revenue divisions are in turn divided into 679 mandals.[108]

Cities
Visakhapatnam is the most populous city in Andhra Pradesh

There are a total of 31 cities which include, 16 municipal corporations and 14 municipalities. There are two cities with more than one million inhabitants, namely Visakhapatnam and Vijayawada.

Top cities with most population in Andhra Pradesh, as per the 2011 Census[109]
Ciy/TownDistrict(s) post 2022 reorgPopulation (2011)
Visakhapatnam Visakhapatnam, Anakapalli 1,728,128
Vijayawada NTR 1,476,931
Guntur Guntur 743,354
Nellore Nellore 558,548
Kurnool Kurnool 484,327
Rajahmundry East Godavari 560,756
Tirupati Tirupati 461,900
Kakinada Kakinada 443,028
Kadapa Kadapa 344,893
Anantapur Anantapur 340,613

Government and politics
Main articles: Government of Andhra Pradesh, Politics of Andhra Pradesh, and Andhra Pradesh Legislature
District court, Guntur
Eluru district Collectorate complex, Eluru
Telugu Talli Statue near Kondareddy Buruju, Kurnool

When the state was first created, Tanguturi Prakasam, became the Chief Minister. After the unification with Telangana, Neelam Sanjiva Reddy became the first Chief Minister. He later served as the President of India.[110][111]

The Indian National Congress (INC), the Praja Socialist Party and the Krishi Lok Party were the major parties in the 1950s. Later the Communist Party of India (CPI) became the dominant opposition party. In the 1967 state assembly elections, all socialist parties were eliminated and the CPI lost opposition party status.

The INC ruled the state from 1956 to 1982. In 1983, the Telugu Desam Party (TDP) won the state elections and N. T. Rama Rao became the Chief Minister of the state for the first time. This broke the long-time single party monopoly enjoyed by the INC. The 1989 elections ended the rule of Rao, with the INC returning to power with Marri Chenna Reddy at the helm. He was replaced by Janardhan Reddy in 1990, who was replaced by Kotla Vijaya Bhaskara Reddy in 1992.

In 1994, Andhra Pradesh gave a mandate to the Telugu Desam Party again, and Rao became the Chief Minister again. Nara Chandrababu Naidu, Rao's son-in-law, came to power in 1995 with the backing of a majority of the MLAs. The Telugu Desam Party won both the assembly and Lok Sabha election in 1999 under the leadership of Chandrababu Naidu. Thus Naidu held the record for the longest-serving Chief Minister (1995 to 2004).[112]

In 2004, Congress returned to power with a new chief ministerial face, YS Rajashekara Reddy, better known as YSR. INC also won the 2009 elections under the leadership of YSR. He was elected chief minister again, but was killed in a helicopter crash that occurred in Sep 2009. He was succeeded by two other Congressmen, namely Konijeti Rosaiah and Nallari Kiran Kumar Reddy, the latter resigned over the impending division of state to form Telangana.

In the final elections held in the unified state in 2014, the TDP got a mandate in its favour in the residual state of Andhra Pradesh. N. Chandrababu Naidu, the chief of the TDP became the chief minister on 8 June 2014.[113]

The Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh is the lower house of the state with 175 members and the Legislative Council is the upper house with 58 members. In the Parliament of India, Andhra Pradesh has 11 seats in the Rajya Sabha, and 25 seats in the Lok Sabha.[114] There are a total of 175 Assembly constituencies in the state.[115][116]

In the 2019 elections, YSR's son Y. S. Jaganmohan Reddy, leader of the YSR Congress Party became the chief minister with a resounding mandate by winning 151 out of 175 seats.

Amaravati protests
Main article: 2019–2023 Amaravati protests

In August 2020, Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly passed Andhra Pradesh Decentralisation and Inclusive Development of All Regions Act, 2020, which provided for limiting Amaravati as legislative capital, while naming Vizag as executive capital and Kurnool as judicial capital.[117] The events leading to this decision resulted in widespread continuing protests by the farmers of Amaravati.[118] The act has been challenged in Andhra Pradesh High Court, which ordered to maintain status quo until the court completes its hearing. The government, led by Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy, withdrew the act, when the high court hearing reached the final stage. The chief minister, however, said his government would bring a better and more complete bill.[119]

The protesters under the banner of Amaravati Parirakshana Samithi (APS) and Joint Action Committee (JAC) of Amaravati received support from all the political parties barring the ruling YCP when they held their long marches across Andhra Pradesh seeking support for their agitation.[120]

On 5th March 2022, High court ruled that the government can not abandon development of Amaravati as capital city after farmers parted with 33,000 acres of land against the agreement with APCRDA to develop it as the capital city and ₹15,000 crore was sunk in it over development expenditure. It asked the government to develop Amaravati within six months.[121] When the government appealed in the Supreme court, it got a stay on the judgement regarding developing the city within six months. Supreme court posted the case to 11th July 2023 for hearing.[122]

Meanwhile, Jaganmohan Reddy announced that Visakhapatnam will become the new capital when he addressed a meeting on 31st January 2023, relating to an upcoming investment summit in Vizag.[123]

Economy
Main article: Economy of Andhra Pradesh
Visakhapatnam is an important commercial hub of the state

GSDP at current prices for the year 2022-23 is estimated at ₹13,177.28 billion (US$170 billion) (Advance estimates) against ₹11,338.37 billion (US$140 billion) (First revised estimates) for the year 2021–22. Agriculture growth rate was 36.19%, industry 23.36%, and services 40.45%. The state posted a record growth of 7.02% at constant prices (2011–12) against the country's growth of 7%.[124]

A,P. achieved overall 4th rank in SDG India Report for the year 2020–21, with first rank in SDG-7 (affordable energy) and second rank in SDG-14 (Life below water).[124]

In 2014–15, the state ranked eighth in GSDP at current prices, which stood at ₹5,200.3 billion (US$65 billion). It recorded 12.03% growth compared to previous fiscal which was ₹4,641.84 billion (US$58 billion). While, at constant prices, the GSDP of the state for 2014–15 was ₹2,645.21 billion (US$33 billion), compare to ₹2,467.24 billion (US$31 billion) of 2013–14.[125] The domestic product of agriculture sector accounts for ₹545.99 billion (US$6.8 billion) and industrial sector for ₹507.45 billion (US$6.4 billion). The service sector of the state accounts more percentage of the GSDP with a total of ₹1,305.87 billion (US$16 billion).[126] In the 2010 list by Forbes magazine, several people from Andhra Pradesh were among the top 100 richest Indians.[127]

Agriculture
  • Lush green farms in Konaseema
    Lush green farms in Konaseema
  • Map of Sugar industries in Andhra Pradesh
    Map of Sugar industries in Andhra Pradesh

Andhra Pradesh's economy is mainly based on agriculture and livestock. Four important rivers of India, the Godavari, Krishna, Penna, and Tungabhadra flow through the state and provide irrigation. 60 percent of the population is engaged in agriculture and related activities. Rice is the major food crop and staple food of the state. It is an exporter of many agricultural products and is also known as "Rice Bowl of India".[128][129] The state has three Agricultural Economic Zones in the united Chittoor district for mango pulp and vegetables, the united Krishna district for mangoes, the united Guntur district for chilies.[130]

Besides rice, farmers also grow jowar, bajra, maize, minor millet, coarse grain, many varieties of pulses, oil seeds, sugarcane, cotton, chili pepper, mango nuts and tobacco. Crops used for vegetable oil production such as sunflower and peanuts are popular. There are many multi-state irrigation projects under development, including Godavari River Basin Irrigation Projects and Nagarjuna Sagar Dam.[131]

Livestock and poultry is also another profitable business, which involves rearing cattle in enclosed areas for commercial purposes. The state is also the largest producer of eggs in the country and hence, it is nicknamed as "Egg Bowl of Asia".[132][133]

Fisheries contribute 10% of total fish and over 70% of the shrimp production of India.[134] The geographical location of the state allows marine fishing as well as inland fish production. The most exported marine exports include Vannamei shrimp[135]

Infrastructure

APSFL is an initiative of the government of Andhra Pradesh to set up an optical fiber network throughout the thirteen districts of Andhra Pradesh. This network provides internet connectivity, telephony and IPTV with fiber to private and corporate users of Andhra Pradesh.[136]

Industrial sector

The industrial sector of the state includes some of the key sectors like pharmaceutical, automobile, textiles etc. Sricity located in Tirupati district is an integrated business city which is home to firms including PepsiCo, Isuzu Motors, Cadbury India, Kellogg's, Colgate-Palmolive, Kobelco etc.[137] The PepsiCo firm has its largest plant in India at Sri City.[138] The state is also emerging as destination for the automobile industry which already hosts companies including Ashok Leyland in Krishna district, Hero Motors in Tirupati district, Kia Motors in Anantapur district.

The state is also emerging in information technology and biotechnology. The IT/ITES revenues of Visakhapatnam is at ₹14.45 billion (US$180 million) in 2012–2013. The development of IT in Tier-II and Tier-III cities like Vijayawada, Kakinada and Tirupati is also improving. In the fiscal year 2012–2013, Vijayawada's IT/ITeS revenues were ₹1,153 million (US$14 million). Tirupati with ₹693 million (US$8.7 million) and Kakinada with ₹615 million (US$7.7 million) stand next.[139]

  • Aerial View of Hindustan Shipyard Limited (HSL), Visakhapatnam
    Aerial View of Hindustan Shipyard Limited (HSL), Visakhapatnam
  • Isuzu Motors India manufacturing plant aerial view, Sricity
    Isuzu Motors India manufacturing plant aerial view, Sricity
  • IBM-Software-IconicCampus-Visakhapatnam
    IBM-Software-IconicCampus-Visakhapatnam
  • CELKON Manufacturing plant at Tirupati
    CELKON Manufacturing plant at Tirupati
  • Munoth Lithium Ion Cell manufacturing facility at EMC Tirupati
    Munoth Lithium Ion Cell manufacturing facility at EMC Tirupati

Mining
Mangampet Barytes

Mining is identified as one of the growth engines for the overall development of industry and infrastructure. The Tummalapalle Uranium mine in Andhra has confirmed 49,000 tonnes (48,000 long tons; 54,000 short tons) of ore and there are indications that it could hold reserves totaling three times its current size. 700 million tonnes (690,000,000 long tons; 770,000,000 short tons) of metal grade Bauxite deposits in proximity to Visakhapatnam Port. Reliance Industries struck nine trillion cubic feet of gas reserves in the KG basin, 150 km (93 mi) off the Andhra Pradesh coast near Kakinada. Discovery of a large quantity of natural gas in KG Basin is expected to provide rapid economic growth.[140] During 2016, nearly 3.8 trillion m3 (134 trillion cu ft) of methane hydrate deposits were explored in KG basin whose extraction was adequate to impart energy security for many decades to India.[141]

Power plants
Main article: Power sector of Andhra Pradesh
Rayalaseema Thermal Power Station
Srisailam Hydel power project

The state is a pioneer nationwide in solar power generation. APGENCO is the power generating company owned by the state.[142] The state has become power surplus with excess power generation being exported to other states.[143] The state is abundantly endowed with solar power and high head PHES sites to convert the solar power available during the day time in to round the clock power supply.[144] PHES projects also has synergy with the lift irrigation projects in storing water available during the monsoon season and supplying to the uplands throughout the year. Ultimate water and energy requirements of the state can be fully met by the combination of cheap solar power, PHES and irrigation projects economically harnessing renewable energy without much damage to the environment.[145]

Thermal (natural gas and coal based) and renewable power plants totaling to 21,000 MW were installed in the state by 2015. Local power plants of 9,600 MW capacity only are supplying electricity in the state, which includes Simhadri Super Thermal Power Station (2000 MW) of NTPC, Vizag Thermal Power Station (1040 MW), Rayalaseema Thermal Power Station (1650 MW), Sri Damodaram Sanjeevaiah Thermal Power Station (2400 MW), and Narla Tata Rao Thermal Power Plant (1760 MW). Hydel power plants have a capacity of 1671 MW.[146]

Culture
Main article: Culture of Andhra Pradesh

Andhra Pradesh has rich culture and heritage.[147]

Kuchipudi, the cultural dance recognized as the official dance form of the state of Andhra Pradesh, originated in the village of Kuchipudi in Krishna district. It entered the Guinness World Records for performing Mahabrinda Natyam with a total of 6,117 dancers in Vijayawada.[148]

Andhra Pradesh has thirteen geographical indications in categories of agricultural handicrafts, foodstuff and textiles as per Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999.[149] It increased to fifteen with the addition of Banaganapalle Mangoes[150] and Bandar laddu.[151] The other GI tagged goods are, Bobbili Veena, Budithi Bell and Brass Craft, Dharmavaram Handloom Pattu Sarees and Paavadas, Guntur Sannam, Kondapalli Toys, Machilipatnam Kalamkari, Mangalagiri Sarees and Fabrics, Srikalahasti Kalamkari, Tirupati Laddu, Uppada Jamdani Sari and Venkatagiri Sari.[149]

Arts, crafts and artifacts
Kondapalli Toys at a house in Vijayawada

Machilipatnam and Srikalahasti Kalamkari are the two unique textile art forms practised in India.[152] There are also other notable handicrafts present in the state, like the soft limestone idol carvings of Durgi.[153] Etikoppaka in Visakhapatnam district is notable for its lac industry, producing lacquered wooden.[154][155]

The state has many museums, which features a varied collection of ancient sculptures, paintings, idols, weapons, cutlery, and inscriptions, and religious artifacts such as the Amaravati Archaeological Museum,[156] Visakha Museum and Telugu Cultural Museum in Visakhapatnam displays the history of the pre-independence and the Victoria Jubilee Museum in Vijayawada with a large collection of artifacts.

Literature
Main article: Telugu literature

Nannayya, Tikkana and Yerrapragada form the trinity who translated the Sanskrit epic Mahabharata into Telugu language. Nannayya wrote the first treatise on Telugu grammar called Andhra Shabda Chintamani in Sanskrit, as there was no grammatical work in Telugu prior to that.[157] Pothana is the poet who composed the classic Srimad Maha Bhagavatamu, a Telugu translation of Sri Bhagavatam. Vemana is notable for his philosophical poems. The Vijayanagara emperor Krishnadevaraya wrote Amuktamalyada. Telugu literature after Kandukuri Veeresalingam is termed as Adhunika Telugu Sahityam (Modern Telugu literature). He is known as Gadya Tikkana and was the author of Telugu social novel, Satyavati Charitam. Jnanpith Award holders from the state include Viswanatha Satyanarayana. The Andhra Pradesh native and revolutionary poet Sri Sri brought new forms of expressionism into Telugu literature.[158]

Media

The print media in the state consists mainly of Telugu and English newspapers. Eenadu, Sakshi, Andhra Jyothi, and Tel.J.D.Patrika Vaartha all these are Telugu newspapers. English newspapers include Deccan Chronicle and The Hans India.[159][160]

Art and cinema
Main articles: Music of Andhra Pradesh, Telugu theatre, and Carnatic music
See also: Tholu bommalata
Kuchipudi dance

Many composers of Carnatic music like Annamacharya, Kshetrayya, Tyagaraja, and Bhadrachala Ramadas were of Telugu descent. Modern Carnatic music composers and singers like Ghantasala and M. Balamuralikrishna are also of Telugu descent. The Telugu film industry hosts many music composers and playback singers such as S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, P. Susheela, S. Janaki and P. B. Sreenivas. Folk songs are very important and popular in the many rural areas of the state. Forms such as the Burra katha and Poli are still performed today.[161] Harikathaa Kalakshepam (or Harikatha) involves the narration of a story, intermingled with various songs relating to the story. Harikatha was originated in Andhra.[162] Burra katha is an oral storytelling technique with the topic be either a Hindu mythological story or a contemporary social issue.[163] Rangasthalam is an Indian theatre in the Telugu language, based predominantly in Andhra Pradesh.[164] Gurajada Apparao wrote the play Kanyasulkam in 1892, often considered the greatest play in the Telugu language.[165] C. Pullaiah is cited as the father of Telugu theatre movement.[166][167]

The Telugu film industry is largely based in Hyderabad and Visakhapatnam. The Telugu film culture (also known as "Tollywood") is the second-largest film industry in India next to the Bollywood film industry.[168] Film producer D. Ramanaidu holds a Guinness Record for the most films produced by a person.[169] In the years 2005, 2006 and 2008, the Telugu film industry produced the largest number of films in India, exceeding the number of films produced in Bollywood.[170][171] The industry holds the Guinness World Record for the largest film production facility in the world.[172]

"Naatu Naatu" from the film RRR became the first song from an Indian film to win the Academy Award for Best Original Song and the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song, as well as the first song from an Asian film to win the former.[173][174]

Cuisine
Vegetarian Andhra meal, served on important occasions
Main article: Telugu cuisine

Telugu people's traditional sweet Pootharekulu originated from Atreyapuram village of East Godavari district.

Tourism
Main article: Tourism in Andhra Pradesh

The state has several beaches in its coastal districts such as Rushikonda, Mypadu, Suryalanka etc.;[175] caves such as, Borra Caves,[176] Indian rock-cut architecture depicting Undavalli Caves[177] and the country's second longest caves- the Belum Caves.[178] The valleys and hills include, Araku Valley, Horsley Hills, Papi Hills etc.[179] Arma Konda peak located in Visakhapatnam district is the highest peak in Eastern Ghats.

The state is home to various religious pilgrim destinations such as Tirumala Temple, Simhachalam Temple, Annavaram temple, Srisailam temple, Kanaka Durga Temple, Amaravati, Srikalahasti, Shahi Jamia Masjid in Adoni, Gunadala Church in Vijayawada, Buddhist centres at Amaravati, and Nagarjuna Konda, Khadri Lakshmi Narasimha Swamy Temple, Kadiri.[180]

Transport
Main article: Transport in Andhra Pradesh

The state is well connected to other states through road and rail networks. It is also connected to other countries by means of airways and seaports as well. With a long seacoast along the Bay of Bengal, it also has many ports for sea trade. The state has one of the largest railway junctions at Vijayawada and one of the largest seaports at Visakhapatnam.

Roads
Vijayawada-Guntur section of NH 16
NH 140 near Tirupati

The state has a total major road network of 47,244.83 km (29,356.58 mi), of which 8,163.72 km (5,072.70 mi) of National highways, 12,595.60 km (7,826.54 mi) of state highways and 26,485.51 km (16,457.33 mi) of major district roads.[181] NH 16, with a highway network of around 1,000 km (620 mi) in the state, is a part of Golden Quadrilateral Project undertaken by National Highways Development Project.

The state government owned Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation (APSRTC) is the public bus transport provider. It is split into 129 depots across 4 zones. It has a fleet strength of 11098 buses with a staff count of 49544. It operates 1.1083 billion kms and serves 3.682 million passesngers daily.[182] Pandit Nehru Bus Station (PNBS) in Vijayawada is one of the largest bus terminals in Asia.[183] From 30 January 2019, all the vehicles in the state are registered as AP–39, followed by an alphabet and four digits.[184]

Railways
Vijayawada railway station

As of October 2021, Andhra Pradesh has a total broad-gauge railway route of 3,969 km (2,466 mi).[185] The rail density of the state is 24.36 km per 1000 square kilometres. The railway network in Andhra Pradesh is under South Central Railway, East Coast railway and South Western railway zones. The network that is part of Secunderabad,Hyderabad,Vijayawada,Guntakal and Guntur divisions belongs to South Central Railway. The network that is part of Waltair and Khurda Road divisions belongs to the East coast railway. The network that is part of Bangalore division belongs to the South Western railway.[186][187][188]

During 2014-2022, 350 km of new lines were constructed at the rate of 44 Km per year in Andhra Pradesh under South Central railway division. The rate of construction was only 2 km per year in the preceding five years.[189]: 5  Nadikudi- Srikalahasti line of 308.70 kilometres sanctioned at a budget of Rs 22.89 billion in 2011-12 is progressing slowly with only phase-1 of 46km between New Piduguralla station and Savalyapuram completed in 2021-22.[189]: 29 

There are three A1 and twenty-three A-category railway stations in the state as per the assessment in 2017.[190] Visakhapatnam has been declared the cleanest railway station in the country as per the assessment in 2018.[191] The railway station of Shimiliguda was the first highest broad gauge railway station in the country.[192]

A new railway zone South Coast Railway Zone (SCoR) with headquarters at Visakhapatnam was announced as the newest railway zone of the Indian Railways in 2019.[193]

Airports
See also: List of airports in Andhra Pradesh

Visakhapatnam Airport, NTR Amaravati International Airport, at Vijayawada, Tirupati Airport are international airports in the state. The state has three other domestic airports, Rajahmundry Airport, Kadapa Airport and Kurnool Airport.[194] A privately owned airport for emergency flights and chartered flights is at Puttaparthi. There are also 16 small airstrips located in the state.

Sea ports
See also: Ports and harbours of Andhra Pradesh

Andhra Pradesh has one of the country's largest port at Visakhapatnam in terms of cargo handling.[195] The other famous ports are Krishnapatnam Port (Nellore), Gangavaram Port and Kakinada Port. Gangavaram Port is a deep seaport which can accommodate ocean liners up to 200,000–250,000 DWT.[196] There are 14 notified non-major ports at Bheemunipatnam, S.Yanam, Machilipatnam, Nizampatnam, and Vadarevu.[197]

  • Map of seaports in Andhra Pradesh
    Map of seaports in Andhra Pradesh
  • Visakhapatnam seaport
    Visakhapatnam seaport
  • A ship at the Visakhapatnam port
    A ship at the Visakhapatnam port

Education and research
Main articles: Education in Andhra Pradesh and List of institutions of higher education in Andhra Pradesh
Map of universities in Andhra Pradesh

The primary and secondary school education is imparted by government, aided and private schools, managed and regulated by the School Education Department of the state.[198][199] There are urban, rural and residential schools.[200][201] As per the child info and school information report (2018–19), there were a total of 7,041,568 students,[202] enrolled in 62,063 schools respectively.[203] The Directorate of Government Examinations of the state administers and conduct the Secondary School Certificate (SSC) examination.[204] More than 600,000 students have appeared for the 2019 SSC exam and recorded an overall pass percentage of 94.88% with a 100% pass percentage in 5,464 schools.[205] The mediums of instruction are primarily Telugu and English with a very few opting for Urdu, Hindi, Kannada, Odia and Tamil.[206]

The state initiated education reforms in 2020 by creating six types of schools namely satellite foundation school (pre primary), foundational schools (pre primary - class II), foundational school plus (pre primary - class V) and pre High school (class III - class VII/VIII) and high school (class III - Class X) and high school plus (class III - Class XII).[207] Transition to English medium education in all government schools started in the academic year 2020-2021 is expected to reach completion by 2024–25. 1000 government schools are affiliated to CBSE in the year 2022-23 as an initial step and the bilingual text book scheme was adopted to ease the transition.[208] The state government is going ahead with English medium based on the parents survey despite protests and courtcases.[209] The state initiative is being funded in part by loan from World Bank to the tune of 250M$ over 2021-2026 through "Supporting Andhra's Learning Transformation" (SALT) project to improve the learning outcomes of children up to class II level.[210]

There are 169 government degree colleges and 55 private aided degree colleges in the state. 66 government colleges and 48 private aided colleges have valid NAAC grades. State has achieved 35.1% gross enrollment ratio, gender parity index of 0.84 as per AISHE 2019–20. There are 85 government and aided, 175 private polytechnics in the state.[211] AP state council of higher education organises various entrance tests for different streams and conducts counselling for admissions.[212]

The Government of Andhra Pradesh established Rajiv Gandhi University of Knowledge Technologies (RGUKT) in 2008 to cater to the education needs of the rural youth of Andhra Pradesh.[213] As per the University Grants Commission, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, GITAM, KL University and Vignan University, MBU University are the deemed universities in the state.[214] There are 18 state universities in the districts providing higher education in horticulture, law, medical, technology, Vedic and veterinary.[215] Andhra University is the oldest of the universities in the state, established in 1926.[216][217]

The central universities/autonomous institutions in the state include All India Institute of Medical Sciences at Mangalagiri, IIM Visakhapatnam, IIT Tirupati, NIT Tadepalligudem, IIITDM Kurnool,[218] Indian Institute of Petroleum and Energy,[219] National Institute of Design, Vijayawada, Central University of Andhra Pradesh at Anantapur, IIIT Sri City, IISER Tirupati, and IIFT Kakinada.

Research

Research institutes have been set up by both the central and state governments. Naval Science and Technological Laboratory (NSTL), National Institute of Oceanography(NIO), Visakhapatnam, School of Planning and Architecture at Vijayawada, Society for Applied Microwave Electronics Engineering and Research, Visakhapatnam are some of the research institutes in the state. National Atmospheric Research Laboratory carries out fundamental and applied research in atmospheric and space sciences. Central Tobacco Research Institute, Rajahmundry under control of Indian Council of Agriculture Research (ICAR) conducts fundamental and applied research on tobacco for the benefit of the farming community. Indian Institute of Oil Palm Research (IIOPR) at Pedavegi near Eluru in West Godavari district serves as a centre for conducting and co-ordinating research on all aspects of oil palm conservation, improvement, production, protection, post-harvest technology and transfer of technology.

Indian Institute of Science Education and Research at Tirupati, Regional Research Institute for Homeopathy at Gudivada, Clinical Research Institute at Tirupati, Agriculture Research Institute at KADIRI under the control of Acharya NG Ranga Agriculture University are some other research institutes.

Space research organisation

Satish Dhawan Space Centre, also known as Sriharikota Range (SHAR), at barrier island of Sriharikota in Tirupati district is a satellite launching station operated by Indian Space Research Organisation.[220] It is India's primary orbital launch site. India's lunar orbiter Chandrayaan-1 was launched from the centre at 6:22 AM IST on 22 October 2008.[221]

  • Agriculture University, Guntur
    Agriculture University, Guntur
  • ICI Tirupati
    ICI Tirupati
  • SPA Vijayawada
    SPA Vijayawada
  • Satish Dhawan Space Centre [SDSC], Sriharikota, Tirupati
    Satish Dhawan Space Centre [SDSC], Sriharikota, Tirupati

Sports
Main article: Sports in Andhra Pradesh
Dr. Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy ACA–VDCA Cricket Stadium in Visakhapatnam

The Sports Authority of Andhra Pradesh is the governing body which looks after the infrastructure development in cricket, field hockey, association football, skating, Olympic weightlifting, chess, water sports, tennis, badminton, table tennis, cycling, etc.[222]

Cricket is one of the most popular sports in the state. The ACA-VDCA Stadium in Visakhapatnam is the home to Andhra Pradesh cricket team. The venue regularly hosts international as well as domestic matches. Notable cricketers from Andhra Pradesh include former Indian captain Mohammad Azharuddin, Maharajkumar of Vizianagram, M. V. Narasimha Rao, M. S. K. Prasad, VVS Laxman, Tirumalasetti Suman, Arshad Ayub, Ambati Rayudu, Venkatapathy Raju, Sravanthi Naidu, Yalaka Venugopal Rao, Hanuma Vihari and Srikar Bharat.

Humpy Koneru, from Gudivada in Krishna district, is an Indian chess Grandmaster. Dandamudi Rajagopal Rao, the first 12 times National heavy weight lifting Champion, hails from Krishna district. Karnam Malleswari, the first female Indian to win an Olympic medal, hails from Srikakulam district. She won the bronze medal on 19 September 2000, in the 69 kg (152 lb) category with a lift of 240 kg (530 lb).[223]

Krishnam Raju Gadiraju of Bhimavaram, is a four-time world record holder. He is a speedsolver and unicyclist.[224]

Pullela Gopichand is a former Indian badminton player. He won the All England Open Badminton Championships in 2001, becoming the second Indian to win after Prakash Padukone.[225][226][227] Srikanth Kidambi, a badminton player, is the first ever Indian to reach the World Championships final in 2021 in the men's singles and win a silver medal.[228]

Cherukuri Lenin (1985 or 1986 – 24 October 2010) was an Indian archer and coach who won a silver medal at the Asian Grand Prix in Malaysia and was a national archery coach.

See also

Notes
  1. Excluding districts and mandals which went to Telangana
  2. The Christian population is significantly undercounted since SC reservation benefits are denied to Christians

References
  1. Rao, Madhu (1 November 2019). "Formation day: These Indian states were formed on November 1". India TV News. Retrieved 9 May 2022.
  2. "Government to resume Andhra Pradesh Formation Day celebration on November 1". The New Indian Express. 22 October 2019. Retrieved 2 August 2020.
  3. "Former SC judge S. Abdul Nazeer appointed as Governor of Andhra Pradesh".
  4. DOP 2023, p. 430.
  5. DOP 2023, p. 3.
  6. "Urdu second official language in Andhra Pradesh". Deccan Chronicles. 24 March 2022. Retrieved 16 May 2022.
  7. "Bill recognising Urdu as second official language passed". The Hindu. 23 March 2022. Retrieved 16 May 2022.
  8. "ECONOMIC SURVEY 2021-22 STATISTICAL APPENDIX" (PDF). Government of India, India Budget, Ministry of Finance. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  9. "Per Capita Net State Domestic Product - State-wise (At Current Prices)". Reserve Bank of India. Retrieved 21 January 2022.
  10. "Andhra Pradesh gets new state bird, state flower". Deccan Chronicle. 31 May 2018. Archived from the original on 1 June 2018. Retrieved 1 June 2018.
  11. "Andhra Pradesh". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 16 May 2021.
  12. "Andhra Pradesh | History, Capital, Population, Map, & Points of Interest". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 26 April 2020.
  13. "Coastal Length of Indian States". QuickGS.com. 13 November 2015. Retrieved 26 April 2020.
  14. "Andhra Pradesh Population (2019/2020)". www.populationu.com. Retrieved 26 April 2020.
  15. "List of Governors". AP State Portal. Archived from the original on 27 August 2018. Retrieved 11 December 2020.
  16. "Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairy – Lok Sabha – Starred Question No. *498" (PDF). 21 September 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 September 2016. Retrieved 26 July 2020.
  17. "The Indian Express – Google News Archive Search". news.google.com. Retrieved 15 July 2020.
  18. "The Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014" (PDF). India Code Legislative Department. Ministry of Law and Justice. 1 March 2014. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 14 July 2015.
  19. "Explained: Why Was Andhra's Three-Capital Act Controversial". NDTV.com. Retrieved 22 November 2021.
  20. by (27 January 2019). "Growth Of Buddhism in Andhra Pradesh". Andhra Pradesh PCS Exam Notes. Retrieved 15 July 2020.
  21. Reddy (retd), Capt Lingala Pandu Ranga (25 April 2016). "Kohinoor belongs to Telugus". Deccan Chronicle. Retrieved 20 July 2020.
  22. Reddem, Appaji (22 April 2017). "In the quest of yet another Koh-i-noor". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
  23. "Most Crucial facts about Andhra Pradesh (The Rice Bowl of India)". Jagranjosh.com. 6 January 2016. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
  24. "Telugu Language | AP State Portal". 19 June 2015. Archived from the original on 19 June 2015. Retrieved 26 April 2020.
  25. "Press Information Bureau". pib.gov.in. Retrieved 26 April 2020.
  26. "AP Official Languages Act Amended to Recognise Urdu as Second Language". Sakshi Post. 7 March 2022. Retrieved 26 March 2022.
  27. Devi, Ragini (1990). Dance Dialects of India. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 66. ISBN 978-81-208-0674-0.
  28. "APonline - History and Culture-History". 16 July 2012. Archived from the original on 16 July 2012. Retrieved 26 April 2020.
  29. Proceedings of the Andhra Pradesh Oriental Conference: Fourth Session, Nagarjuna University, Guntur, 3rd to 5th March 1984. The Conference. 1987.
  30. "Government of AP – History Satavahanas". Archived from the original on 15 June 2020. Retrieved 26 April 2020.
  31. Devi, Ragini (1990). Dance Dialects of India. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. ISBN 978-81-208-0674-0.
  32. Jammanna, Akepogu; Sudhakar, Pasala (2016). Dalits' Struggle for Social Justice in Andhra Pradesh (1956–2008): From Relays to Vacuum Tubes. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 156. ISBN 978-1-4438-4496-3. Retrieved 12 July 2017.
  33. "Sub-national HDI – Area Database". Global Data Lab. Institute for Management Research, Radboud University. Archived from the original on 23 September 2018. Retrieved 14 July 2021.
  34. "AP at a Glance". Official portal of Andhra Pradesh Government. Archived from the original on 21 December 2019. Retrieved 31 May 2019.
  35. "Length of coastline" (PDF). Ministry of Home Affairs. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 September 2016. Retrieved 26 August 2016.
  36. PTI (28 March 2016). "30% growth in AP tourist arrivals". Business Line. Archived from the original on 30 June 2018. Retrieved 28 January 2017.
  37. "World's Most-Visited Sacred Sites". Travel + Leisure. Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 28 January 2017.
  38. Dance Dialects of India. Ragini Devi. Motilal Bansarsi Dass. 1990. p. 66. ISBN 978-81-208-0674-0. Retrieved 9 June 2014.
  39. "History of Andhra Pradesh". Government of Andhra Pradesh. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 16 July 2012. Retrieved 22 July 2012.
  40. Ancient and medieval history of Andhra Pradesh. P. Raghunadha Rao. Sterling Publishers, 1993. 1993. p. iv. ISBN 9788120714953. Retrieved 9 June 2014.
  41. Sailendra Nath Sen (1999). Ancient Indian History and Civilization. New Age International. pp. 172–176. ISBN 9788122411980. Archived from the original on 23 March 2017. Retrieved 29 January 2017.
  42. Sudhakar Chattopadhyaya (1974). Some Early Dynasties of South India. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 17–56. ISBN 9788120829411.
  43. Carla M. Sinopoli (2001). "On the edge of empire: form and substance in the Satavahana dynasty". In Susan E. Alcock (ed.). Empires: Perspectives from Archaeology and History. Cambridge University Press. pp. 166–168. ISBN 978-0-521-77020-0.
  44. "Struggle for Andhra State – AP State Portal". Archived from the original on 15 June 2020. Retrieved 20 July 2020.
  45. Maheshwari, R. Uma (31 July 2013). "A State that must fulfil a higher purpose". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 20 July 2020.
  46. Tiwari, Anshuman; Sengupta, Anindya (10 August 2018). Laxminama: Monks, Merchants, Money and Mantra. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 307. ISBN 9789387146808.
  47. Akira Shimada (2012). Early Buddhist Architecture in Context: The Great St?pa at Amar?vat? (ca. 300 BCE – 300 CE). BRILL. pp. 33–40. ISBN 978-90-04-23283-9. Archived from the original on 23 December 2016. Retrieved 14 October 2016.
  48. Charles Higham (2009). Encyclopedia of Ancient Asian Civilizations. Infobase Publishing. p. 299. ISBN 978-1-4381-0996-1. Archived from the original on 9 June 2016. Retrieved 6 March 2016.
  49. David M. Knipe (2015). Vedic Voices: Intimate Narratives of a Living Andhra Tradition. Oxford University Press. pp. 8–9. ISBN 978-0-19-026673-8. Archived from the original on 9 April 2017. Retrieved 14 October 2016.
  50. Subramanian, K. R. (1989). Buddhist Remains in Andhra and the History of Andhra Between 225 and 610 A.D. Asian Educational Services. ISBN 9788120604445.
  51. Ancient and medieval history of Andhra Pradesh. P. Raghunadha Rao. Sterling Publishers, 1993. 1993. p. 68. ISBN 9788120714953. Retrieved 9 June 2014.
  52. "History outline of Andhra Pradesh" (PDF). Board of Intermediate Education, Government of Andhra Pradesh. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 July 2017. Retrieved 4 May 2017.
  53. Sen, Sailendra Nath (1 January 1999). Ancient Indian History and civilization By S. N. Sen. ISBN 9788122411980.
  54. "About Eastern Chalukyas – Official AP State Government Portal – AP State Portal". Archived from the original on 17 June 2016. Retrieved 27 May 2016.
  55. "Age of Telugu language". The Hindu. 20 December 2007. Archived from the original on 3 September 2015. Retrieved 31 July 2013.
  56. Salomon, Richard (1998). Indian epigraphy : a guide to the study of inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the other Indo-Aryan languages (1. publ. ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 106. ISBN 978-0-19-509984-3.
  57. Government, Andhra Pradesh (1960). The History Of Andhra Pradesh Government Archaeological Series. p. 103. the Kayastha chiefs of the Kakatiyās had dislodged the Pandyan occupation of this area.
  58. Saravanan, V. Hari (2014). Gods, Heroes and their Story Tellers: Intangible cultural heritage of South India. Notion Press. p. 194. ISBN 9789384391492.
  59. "Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 15 1931". Kondaveedu. Digital South Asia Library. p. 393. Archived from the original on 13 June 2010. Retrieved 20 October 2009.
  60. Sewell, Robert (1884). Lists of inscriptions, and sketch of the dynasties of Southern India, Archaeological Survey of India. Kondaveedu Reddy Chiefs…. E. Keys at the Government Press. pp. 187–188. Retrieved 21 October 2009.
  61. "Kondaveedu fort likely to get UNESCO heritage status". Archived from the original on 18 February 2017. Retrieved 17 February 2017.
  62. By James Mansel Longworth page 204
  63. edited by J C morris page 261
  64. Historians such as P. B. Desai (History of Vijayanagar Empire, 1936), Henry Heras (The Aravidu Dynasty of Vijayanagara, 1927), B. A. Saletore (Social and Political Life in the Vijayanagara Empire, 1930), G.S. Gai (Archaeological Survey of India), William Coelho (The Hoysala Vamsa, 1955) and Kamath (Kamath 2001, pp. 157–160)
  65. Stein, Burton (1989). The New Cambridge History of India: Vijayanagara. Cambridge University Press. p. 88. ISBN 978-0-521-26693-2. Controlling numerous villages and many large towns, these powerful chiefs commanded large mercenary armies that were the vanguard of Vijayanagara forces during the sixteenth century.
  66. "Andhra Pradesh eyes Unesco tag for its heritage sites". 15 April 2017. Archived from the original on 4 December 2017. Retrieved 4 December 2017.
  67. Gopal, B. Madhu (20 March 2017). "Move to get world heritage status for Sankaram". The Hindu.
  68. "The Lepakshi heritage". Business Line.
  69. Voice, Amaravati. "Lepakshi May Get World Heritage Status". amaravativoice.com. Archived from the original on 4 December 2017. Retrieved 4 December 2017.
  70. Sewell, Robert; Nunes, Fernão; Paes, Domingos (1900). "Origin of the Empire (A.D. 1336)". A Forgotten Empire (Vijayanagar): A contribution to the history of India. S. Sonnenschein & co ., ltd.
  71. Richards, J. F. (1975). "The Hyderabad Karnatik, 1687–1707". Modern Asian Studies. 9 (2): 241–260. doi:10.1017/S0026749X00004996. S2CID 142989123.
  72. "Tributes paid to Telangana martyrs". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 18 September 2005. Archived from the original on 3 December 2014. Retrieved 14 July 2015.
  73. Reid, William (1849). The progress of the development of the law of storms... J. Weale. p. 105.
  74. Balfour, Edward (1885). The cyclopaedia of India and of eastern and southern Asia. Vol. 2. B. Quaritch. p. 125.
  75. Chambers, William (1851). Chambers's Papers for the people. p. 15.
  76. "HYDERABAD: The Holdout". Time. 30 August 1948. Archived from the original on 22 May 2010. Retrieved 20 May 2010.
  77. "Post-Independence Era, then and now". aponline.gov.in. Archived from the original on 20 December 2013. Retrieved 3 August 2013.
  78. "Know Hyderabad: History". Pan India Network. 2010. Archived from the original on 21 September 2010. Retrieved 5 October 2010.
  79. "Telangana state formation gazette". The New Indian Express. Archived from the original on 6 July 2014. Retrieved 14 May 2014.
  80. "Supreme court refers Telangana petitions to constitution bench". NDTV. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 17 February 2016.
  81. "Andhra Pradesh To Get New Capital Amaravati Today, PM Modi To Inaugurate". NDTV. 22 October 2015. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  82. P, Ashish (2 March 2017). "Chief Minister Chandrababu Naidu inaugurates new Andhra Pradesh Assembly". India Today. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  83. "Kadapa or Cuddapah basin". Directorate General of Hydrocarbons. Archived from the original on 6 June 2014. Retrieved 6 June 2014.
  84. "Cuddapah Basin | NDR – National Data Repository India".
  85. "Forests in AP facts". AP Forest department. Archived from the original on 7 May 2015. Retrieved 6 June 2014.
  86. "Natural vegetation and wildlife". AP Forest Department. Archived from the original on 4 July 2014. Retrieved 6 June 2014.
  87. "The List of Wetlands of International Importance" (PDF). The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands. The Secretariat of the Convention on Wetlands (Ramsar, Iran, 1971). p. 20. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 May 2012. Retrieved 5 June 2014.
  88. "Industrial & Fertilizer minerals" (PDF). Geological Survey of India portal. CGPB Committee-IV. pp. 17–44. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 October 2013. Retrieved 9 June 2014.
  89. Ganguly, Nivedita (17 September 2014). "Lambasingi set to become tourist hotspot". The Hindu. Visakhapatnam. Archived from the original on 3 September 2015. Retrieved 26 November 2014.
  90. "Lambasingi records 2º c". Deccan Chronicle. Visakhapatnam. 16 December 2013. Archived from the original on 13 July 2015. Retrieved 26 November 2014.
  91. "Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Andhra Pradesh". Census of India. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India.
  92. "Telugu Language". AP State Portal. Government of India. Archived from the original on 19 June 2015. Retrieved 19 June 2015.
  93. "Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 47th report (July 2008 to June 2010)" (PDF). Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India. pp. 122–126. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 May 2012. Retrieved 16 February 2012.
  94. "Andhra Pradesh | History, Capital, Population, Map, & Points of Interest". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 7 April 2020.
  95. "Population by Religion - Andhra Pradesh". censusindia.gov.in. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India. 2011.
  96. "Sri Potuluri Veera Brahmendra Swami". Mihira.com. Archived from the original on 20 November 2008. Retrieved 29 November 2008.
  97. Davidson, Ronald. Tibetan Renaissance. Columbia 2005, pp. 29.
  98. Padma, Sree. Barber, Anthony W. Buddhism in the Krishna River Valley of Andhra. SUNY Press 2008, pg. 2.
  99. Padma, Sree. Barber, Anthony W. Buddhism in the Krishna River Valley of Andhra. SUNY Press 2008, p.1
  100. Peter Harvey (2013), An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices, Cambridge University Press, p.108
  101. Warder, A. K. Indian Buddhism. 2000. p. 313
  102. Guang Xing. The Concept of the Buddha: Its Evolution from Early Buddhism to the Trikaya Theory. 2004. pp. 65–66
  103. Williams, Paul. Buddhist Thought. Routledge, 2000, pages 131.
  104. Williams, Paul. Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations 2nd edition. Routledge, 2009, pg. 47.
  105. "Population of AP districts(2011)". ap.gov.in. p. 14. Archived from the original on 17 March 2015. Retrieved 25 May 2014.
  106. "Part-I State Administrative Divisions 2001–2011" (PDF). Census of India. p. 6. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 January 2015. Retrieved 18 January 2015.
  107. "Administrative and Geographical Profile" (PDF). msmehyd.ap.nic.in. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 September 2016. Retrieved 3 September 2016.
  108. "Andhra Pradesh (India): State, Major Agglomerations & Cities – Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information". www.citypopulation.de. Retrieved 7 September 2020.
  109. "Kiran beats PV, Rosaiah, Anjaiah in tenure". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 25 November 2012. Archived from the original on 20 December 2013. Retrieved 13 April 2021.
  110. "The Hindu, on the election and Presidency". Chennai, India. 15 June 2012. Archived from the original on 15 October 2015. Retrieved 20 December 2013.
  111. "Length of time as Chief Minister". Archived from the original on 10 September 2014. Retrieved 20 December 2013.
  112. "CBN to be sworn as CM of Andhra on June 8th". Deccan-Journal. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 2 June 2014.
  113. "Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly". Archived from the original on 1 April 2005.
  114. "DELIMITATION OF PARLIAMENTARY AND ASSEMBLY CONSTITUENCIES ORDER, 2008" (PDF). Election Commission of India. pp. 16–28. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 October 2010. Retrieved 11 October 2014.
  115. "Overview". AP Legislature. Government of Andhra Pradesh. Archived from the original on 19 May 2015. Retrieved 23 May 2015.
  116. "YS Jaganmohan Reddy's three-capital plan on track as Andhra Pradesh governor gives nod to two bills".
  117. Sudhir, Uma (13 January 2020). "Won't Celebrate Harvest Festival, Say Amaravati Farmers Amid Protests". NDTV. Retrieved 28 February 2021.
  118. "Andhra Pradesh Withdraws Controversial 3-Capital Bill". NDTV.com. Retrieved 22 November 2021.
  119. "Andhra Pradesh: Support pours in for padyatra by Amaravati farmers". Siasat. 14 September 2022. Retrieved 25 April 2023.
  120. "Capital verdict: On A.P. High Court judgment on Amaravati". The Hindu. 5 March 2022.
  121. "SC posts for hearing on July 11 plea of AP govt against HC order on Amaravati capital case". ANI news. ANI. 28 March 2023.
  122. Janyala, Sreenivas (1 February 2023). "Visakhapatnam will be Andhra's capital, says Jagan. What happens to Amaravati and the 3-capitals plan?". The Indian Express. New Delhi: Express Publications. Retrieved 3 February 2023.
  123. M, Sambasiva Rao (16 March 2023). "Andhra Pradesh posts a growth of 16.22% over the previous year". The Hindu. Retrieved 25 March 2023.
  124. "Indian states by GDP". Statistics Times. Retrieved 21 February 2016.
  125. "Economy" (PDF). Official portal of Andhra Pradesh Government. AP state portal. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 July 2014. Retrieved 21 June 2014.
  126. "India's Richest". Forbes. 29 September 2010. Archived from the original on 22 October 2013. Retrieved 31 January 2014.
  127. Appaji Reddem. "Rice bowl of India". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 30 August 2014. Retrieved 7 June 2014.
  128. India Today. ABC-CLIO. 30 September 2011. p. 36. ISBN 978-0-313-37462-3. Retrieved 15 November 2014.
  129. "United AP stood second in agri exports". The Hindu. Vijayawada. 17 January 2016. Archived from the original on 17 January 2016. Retrieved 17 January 2016.
  130. "Irrigation Projects". Press Information Bureau. Ministry of Water Resources. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 9 June 2014.
  131. "Socio Economic Survey 2013–2014" (PDF). AP State Portal. Government of Andhra Pradesh. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 April 2015. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
  132. Mohanty, Muktikanta (2010). Macmillan's General Knowledge Manual 2010. Macmillan. p. 72. ISBN 978-0-230-32874-7. Retrieved 15 November 2014.
  133. "AP top producer of shrimp: MPEDA". The Hindu. 16 January 2013. Archived from the original on 28 February 2013. Retrieved 9 June 2014.
  134. "Vannamei Hatcheries". Coastal Aquaculture Authority. Archived from the original on 3 June 2014. Retrieved 16 July 2014.
  135. "AP Fiber Grid Vision". apsfl.in. Archived from the original on 31 October 2018. Retrieved 31 October 2018.
  136. "Firms in sricity". Sricity.in. Archived from the original on 9 May 2015. Retrieved 14 May 2015.
  137. V Rishi Kumar (3 April 2015). "PepsiCo inaugurates new facility at Sri City". Business Line. Hyderabad. Archived from the original on 13 July 2015. Retrieved 14 May 2015.
  138. "IT/ITES revenues". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 23 April 2014. Retrieved 6 June 2014.
  139. "Krishna Godavari Basin: Oil & Gas Resource". kgbasin.in. Archived from the original on 19 June 2014. Retrieved 7 June 2014.
  140. "ONGC hydrates discovery may be 4 times bigger than RIL's gas find". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 1 July 2016. Retrieved 7 September 2016.
  141. "APGENGO overview". APGENCO. Archived from the original on 12 August 2014. Retrieved 19 June 2014.
  142. "Davos Visit will Boost Andhra Pradesh's Image, Says Naidu". The New Indian Express. Vijayawada. 26 January 2016. Archived from the original on 13 February 2016. Retrieved 21 February 2016.
  143. "Interactive map showing the feasible locations of PHES projects in Andhra Pradesh state". Archived from the original on 3 June 2020. Retrieved 1 June 2020.
  144. "Elon Musk Should Build Pumped Hydro With Tesla Energy, The Boring Co., & Coal Miners". 9 November 2019. Retrieved 1 June 2020.
  145. "Salient features of A.P.TransCo / A.P.GenCo / DisComs" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 May 2016. Retrieved 17 April 2016.
  146. Varma, P. Sujatha. "Andhra Pradesh has a very rich culture, heritage". The Hindu. Retrieved 5 June 2017.
  147. Rao, G.V.R. Subba. "6,117 Kuchipudi dancers put A.P. in Guinness book". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 26 December 2016. Retrieved 18 April 2017.
  148. "State Wise Registration Details of G.I Applications (15th September, 2003 – Till Date)" (PDF). Geographical Indication Registry. p. 1. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 September 2017. Retrieved 5 May 2017.
  149. "Banaganapalle mangoes finally get GI tag". deccanchronicle.com/. 4 May 2017. Archived from the original on 5 May 2017. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
  150. Naidu, T. Appala. "Bandar laddu gets GI tag". The Hindu. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
  151. "Kalamkari: Craft of the matter". mid-day. 24 August 2015. Archived from the original on 31 January 2016. Retrieved 26 January 2016.
  152. "Durgi Stone Craft". Cesdeva. Archived from the original on 4 December 2013. Retrieved 20 December 2013.
  153. "Etikoppaka Vizag". Andhra Pradesh Tourism. Archived from the original on 28 November 2016. Retrieved 11 March 2016.
  154. Sarma, Rani (20 December 2015). "The lac industry of Etikoppaka – An art form to cherish". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 25 December 2015. Retrieved 11 March 2016.
  155. "Archaeological Museum, Amaravati – Archaeological Survey of India". Asi.nic.in. Archived from the original on 29 September 2011. Retrieved 19 August 2010.
  156. Gopavaram, Padmapriya; Subrahmanyam, Korada (2011). "1". A Comparative Study of Andhrasabdachintamani And Balavyakaranam. Hyderabad: University of Hyderabad.
  157. "Telugu Literature". Archived from the original on 8 April 2014. Retrieved 8 April 2014.
  158. "Bureau of Outreach and Communication".
  159. "Office of Registrar of Newspapers for India". rni.nic.in. Retrieved 11 December 2020.
  160. Manorma Sharma (2007). Musical Heritage of India. APH. pp. 19–32. ISBN 978-81-313-0046-6.
  161. Thoomati Donappa. Telugu Harikatha Sarvasvam. OCLC 13505520.
  162. "Burrakatha loses sheen sans patronage". The Times of India. 14 January 2013. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 2 September 2013.
  163. "Nandi Natakotsavam Awards". India Scanner. 8 October 2010. Archived from the original on 17 March 2012. Retrieved 13 October 2012.
  164. 20th Century Telugu Luminaries, Potti Sriramulu Telugu University, Hyderabad, 2005
  165. Narasimham, M. L. (7 November 2010). "SATI SAVITHRI (1933)". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 13 November 2010. Retrieved 8 July 2011.
  166. Bhagwan Das Garg (1996). So many cinemas: the motion picture in India. Eminence Designs. p. 86. ISBN 978-81-900602-1-9. Archived from the original on 21 May 2016. Retrieved 17 February 2017.
  167. "The Telugu film industry". Preethi's Web. 28 January 2008. Archived from the original on 15 July 2014. Retrieved 6 June 2014.
  168. Ramakrishnan, Sathyalaya (11 September 2010). "Prestigious 'Phalke" award conferred to Veteran Film producer D Rama Naidu". Asian Tribune. Archived from the original on 23 May 2012. Retrieved 8 October 2011.
  169. "Tollywood loses to Bollywood on numbers". The Times of India. 2 October 2010. Archived from the original on 13 July 2015. Retrieved 31 January 2014.
  170. "Telugu film industry enters new era". Business Line. 6 November 2007. Archived from the original on 3 February 2014. Retrieved 31 January 2014.
  171. "Largest film studio". Guinnessworldrecords.com. Archived from the original on 19 January 2014. Retrieved 31 January 2014.
  172. "Oscars 2023: RRR's 'Naatu Naatu' wins Best Original Song at the 95th Academy Awards, MM Keeravani sings ode to India on stage". Indian Express. 13 March 2023. Archived from the original on 13 March 2023. Retrieved 13 March 2023.
  173. "Oscars 2023: RRR's Naatu Naatu wins best original song". BBC News. 13 March 2023. Archived from the original on 13 March 2023. Retrieved 13 March 2023.
  174. "Andhra Pradesh to develop beach front locations". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 13 December 2016. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
  175. Bhattacharjee, Sumit. "Natural world heritage status for Borra Caves sought". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 16 January 2017. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
  176. "- WELCOME TO GUNTUR DISTRICT OFFICIAL WEBSITE -". Archived from the original on 27 June 2016. Retrieved 31 May 2016.
  177. "Film tourism to boost Kurnool economy". deccanchronicle.com/. 3 February 2017. Archived from the original on 13 March 2017. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
  178. "Tourist destinations in AP". Andhra Pradesh Tourism Department. Archived from the original on 6 August 2010. Retrieved 5 June 2014.
  179. "The Templenet Encyclopedia– Temples of Andhra Pradesh". Archived from the original on 9 May 2008. Retrieved 26 February 2009.
  180. DOP 2023, p. 168.
  181. DOP 2023, p. 176.
  182. "citi-Charter". Apsrtc.gov.in. Archived from the original on 17 September 2010. Retrieved 19 August 2010.
  183. "New 'AP 39' code to register vehicles in Andhra Pradesh launched". The New Indian Express. Vijayawada. 31 January 2019. Archived from the original on 28 July 2019. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
  184. Indian Railways Year Book 2021-22 (PDF). Indian Railways. 2022. p. 62.
  185. "State-wise Route Kilometerage". South Central Railway. Archived from the original on 6 February 2011. Retrieved 23 April 2017.
  186. "South Western railway - divisions". South Western railway. Retrieved 24 April 2023.
  187. "East coast railway divisions". East coast railway. Retrieved 24 April 2023.
  188. New Railways New Andhra Pradesh 2014-2022 (PDF). 2022. p. 5. Retrieved 19 May 2023.
  189. "Statement showing category-wise No.of stations" (PDF). South Central Railway. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 January 2016. Retrieved 23 April 2017.
  190. "Vizag billed the cleanest rail station". The Hindu. 18 May 2017. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived from the original on 4 January 2018. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
  191. BHATTACHARJEE, SUMIT. "Hidden 100 – 58 tunnels. 84 bridges. Welcome to Araku Valley". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 9 June 2017. Retrieved 23 April 2017.
  192. "Cabinet approves South Coast Railway zone". Press Information Bureau.
  193. DOP 2023, p. 180-183.
  194. "Vizag port info". vizagport. Archived from the original on 11 November 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2014.
  195. "Capacity of port". gangavaram port. Archived from the original on 21 February 2014. Retrieved 9 June 2014.
  196. "Andhra Pradesh: Opening up ports". Andhra Pradesh Department of Ports. Archived from the original on 29 September 2014. Retrieved 2 March 2014.
  197. "School Education Department" (PDF). Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan. Hyderabad: School Education Department, Government of Andhra Pradesh. 26 March 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 March 2016. Retrieved 6 June 2019.
  198. "The Department of School Education – Official AP State Government Portal". ap.gov.in. Archived from the original on 13 April 2017. Retrieved 7 November 2016.
  199. Nagaraju, M.T.V (2004). Study Habits of Secondary School Students. Discovery Publishing House. p. 75. ISBN 978-81-7141-893-0. Retrieved 14 March 2016.
  200. "Constitution of Working Groups" (PDF). Commissioner and Director of School Education. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 October 2016. Retrieved 7 November 2016.
  201. "Student Information Day Wise Status Report". Commissionerate of School Education. Archived from the original on 6 June 2019. Retrieved 6 June 2019.
  202. "School Information". Commissionerate of School Education. Archived from the original on 6 June 2019. Retrieved 6 June 2019.
  203. Sharma, Sanjay (14 May 2019). "AP 10th Results 2019: Andhra Pradesh Board SSC results declared @ bseap.org, girls outshine boys". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 15 May 2019. Retrieved 6 June 2019.
  204. Team, BS Web (14 May 2019). "AP SSC Result 2019 declared on manabadi.com, bseap.org; 94.88% pass". Business Standard India. Archived from the original on 6 June 2019. Retrieved 6 June 2019.
  205. "Statistics of SSC 2015 Results". Board of Secondary Education Andhra Pradesh. Archived from the original on 7 November 2016. Retrieved 8 November 2016.
  206. DOP 2023, p. 12.
  207. "Andhra Pradesh first state to adopt CBSE system for governme". Times of India. 7 November 2022. Retrieved 25 April 2023.
  208. "Andhra schools' transition from Telugu to English medium has roots in the far past". The federal. 19 May 2022. Retrieved 25 April 2023.
  209. Program Appriasal document -SALT (PDF). World Bank. 20 May 2021.
  210. DOP 2023, p. 13-14.
  211. "AP state council for higher education home page". APSCHE. Retrieved 25 April 2023.
  212. "Rajiv Gandhi University of Knowledge Technologies". Rgukt.in. Archived from the original on 7 October 2011. Retrieved 8 October 2011.
  213. "Deemed University". University Grants Commission. Archived from the original on 9 May 2017. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
  214. "State University". University Grants Commissiom. Archived from the original on 12 May 2017. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
  215. Correspondent, Special. "Old-timers recollect glorious days of AU". The Hindu. Retrieved 2 May 2017.
  216. "Statistical Profile of Universities in Andhra Pradesh" (PDF). Andhra Pradesh State Council of Higher Education. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 December 2017. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
  217. Tutika, Kiranmai (19 October 2016). "VIT at Amaravati". The Hans India. Archived from the original on 16 January 2017. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
  218. Sarma, Ch. R. S (13 April 2017). "National status for Indian Institute of Petroleum and Energy hailed". Business Line. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
  219. "SHAR". Archived from the original on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 15 May 2014.
  220. "Chandrayaan 1". Archived from the original on 8 February 2014. Retrieved 15 May 2014.
  221. "Sports Authority of Andhra Pradesh". SAAP. Archived from the original on 4 April 2014. Retrieved 5 April 2014.
  222. "Karnam Malleswari at Olympics". The Times of India. n.d. Archived from the original on 30 July 2014. Retrieved 29 June 2014.
  223. "He can solve Rubik's Cube underwater". The Times of India. 13 November 2017. Archived from the original on 13 December 2017. Retrieved 25 December 2017.
  224. "Pulella Gopichand". mapsofindia.com. Archived from the original on 13 February 2009. Retrieved 7 February 2010.
  225. "P Gopichand". The Times of India. 11 December 2002. Archived from the original on 21 August 2009. Retrieved 7 February 2010.
  226. "Pullela Gopichand – The Founder". Gopichand Badminton Academy. Archived from the original on 24 February 2010. Retrieved 7 February 2010.
  227. "Srikanth Srikanth Kidambi". Olympics. Retrieved 28 October 2022.

Books

DOP (2023). Socio Economic Survey 2022-23 (PDF). Government of AP.

Government

General information
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.