May 1961

The following events occurred in May 1961:

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May 5, 1961: Alan Shepard becomes first American in space

May 1, 1961 (Monday)
  • Betting shops became legal in the United Kingdom, permitting UK residents to place bets, through a bookie, on horse races without going to the track.[1]
  • A wave of hijackings of U.S. airline flights to Cuba began as Miami electrician Antuilio Ortiz, who had purchased a ticket listing himself on the manifest as "Cofresi Elpirata" (after the 19th century Caribbean pirate Roberto Cofresí), entered the cockpit of National Airlines Flight 337[2] shortly after it took off from Marathon, Florida to Key West, then forced the pilot to fly to Havana.[3][4] Cuba's leader Fidel Castro allowed the plane, its crew, and all but one of its passengers to return to the U.S. the next day.[5] Ortiz stayed behind and would live comfortably in Cuba for two years before becoming homesick for the U.S. After being incarcerated several times in Cuban prisons, Ortiz would finally be allowed to leave in 1975, and would spend four years in an American prison for the 1961 crime.[6] In the next 12 years after Ortiz hijacked the flight, there would be 185 successful skyjackings until massive security measures were enacted by the U.S. at the end of 1972; only two of 42 attempts were successful for the rest of the 1970s.[7]
  • Anticipating the expanded scope of human spaceflight programs, Space Task Group (STG) proposed a crewed spacecraft development center. The nucleus for a center existed in STG, which was handling the Mercury program. A program of much larger magnitude would require a substantial expansion of staff and facilities and of organization and management controls.[8]
  • Born: Clint Malarchuk, Canadian ice hockey player, in Grande Prairie, Alberta. Malarchuk nearly bled to death in an NHL game in 1989.

May 2, 1961 (Tuesday)
  • The training vessel Albatross was hit by a white squall about 125 miles (201 km) west of the Dry Tortugas. The schooner sank almost instantly, taking with it six people - Alice Sheldon, ship's cook George Ptacnik, and students Chris Coristine, John Goodlett, Rick Marsellus, and Robin Wetherill. Thirteen other people on the student ship survived.[9] The tragedy would later form the basis for the 1996 film White Squall.

May 3, 1961 (Wednesday)

May 4, 1961 (Thursday)
Prather in pressure suit on the day of his death
Ross in pressure suit

May 5, 1961 (Friday)
May 5, 1961: Launch of Freedom 7
  • At 9:34 am, Alan Shepard became the first American in space as Freedom 7 lifted off from Cape Canaveral. Shepard's spacecraft, first of the Mercury program, reached an altitude of 115 miles (185 km) without achieving orbit, and was recovered 19 minutes later by the aircraft carrier USS Lake Champlain (CV-39). The mission featured the first manual piloting of the spacecraft and also the landing with pilot still within it.[30][31][32][33] Because of the latter and according to past definitions by the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI), Freedom 7 was the first "completed" crewed spaceflight mission.[34]
  • NASA issued a proposal to use Scout rockets to launch small satellites that would evaluate the Mercury Tracking Network in preparation for crewed orbital missions. NASA Headquarters would tentatively approve the plan on May 24, 1961.[35]
  • A NASA Headquarters working group, headed by Bernard Maggin, completed a staff paper presenting arguments for establishing an integrated research, development, and applied orbital operations program at an approximate cost of $1 billion through 1970. The group identified three broad categories of orbital operations: inspection, ferry, and orbital launch. Maggin and his colleagues reasoned that future space programs would require the capability for such orbital operations and recommended that the development of an integrated program, coordinated with the U.S. Department of Defense, should begin immediately. The group recommended that such a program, because of its scope and cost, be independent of other space programs and that NASA establish a separate project office to initiate and implement the program.[8][36]

May 6, 1961 (Saturday)

May 7, 1961 (Sunday)
  • China's Prime Minister Zhou Enlai telephoned Communist Party Chairman Mao Zedong after a tour in Handan County, Hebei Province, of rural villages affected by malnutrition and famine during the "Great Leap Forward" campaign of 1958 and brought an end to the practice of feeding people through inefficiently-operated collective dining halls. Beginning in June, people were allowed to produce their own food rather than having all resources limited to the village "mess halls".[40]
  • The Soviet Union restored capital punishment for embezzlement of public property. Legal execution had been abolished for all purposes on May 26, 1947, but was gradually introduced for various crimes starting in 1950. Females were exempt from the death penalty under any circumstances, as were men who had reached the age of 60 by the time of their sentencing.[41]
  • UA Sedan-Torcy defeated Nîmes Olympique 3–1 in the Coupe de France Final before 45,000 at Colombes, France.[42]
  • Died: Mukerjee (Yebaw Phyu Win), Burmese Communist leader, in a police raid.[43]

May 8, 1961 (Monday)
May 8, 1961: Shepard receives NASA Distinguished Service Medal
  • President John F. Kennedy presented the NASA Distinguished Service Medal to Astronaut Alan Shepard, pilot of the Freedom 7 spacecraft, in a ceremony at the White House.[31]
  • Martin Company personnel briefed NASA officials in Washington, D.C., on the Titan II weapon system. Albert C. Hall of Martin had contacted NASA's Associate Administrator, Robert C. Seamans, Jr., on April 7 to propose the Titan II as a launch vehicle for a lunar landing program. Although skeptical, Seamans arranged for a more formal presentation. Abe Silverstein, NASA Director, Office of Space Flight Programs, was sufficiently impressed by the briefing to ask Director Robert R. Gilruth and Space Task Group to study possible Titan II uses. Silverstein shortly informed Seamans of the possibility of using the Titan II to launch a scaled-up Mercury spacecraft.[8]
  • At the Savoy Hilton Hotel in New York City, the name of New York's new expansion team in the National League was made official. Joan Payson, the majority owner of the team, christened it as the New York Mets "by breaking a champagne bottle with a baseball bat."[44] The name, short for Metropolitans, was chosen by the public, although Mrs. Payson's personal preference was the "Meadowlarks", and out of 9,613 suggestions, 644 names were selected and then reduced to ten, the other nine choices being Avengers, Bees, Burros, Continentals, Jets, NYBs, Rebels, Skyliners and Skyscrapers.[45]
  • The comic strip Apartment 3-G, about three career women sharing an apartment in Manhattan, made its first appearance.[46][47]
  • Born: David Winning, Canadian-American film director, in Calgary

May 9, 1961 (Tuesday)
Minow in 2006
  • Describing American television as "a vast wasteland", Federal Communications Commission Chairman Newton N. Minow addressed the National Association of Broadcasters in Washington, and implied that the FCC might not renew licenses of those entities that failed to upgrade their product. "I invite each of you to sit down in front of your television set when your station goes on the air and stay there, for a day, without a book, without a magazine, without a newspaper, without a profit and loss sheet or a rating book to distract you. Keep your eyes glued to that set until the station signs off. I can assure you that what you will observe is a vast wasteland," said Minow. "You will see a procession of game shows, formula comedies about totally unbelievable families, blood and thunder, mayhem, violence, sadism, murder, western bad men, western good men, private eyes, gangsters, more violence, and cartoons. And endlessly, commercials -- many screaming, cajoling, and offending. And most of all, boredom. True, you'll see a few things you will enjoy. But they will be very, very few. And if you think I exaggerate, I only ask you to try it."[48][49]
  • The second launch of the sounding rocket RM-89 Blue Scout I took place at Cape Canaveral, but the 72-foot (22 m) tall missile wobbled and veered off course. Ground control destroyed the errant vehicle.[50]
  • The B-52H entered service in the United States Air Force.

May 10, 1961 (Wednesday)

May 11, 1961 (Thursday)

May 12, 1961 (Friday)
  • Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev "quite unexpectedly" accepted a suggestion from U.S. President John F. Kennedy that the two leaders meet at a conference in Vienna to discuss the future of Berlin. Three weeks later, Kennedy and Khrushchev would shake hands in Austria on June 3.[57]
  • A brush fire in Hollywood, California, destroyed 24 houses, including the home of author Aldous Huxley, who lost almost all of his unpublished manuscripts and works in progress.[58]
  • Born: Zeny & Zory (Zenaida Beveraggi and Zoralda Beveraggi), Las gemelas Beveraggi, Puerto Rican twin sister singing duo, in Santurce.
  • Died: Tony Bettenhausen, 44, American racecar driver and USAC driving champion for 1958, was killed at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway while testing the car to be driven by his friend Paul Russo in advance of the 1961 Indianapolis 500. "Failure of a 10-cent bolt led to the death of the full time farmer and part time race driver," a UPI report would note the next day. As Bettenhausen entered a turn, the bolt fell off the car's front rod support and "permitted the front axle to twist, thereby misaligning the front wheels", according to the U.S. Auto Club's report. The vehicle veered into the outside retaining wall at 145 miles per hour (233 km/h), "climbed over it, upside down, and tore through an 8 foot high wire fence", bursting into flames on impact.[59]

May 13, 1961 (Saturday)
  • NASA submitted its legislative program for the 87th Congress (S. 1857 and H.R. 7115), asking for authority to lease property, authority to acquire patent releases, replacement of semiannual reports to Congress with an annual one, and authority to indemnify contractors against unusually hazardous risks.[31]
  • Gordon Reid founded the Canadian discount store Giant Tiger. The first store opened at 98 George Street in Ottawa.[60]
  • Died: Gary Cooper, 60, American film star, died of colon cancer at his home in Bel Air in California. Cooper had won the Academy Award for Best Actor twice, for Sergeant York in 1942, and for High Noon in 1952.

May 14, 1961 (Sunday)
  • A Freedom Riders bus was fire-bombed near Anniston, Alabama and the civil rights protesters were beaten by an angry mob. Sixteen members of the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) had divided their group at Atlanta, with nine riding on a Greyhound bus and seven others on a Trailways bus. Six miles beyond Anniston, a tire on the Greyhound bus was flattened. Unbeknownst to either the riders or the mob, Alabama special agent Eli M. Cowling had boarded that bus in Atlanta, and prevented the crowd from exacting further violence on the Riders, but the bus itself was burned by the firebomb. The Trailways bus riders arrived in Birmingham, where two of them were beaten up at the station.[61]
  • The Monaco Grand Prix was won by Stirling Moss, beginning the 12th FIA Formula One World Championship season.[62]

May 15, 1961 (Monday)

May 16, 1961 (Tuesday)
  • A military coup in South Korea overthrew the government of Prime Minister Chang Myon (John M. Chang) and President Yung Po Sun. At 3:30 in the morning local time, Republic of Korea forces led by Lt. Gen. Chang Do Yung seized control of police barracks and government offices in Seoul and other cities, then announced the takeover at 6:00 a.m. General Park Chung Hee, Deputy Commander of the ROK Second Army, soon took over as the new President. General Carter B. Magruder, Commander of the U.S. 8th Army and highest ranking American officer in Korea, declared American support for the Chang regime, but U.S. forces did not intervene during the tumult.[64]
  • On the first day of an official visit to Canada, U.S. President John F. Kennedy re-injured his back while participating in a tree planting ceremony at Ottawa. Kennedy, who had nearly died during back surgery in 1954, had been using a shovel to lift dirt, and was on crutches after returning home.[65]

May 17, 1961 (Wednesday)
  • At the Torre Bert listening station, the Judica-Cordiglia brothers supposedly received calls for help from an unnamed, unrecognized Soviet spacecraft.[66]
  • An Atlas investigation board was convened to study the cause of the Mercury-Atlas 3 mission launch vehicle failure.[31]
  • Space Task Group (STG) issued a Statement of Work for a Design Study of a Manned Spacecraft Paraglide Landing System. Before the end of June, the design study would formally become Phase I of the Paraglider Development Program.[8]
  • On the day that visiting U.S. President Kennedy was delivering a speech to a joint session of Canada's Parliament, Canadian Prime Minister John Diefenbaker found "a crumpled piece of paper in the wastebasket" of the room where the two leaders had met, and found it was a secret memorandum that had been left behind by the President, entitled "What We Want From the Ottawa Trip". According to one biographer of Diefenbaker, the first three points of what the U.S. wanted, on the memo, were "To push the Canadians towards an increased commitment to the Alliance for Progress", "To push them towards a decision to join the OAS" (Organization of American States), and "To push them towards a larger contribution for the India consortium".[67] Another author would say later that Kennedy's handwritten notes in the margins of the memo included the letters "OAS", and that Diefenbaker believed that Kennedy had written "SOB" in reference to the Prime Minister.[68] According to both accounts, Diefenbaker would angrily confront the U.S. Ambassador in May 1962 and threaten to reveal the contents of the discarded secret memo.[69]
  • The first fatality in the history of Little League Baseball occurred during an evening game in Temple City, California. Nine-year-old Barry Babcock was struck in the chest by a pitched ball, with impact above his heart, and collapsed and died from a cardiac dysrhythmia.[70] One week later, the second fatality in Little League baseball would take place when ten-year-old George McCormick, of Park Ridge, Illinois, was struck in the head by a batted ball during practice.[71]
  • Born: Enya, Irish singer and composer, (as Eithne Patricia Ní Bhraonáin) in Gweedore, County Donegal

May 18, 1961 (Thursday)
  • Belgian musician Bobbejaan Schoepen married opera singer and photo model Josephina (Josée) Jongen.
  • Between May 18 and 31, Space Task Group Director Robert R. Gilruth informed Ames Research Center (ARC) that current planning for Apollo "A" called for an adapter between the Saturn second stage and the Apollo spacecraft to include a section to be used as an orbiting laboratory. Preliminary configuration designs indicated this laboratory would be a cylindrical section about 3.9 metres (13 ft) in diameter and 2.4 metres (7 ft 10 in) in height. The laboratory would provide the environment and facilities to conduct scientific experiments related to human operation of spacecraft. Gilruth requested that Ames forward to STG descriptions of scientific experiments believed to be important to the development of crewed space flights. In response to the request from the STG, ARC Director Smith J. DeFrance suggested a series of experiments that might be conducted from an Earth-orbiting laboratory: astronomical observations; monitoring the Sun's activity; testing a human's ability to work outside the vehicle; zero-g testing; and micrometeoroid impact study. DeFrance noted that these experiments could be performed in the lunar mission module part of the Apollo space vehicle with little or no design modification.[36]

May 19, 1961 (Friday)
  • The Soviet space probe Venera 1 became the first man-made object to make a "fly-by" of another planet by passing Venus. However, the Soviet launched probe had lost contact with Earth a month earlier and did not send back any data.[72]
  • NASA Headquarters and the Space Task Group began a concerted effort to identify technical developments from Project Mercury that were potential inventions, discoveries, improvements, and innovations. This action was in keeping with the policy of providing information on technical advances, within security limits and when appropriate, to other agencies of the government and to American industry.[31]

May 20, 1961 (Saturday)

May 21, 1961 (Sunday)

May 22, 1961 (Monday)
  • The next phase of the Nirenberg and Matthaei experiment began at 3:30 pm as Heinrich Matthaei began the process of adding a synthesized RNA molecule sample, "consisting of the simple repetition of one type of nucleotide", to a centrifuged sample of 20 amino acid proteins. The results were realized less than five days later on Saturday, May 27. At 6:00 in the morning, with the isolation of the amino acid of phenylalanine. "In less than a week," it would later be observed, "Matthaei had identified the first 'word' of the genetic code".[74]
  • The London Trophy was won at Crystal Palace by Roy Salvadori in a Cooper T53.

May 23, 1961 (Tuesday)
  • The patent for the modern dropped ceiling, now universal in room construction, was issued to Donald A. Brown, who had applied for it on September 8, 1958. U.S. Patent No. 2,984,946 for "Accessible suspended ceiling construction" was granted to Brown who improved on the 1919 patent of Eric E. Hall's interlocking dropped ceiling tiles, with Donn Products' system of "slabs, panels, sheets or the like positioned on the upperside of, or held against the underside of the horizontal flanges of the supporting construction."[75]
  • The four-year scientific investigation into Fletcher's Ice Island began.

May 24, 1961 (Wednesday)

May 25, 1961 (Thursday)
May 25, 1961: President Kennedy addresses Congress on "Urgent National Needs"
  • Addressing a joint session of the United States Congress, American President John F. Kennedy called for a vastly accelerated space program, declaring, "I believe this nation should commit itself to achieving the goal, before this decade is out, of landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the earth." For this and associated projects in space technology, the President requested additional appropriations totaling $611 million for NASA and the Department of Defense.[31][76] Congress would respond with increased funding for the Apollo program. Apollo 11 would land on the Moon, with 164 days left in the 1960s, on July 20, 1969.
  • King Hussein of Jordan, 25, married an English commoner, 20-year-old Toni Gardiner (later renamed Muna al-Hussein), making her his second wife. Gardiner was not present at the "all male" Muslim ceremony, which took place at the Zahran Palace near Amman and saw the king sign a wedding pledge. Initially, she was "neither a queen nor a princess" but took on the title and name "Sahibat al Sown Wa al Isma Muna al-Hussein".[77]

May 26, 1961 (Friday)
  • Between this date and June 4, 1961, Mercury spacecraft Freedom 7 was displayed at the Paris International Air Show. Some 650,000 visitors received details on the spacecraft and on Alan Shepard's suborbital flight.[31]
  • From May 26 to 27, the first conference on the "Peaceful Uses of Space" was held at Tulsa, Oklahoma. A second conference on this subject would be held at Seattle, Washington, on May 8-10, 1962. In both instances, Robert R. Gilruth reported on the human spaceflight aspect.[31]
  • The first flight of the Canadair CF-104 Starfighter was made.
  • Born: Tarsem Singh, Indian film director

May 27, 1961 (Saturday)

May 28, 1961 (Sunday)

May 29, 1961 (Monday)
  • A West Virginia couple, Mr. and Mrs. Alderson Muncy of Paynesville, West Virginia, became the first American food stamp recipients under a pilot program of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, being tested in eight communities. For the month of June, the Muncys received $95 worth of food coupons for their household of fifteen people, and made the first purchase at Henderson's Supermarket.[79][80]
  • President John F. Kennedy formally petitioned the Interstate Commerce Commission to adopt "stringent regulations" prohibiting segregation in interstate bus travel. The proposed order, issued on September 22 and effective on November 1, removed Jim Crow signs in stations and ended segregation of waiting rooms, water fountains, and restrooms in interstate bus terminals later that same year, giving the Freedom Riders an unequivocal victory in their campaign.
  • Between this date and June 30, a centrifuge training program was conducted at the Aviation Medical Acceleration Laboratory directed entirely toward training the astronauts for the Mercury-Atlas orbital missions.[31]
  • Rafael Leónidas Trujillo, totalitarian despot of the Dominican Republic since 1930, was killed in an ambush, putting an end to the second longest-running dictatorship in Latin American history. Trujillo was being driven in his car from his residence in San Cristobal to Ciudad Trujillo. Shortly after 10:00 pm local time, a sedan pulled into the path of his car, and assassins with machine guns killed both Trujillo and the chauffeur. The news was not announced to the Dominican public until 5:00 pm the next day.[81]

May 30, 1961 (Tuesday)
  • KLM Flight 897 crashed at 1:19 in the morning, shortly after taking off from Lisbon, ultimately bound for Caracas. High winds and driving rains brought the DC-8 jet down into the ocean off of the coast of Portugal, with wreckage and bodies washing onto the beach. All 61 people on board died.[82]
  • American driver A. J. Foyt won the 1961 Indianapolis 500, the first not to be included in the Formula One championship.

May 31, 1961 (Wednesday)
  • Trial opened in the Rokotov-Faibishenko case in Moscow City Court for foreign currency smugglers I. T. Rokotov, Vladislav Faibishenko, and seven other people. Rokotov and Faibishenko, originally sentenced to 15 years in prison, would be retried after a new law went into effect on July 1, providing for the death penalty. Both 22, they would be executed after their conviction on July 21.[83]
  • In Switzerland, S.L. Benfica of Portugal won the European Cup, beating Spain's FC Barcelona (3-2) at Bern to become the champion club of European soccer football.
Republic of South Africa

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