Portal:Mexico

	Flag Coat of arms
Location	Southern portion of North America

The Temple of Warriors at Chichen Itza, Mexico

¡Bienvenido! Welcome to the Mexico portal

Mexico (Spanish: México), officially the United Mexican States, is a country in the southern portion of North America. It is bordered to the north by the United States; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; to the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and to the east by the Gulf of Mexico. Mexico covers 1,972,550 km² (761,610 sq mi), making it the world's 13th-largest country by area; with a population of over 126 million, it is the 10th-most-populous country and has the most Spanish speakers. Mexico is organized as a federal republic comprising 31 states and Mexico City, its capital. Other major urban areas include Monterrey, Guadalajara, Puebla, Toluca, Tijuana, Ciudad Juárez, and León.

Human presence in Pre-Columbian Mexico goes back to 8,000 BCE and it went to become one of the world's six cradles of civilization. In particular, the Mesoamerican region was home to many intertwined civilizations, including the Olmec, Maya, Zapotec, Teotihuacan, and Purepecha. Last were the Aztecs, who dominated the region in the century before European contact. In 1521, the Spanish Empire and its indigenous allies conquered the Aztec Empire from its capital Tenochtitlan (now Mexico City), establishing the colony of New Spain. Over the next three centuries, Spain and the Catholic Church played an important role, expanding the territory, enforcing Christianity and spreading the Spanish language throughout. With the discovery of rich deposits of silver in Zacatecas and Guanajuato, New Spain soon became one of the most important mining centers worldwide. Wealth coming from Asia and the New World contributed to Spain's status as a major world power for the next centuries, and brought about a price revolution in Western Europe. The colonial order came to an end in the early nineteenth century with the War of Independence against Spain. (Full article...)

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The Battle of Lipantitlán, also known as the Battle of Nueces Crossing, was fought along the Nueces River on November 4, 1835 between the Mexican Army and Texian insurgents, as part of the Texas Revolution. After the Texian victory at the Battle of Goliad, only two Mexican garrisons remained in Texas, Fort Lipantitlán near San Patricio and the Alamo Mission at San Antonio de Béxar (modern-day San Antonio in the U.S. state of Texas). Fearing that Lipantitlán could be used as a base for the Mexican army to retake Goliad and angry that two of his men were imprisoned there, Texian commander Philip Dimmitt ordered his adjutant, Captain Ira Westover, to capture the fort.

The commander of Fort Lipantitlán, Nicolás Rodríguez, had been ordered to harass the Texian troops at Goliad. Rodríguez took the bulk of his men on an expedition; while they were gone, Westover's force arrived in San Patricio. On November 3, a local man persuaded the Mexican garrison to surrender, and the following day the Texians dismantled the fort. Rodríguez returned as the Texians were crossing the swollen Nueces River to return to Goliad. The Mexican soldiers attacked. After a short period, the Mexicans retreated. One Texian was injured, 3–5 Mexican soldiers were killed, and 14–17 were wounded. (Full article...)

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The National Autonomous University of Mexico (Spanish: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, UNAM) is a public research university in Mexico. It is widely regarded as a top research university. A portion of Ciudad Universitaria (University City: UNAM's main campus in Mexico City) is a UNESCO World Heritage site that was designed and decorated by some of Mexico's best-known architects and painters of the 20th century. The campus also hosted the main events of the 1968 Summer Olympic Games. All Mexican Nobel laureates are alumni or faculty of UNAM. With acceptance rates usually below 10%, UNAM is also known for its competitive admission process.

UNAM was founded, in its modern form, on 22 September 1910 by Justo Sierra as a secular alternative to its predecessor, the Royal and Pontifical University of Mexico (the first Western-style university in North America, founded in 1551). UNAM obtained administrative autonomy from the government in 1929. This has given the university the freedom to define its own curriculum and manage its own budget without government interference. This has had a profound effect on academic life at the university, which some claim boosts academic freedom and independence. UNAM was also the birthplace of the student movement of 1968. (Full article...)

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Stucco relief at the Maya ruins at Palenque, as drawn by Ricardo Almendáriz at the time of the Del Rio expedition in 1787

image credit: Library of Congress

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Todos Los Romances (All the Romances) is a box set compilation album by Mexican singer Luis Miguel. Released on 11 August 1998 by WEA Latina, the record features the three previously released Romance-themed albums in which Miguel covered classic boleros in each of them: Romance (1991), Segundo Romance (1994), and Romances (1997). An editor for AllMusic rated the album four of five stars. Commercially, Todos Los Romances peaked at number four in Spain and was certified double Platinum in the country. It also achieved Gold status in Argentina and peaked at number 12 on the Billboard's Top Latin Albums in the United States. (Full article...)

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Francisco "Pancho" Villa (UK: /ˈviːə/, also US: /ˈviːjɑː/; Spanish: [ˈbiʎa]; born José Doroteo Arango Arámbula, 5 June 1878 – 20 July 1923) was a general in the Mexican Revolution. He was a key figure in the revolutionary movement that forced out President Porfirio Díaz and brought Francisco I. Madero to power in 1911. When Madero was ousted by a coup led by General Victoriano Huerta in February 1913, he joined the anti-Huerta forces in the Constitutionalist Army led by Venustiano Carranza. After the defeat and exile of Huerta in July 1914, Villa broke with Carranza. Villa dominated the meeting of revolutionary generals that excluded Carranza and helped create a coalition government. Emiliano Zapata and Villa became formal allies in this period. Like Zapata, Villa was strongly in favor of land reform, but didn't implement it when he had power. At the height of his power and popularity in late 1914 and early 1915, the U.S. considered recognizing Villa as Mexico's legitimate authority.

Civil war broke out when Carranza challenged Villa. Villa was decisively defeated by Constitutionalist General Álvaro Obregón in summer 1915, and the U.S. aided Carranza directly against Villa in the Second Battle of Agua Prieta in November 1915. Much of Villa's army left after his defeat on the battlefield and because of his lack of resources to buy arms and pay soldiers' salaries. Angered at the U.S. aid to Carranza, Villa conducted a raid on the border town of Columbus, New Mexico to goad the U.S. into invading Mexico in 1916–17. Despite a major contingent of soldiers and superior military technology, the U.S. failed to capture Villa. When Carranza was ousted from power in 1920, Villa negotiated an amnesty with interim President Adolfo de la Huerta and was given a landed estate, on the condition he retire from politics. Villa was assassinated in 1923. Although his faction did not prevail in the Revolution, he was one of its most charismatic and prominent figures. (Full article...)

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Vicente Fox Frida Kahlo Porfirio Díaz Juan Diego Emiliano Zapata Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla Cantinflas Antonio López de Santa Anna Chespirito Agustín de Iturbide Maximilian I of Mexico Benito Juárez Carlos Slim Diego Rivera Francisco I. Madero Juana Inés de la Cruz Carlos Salinas de Gortari Miguel de la Madrid

In the news

15 May 2023 – 2023 Farmington, New Mexico shooting: Three civilians are killed and two police officers are injured in a mass shooting in Farmington, New Mexico, United States. The shooter is killed by police. (CNN)
14 May 2023 –: At least 26 people are killed when a van crashes into a truck in Tamaulipas, Mexico. (AP)
10 May 2023 – Mexican drug war: Four people are killed during clashes at the Pharr–Reynosa International Bridge, on the Mexico–United States border, between police and suspected cartel members. (Mirror)
2 May 2023 –: The United States Department of Defense announces that it will deploy 1,500 troops along the Mexican border to provide non-law enforcement related administrative assistance to the United States Border Patrol. (CNN)
29 April 2023 – 2023 Nayarit bus crash: At least 18 people are killed and 33 others are injured after a bus plunges into a ravine in Nayarit, Mexico. (Reuters)
24 April 2023 – 2023 Sudan conflict: Brazil, South Africa, Niger and Mexico evacuate more than 100 citizens from Sudan. (Radio Mozambique) (Universo Online) (El País) (ABC News)

Selected fare or cuisine -

In Mexican cuisine, Menudo, also known as pancita ([little] gut or [little] stomach) or mole de panza ("stomach sauce"), is a traditional Mexican soup, made with cow's stomach (tripe) in broth with a red chili pepper base. Hominy, lime, onions, and oregano are used to season the broth. (Full article...)

List of fare/cuisine articles
Mexican cuisine Cuisine of Chiapas Cuisine of Veracruz Crema (dairy product) Aztec cuisine Oaxacan cuisine Mole sauce Guacamole Enchilada Mexican breads Nachos Burrito Mexican street food Pozole Cheeses of Mexico Taco Pan dulce Mexican wine Sopa de fideo Tostilocos Beer in Mexico Calavera Champurrado Mexican Coke

General images

The following are images from various Mexico-related articles on Wikipedia.

Image 1Mexican Central Railway train at station, Mexico. (from History of Mexico)
Image 2President Felipe Calderón with President of Brazil Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva. (from History of Mexico)
Image 3Logo of Nacional Financiera (NAFIN), the state development bank. (from History of Mexico)
Image 4Porfirio Díaz (from History of Mexico)
Image 5The National film library. (from Culture of Mexico)
Image 6Lithograph depicting head and shoulders of General Santa Anna. (from History of Mexico)
Image 7Logo of the Partido Nacional Revolucionario, with the colors of the Mexican flag (from History of Mexico)
Image 8Dining table, painted between 1857 y 1859, oleo sobre tela (oil on canvas) by Agustín Arrieta (from Culture of Mexico)
Image 9Shield Jaguar and Lady Xoc, Maya, lintel 24 of temple 23, Yaxchilan, Mexico, ca. 725 ce. Limestone, 3'7" × 2' 6.5". British Museum, London. The Maya built vast complexes of temples, palaces, and plazas and decorated many with painted reliefs. (from History of Mexico)
Image 10Subcomandante Marcos (from History of Mexico)
Image 11Equestrian statue of Charles IV in Mexico City, the king was the maximum authority of the Viceroyalty of New Spain (from History of Mexico)
Image 12Battle of Ixmiquilpan occurred on September 25, 1866. between 350 soldiers of the Belgian Legion and Juarista forces, ending the battle with the victory of the latter. (from History of Mexico)
Image 13A unit of Cristeros preparing for battle. (from History of Mexico)
Image 14Mural by Diego Rivera at the National Palace depicting the history of Mexico from the Conquest to early 20th century. (from Culture of Mexico)
Image 15Variegated maize ears (from History of Mexico)
Image 16Ignacio Comonfort (from History of Mexico)
Image 17Rebel soldiers moving by rail during the Mexican Revolution. (from History of Mexico)
Image 18Francisco I. Madero, Emiliano Zapata, June 12, 1911, in Cuernavaca (from History of Mexico)
Image 19"The Torture of Cuauhtémoc", a 19th-century painting by Leandro Izaguirre (from History of Mexico)
Image 20El Valle de México, s. XIX (The Valley of Mexico). (from Culture of Mexico)
Image 21A pilot standing in front of his P-47D with a maintenance crew after a combat mission in the Battle of Luzon (from History of Mexico)
Image 22Flag and coat of arms of the Mexican Empire superimposed a map of its territorial limits. Note the crown on the eagle. (from History of Mexico)
Image 23Mexican Army troops in the Zócalo in the 1968 Tlatelolco massacre. (from History of Mexico)
Image 24President Obregón. Note that he lost his right arm in the Battle of Celaya (1915), earning him the nickname of Manco de Celaya ("the one-armed man of Celaya"). (from History of Mexico)
Image 25El Chapo in US custody after his extradition from Mexico. (from History of Mexico)
Image 26President Vicente Fox with Prime Minister of India Manmohan Singh. (from History of Mexico)
Image 27Three world leaders: (background, left to right) Mexican President Carlos Salinas de Gortari, U.S. President George H. W. Bush, and Canadian Prime Minister Brian Mulroney, observe the signing of the North American Free Trade Agreement. Commenced in San Antonio, Texas, on December 17, 1992. (from History of Mexico)
Image 28Comanchería, territory controlled by the Comaches, prior to 1850. (from History of Mexico)
Image 29A detachment of Rurales during the Porfiriato (from History of Mexico)
Image 30General Pancho Villa at the entrance of Ojinaga (from History of Mexico)
Image 31Battle of Miahuatlán (from History of Mexico)
Image 32Colossal atlantids, pyramid B, Toltec, Tula, Mexico, ca. 900–1180 CE. Stone, each 16' high. The colossal statue-columns of Tula portraying warriors armed with darts and spear-throwers reflect the military regime of the Toltecs, whose arrival in central Mexico coincided with the decline of the Maya. (from History of Mexico)
Image 33Mexico City street market (from History of Mexico)
Image 34Club América vs Cruz Azul at the Estadio Azteca. (from Culture of Mexico)
Image 35Alegoría de la Constitución de 1857, Petronilo Monroy, 1869. (from History of Mexico)
Image 36Gilberto Bosques Saldívar took initiative to rescue tens of thousands of Jews and Spanish Republican exiles from being deported to Nazi Germany or Spain. (from History of Mexico)
Image 37The Mexican Revolution (1910-1920), which overthrew Porfirio Díaz and destroyed the Mexican Federal Army (from History of Mexico)
Image 38Ingredients at a market in Mexico City, including quintoniles, huauzontle, huitlacoche, and squash flowers. (from History of Mexico)
Image 39Cerro del Cubilete ("Dice Cup Hill"). At the top of the hill is the Cristo Rey (Christ the King) statue. (from Culture of Mexico)
Image 40A rebel camp. (from History of Mexico)
Image 41Teotihuacan view of the Avenue of the Dead and the Pyramid of the Sun, from the Pyramid of the Moon. At its peak around 600 CE, Teotihuacan was the sixth-largest city in the world. It featured a rational grid plan and a two-mile-long main avenue. Its monumental pyramids echo the shapes of surrounding mountains. (from History of Mexico)
Image 42Entry into Mexico City by the Mexican army. (from History of Mexico)
Image 43The first Braceros arrive in Los Angeles by train in 1942. Photograph by Dorothea Lange. (from History of Mexico)
Image 44Moctezuma Xocoyotzin was the ninth tlatoani or ruler of Tenochtitlan, reigning from 1502 to 1520. The first contact between indigenous civilizations of Mesoamerica and Europeans took place during his reign, and he was killed during the initial stages of the Spanish conquest of Mexico, when Conquistador Hernán Cortés and his men fought to escape from the Aztec capital Tenochtitlan.
Image 45Buffalo Soldiers of the American 10th Cavalry Regiment taken prisoner during the Battle of Carrizal, Mexico in 1916. (from History of Mexico)
Image 46A map of Mexico 1845 after Texas annexation by U.S. (from History of Mexico)
Image 47Miguel Hidalgo with a banner with the Virgin of Guadalupe (from History of Mexico)
Image 48The identities of the Olmec colossal are uncertain, but their individualized features and distinctive headgear, as well as later Maya practice, suggest that these heads portray rulers rather than deities. (from History of Mexico)
Image 49Print of Iturbide as Emperor of Mexico (from History of Mexico)
Image 50Leaders of the 1910 revolt pose for a photo after the First Battle of Juárez. Present are José María Pino Suárez, Venustiano Carranza, Francisco I. Madero (and his father), Pascual Orozco, Pancho Villa, Gustavo Madero, Raul Madero, Abraham González, and Giuseppe Garibaldi Jr. (from History of Mexico)
Image 51The Execution of Emperor Maximilian, 19 June 1867. Gen. Tomás Mejía, left, Maximiian, center, Gen. Miguel Miramón, right. Painting by Édouard Manet 1868. (from History of Mexico)
Image 52A statue of a Chichimeca Warrior in the city off Querétaro (from History of Mexico)
Image 53Making cigarettes in the El Buen Tono factory, Mexico City (from History of Mexico)
Image 54Panel 3 from Cancuen, Guatemala, representing king T'ah 'ak' Cha'an. (from History of Mexico)
Image 55Chihuahua Cathedral and a monument to the city's founder, Antonio Deza y Ulloa (from History of Mexico)
Image 56In the San Juanico Disaster, six of these spherical type liquid petroleum gas (LPG) containers exploded into huge fireballs killing 500–600 people and causing severe burns in 5000–7000 others. (from History of Mexico)
Image 57Leon Trotsky in Mexico, 1938 (from History of Mexico)
Image 58The dahlia was declared the national flower of Mexico in 1963. (from Culture of Mexico)
Image 59The American occupation of Mexico City. (from History of Mexico)
Image 60Cabinet Officers of Andrés Manuel López Obrador (left) and of Enrique Peña Nieto (right). (from History of Mexico)
Image 61The Castillo, Chichen Itza, Mexico, ca. 800–900 CE. A temple to Kukulkan sits atop this pyramid with a total of 365 stairs on its four sides. At the spring and fall equinoxes, the sun casts a shadow in the shape of a serpent along the northern staircase. (from History of Mexico)
Image 62Viceroy José de Iturrigaray, overthrown in a coup d'état by peninsular conspirators in 1808 (from History of Mexico)
Image 63U.S. President Barack Obama and Mexican President-Elect Enrique Peña Nieto during their meet at the White House following Peña Nieto's election victory. (from History of Mexico)
Image 64Battle of Centla, first time a horse was used in battle in a war in the Americas. Mural in the Palacio Municipal of Paraíso, Tabasco (from History of Mexico)
Image 65A 20th-century mural by Diego Rivera depicting Spaniards' exploitation of indigenous labor (from History of Mexico)
Image 66Plutarco Elías Calles, president of Mexico 1924–28, and power behind the presidency during the Maximato when he did not hold formal power (from History of Mexico)
Image 67Pear, Quince and Psidium cajeta. In 2010 declared the Bicentennial Dessert of Mexico. (from Culture of Mexico)
Image 68Victoriano Huerta, ruler of Mexico from 1913 to 1914. (from History of Mexico)
Image 69Modern group monument of Cortés, Doña Marina, and their mestizo son Martín (from History of Mexico)
Image 70Chacmool, Maya, from the Platform of the Eagles, Chichen Itza, Mexico, ca. 800–90 CE. Stone, 4' 10.5" high. National Museum of Anthropology, Mexico city. Chacmools represent fallen warriors reclining on their backs with receptacles on their chests to receive sacrificial offerings. Excavators discovered one in the burial chamber inside the Castilloyo (from History of Mexico)
Image 71Spanish and Portuguese empires in 1790 (from History of Mexico)
Image 72Battle of Tampico (1829) (from History of Mexico)
Image 73A painting of the American assault on the Chapultepec Castle. (from History of Mexico)
Image 74"The Fall of the Alamo" by Robert Jenkins Onderdonk. (from History of Mexico)
Image 75Lázaro Cárdenas mural (from History of Mexico)
Image 76The painting "Surrender of Santa Anna" by William Henry Huddle shows the Mexican president and general surrendering to a wounded Sam Houston in 1836. (from History of Mexico)
Image 771903. The slogan on the protest banner reads: "The Constitution has died" (La Constitución ha muerto). (from History of Mexico)
Image 78Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata, December 6, 1914. Villa is sitting on the presidential throne in the Palacio Nacional at the left. (from History of Mexico)
Image 79Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz by Friar Miguel de Herrera (1700–1789) (from History of Mexico)
Image 80US President George W. Bush, Fox and Canada's Prime Minister Stephen Harper stand in front of "El Castillo", Chichen Itza on Thursday, March 30, 2006. (from History of Mexico)
Image 81Plaza de la Constitución (Constitution Square) The "Zocalo" (from Culture of Mexico)
Image 82President Carranza in La Cañada, Querétaro, January 22, 1916. (from History of Mexico)
Image 83Maximilian receiving a Mexican delegation at Miramare Castle in Trieste. Painting by Cesare dell'Acqua (1821-1905). (from History of Mexico)
Image 841985 Mexico City earthquake (from History of Mexico)
Image 85Goddess, mural painting from the Tetitla apartment complex at Teotihuacan, Mexico, 650–750 CE. Pigments over clay and plaster. Elaborate mural paintings adorned Teotihuacan's elite residential compound. This example may depict the city's principal deity, a goddess wearing a jade mask and a large feathered headdress. (from History of Mexico)

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