Typhoon Wutip (2019)

Typhoon Wutip, known in the Philippines as Tropical Depression Betty, was the most powerful February typhoon on record, surpassing Typhoon Higos of 2015.[1][2] The third tropical cyclone, second tropical storm, and the first typhoon of the 2019 Pacific typhoon season, Wutip originated from a low-pressure area on February 16, 2019, that generally tracked westward, passing just south of the Federated States of Micronesia (FSM), before organizing to a tropical depression on February 18. The depression was later classified a tropical storm a day later, attaining the name Wutip from the Japan Meteorological Agency. The storm gradually intensified before it underwent rapid intensification while passing to the southwest of Guam on February 23 and reached its first peak intensity. With winds of 270 km/h (165 mph) estimated by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center, Wutip became the first Category 5-equivalent super typhoon on record in the month of February. Wutip underwent an eyewall replacement cycle shortly afterward, causing the storm to weaken as it turned northwest. The storm finished its cycle on February 24, resulting in Wutip rapidly intensifying once again. Wutip reached a secondary peak intensity the following day, again attaining Category 5-equivalent winds. Afterward, Wutip rapidly weakened throughout its lifespan from strong wind shear as it moved northwestward, before dissipating on March 2.

Typhoon Wutip (Betty)
Typhoon Wutip at its secondary peak intensity west of the island of Guam, on February 25.
Meteorological history
FormedFebruary 18, 2019
DissipatedMarch 2, 2019
Violent typhoon
10-minute sustained (JMA)
Highest winds195 km/h (120 mph)
Lowest pressure920 hPa (mbar); 27.17 inHg
Category 5-equivalent super typhoon
1-minute sustained (SSHWS/JTWC)
Highest winds270 km/h (165 mph)
Lowest pressure895 hPa (mbar); 26.43 inHg
Overall effects
FatalitiesNone reported
Damage$3.3 million (2019 USD)
Areas affectedGuam, Federated States of Micronesia, Northern Mariana Islands
IBTrACS
Part of the 2019 Pacific typhoon season

Prior to the storm's arrival, advisories were issued across Micronesia by the National Weather Service office in Tiyan, Guam. After Wutip's passage across the FSM, approximately 160 houses were damaged and 165 people were rendered homeless in Yap and Chuuk. Wutip caused power outages across Guam when it was near its closest approach on February 24. In response to the effects, a disaster declaration from Guam governor Lou Leon Guerrero and another from president of the Federated States of Micronesia Peter M. Christian were issued, both of which became approved by Donald Trump a few months after the storm. Wutip caused at least $3.3 million (2019 USD) in damages in Guam and Micronesia.[3][4]

Meteorological history
Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
Map key
Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
triangle Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

A low-pressure area persisted near 4°N 170°E on February 16[5] and slowly shifted westward[6] while southeast of Kosrae, as a vigorous trade wind convergence north of the disturbance triggered sporadic showers and thunderstorms.[7] The flaring convection associated with the low-pressure area surrounded several weak low-level circulation centers (LLCC) embedded within the broadening system. On February 18, a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert was issued when the tropical disturbance, designated Invest 92W by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC)[nb 1], was situated under low vertical wind shear and warm sea surface temperatures, being conducive for tropical cyclogenesis.[9] The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)[nb 2] identified the system as a tropical depression,[10] shortly before the JTWC followed suit, designating the system Tropical Depression 02W on February 19;[11] meanwhile, clusters of cumulonimbus clouds accumulated around the center as the depression displayed substantial cloud characteristics of anticyclonic outflow.[12] Both agencies later categorize the depression as a tropical storm the same day, with the JMA assigning the name Wutip to the storm.[13][14]

Typhoon Wutip during an eyewall replacement cycle from February 23 to 25

On February 20, the clusters of thunderstorms coalesced to form a curved rainband,[15] subsequently leading to Wutip attaining severe tropical storm status from the JMA, after reaching winds of 100 km/h (60 mph).[16] The partially-exposed LLCC of the storm was positioned over the eastern periphery of convection as the fragmented banding wrapped around the circulation center.[17] As Wutip further intensified to a typhoon on February 21,[18] the system's cumulonimbus clouds widened over the obscured LLCC,[19] forming a central dense overcast (CDO).[20] An eye formation was apparent on microwave imaging,[19] and by February 22, the eye of the gradually intensifying storm became visible on satellite imagery.[21] The storm was well-organized and very compact, while continuing northwestward under the influence of a subtropical ridge.[22] On February 23, the CDO wrapped around the eye as winds were measured at 195 km/h (120 mph), equivalent to Category 3 strength on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale (SSHWS).[23] Wutip soon underwent rapid intensification after wind shear diminishment and excellent equatorward upper-level outflow facilitated the strengthening, despite a decrease in sea surface temperatures.[24] By 12:00 UTC, Wutip reached its initial peak intensity; the JMA estimated winds of 195 km/h (120 mph) (10-minute sustained) and the lowest barometric pressure of 920 hPa (27.17 inHg).[25] The JTWC operationally estimated winds of 250 km/h (155 mph) (1-minute sustained), re-classifying Wutip as a super typhoon;[26] however, post-season analysis determined that it had attain winds of 270 km/h (165 mph),[27] making Wutip equivalent to a Category 5 major hurricane on the SSHWS, and become the most powerful typhoon in the month of February, surpassing Typhoon Higos of 2015.[1] Wutip also became the first and only tropical cyclone in the Northern Hemisphere with Category 5 winds in the month of February.[28] Wutip weakened shortly afterward and initiated an eyewall replacement cycle that day, while also maintaining winds of at least 195 km/h (120 mph).[29] The cloud tops of the eyewall erode on the western side as convection began to decrease during the process.[30] After completing the cycle on February 24, the eyewall thickened as the convection reorganized,[31] and the eye soon became well-defined and axisymmetric with annular characteristics, resulting in the storm resuming a trend of rapid intensification.[32] Wutip again became a Category 5-equivalent typhoon on February 25, reaching a secondary peak intensity with 10-minute sustained winds of 185 km/h (115 mph),[25] 1-minute sustained winds of 260 km/h (160 mph),[33] and an atmospheric pressure of 935 hPa (27.61 inHg).[25]

An increase of wind shear weakened Wutip as its eye became cloud-filled.[34] The storm's structure later rapidly deteriorated, resulting in its eye being no longer detected on satellite imagery, as winds decrease to 195 km/h (120 mph).[35] The system was almost stationary as its structure erode rapidly, with the northern periphery being more affected.[36] The storm reached the southern edge of prevailing westerlies along with escalated shearing; its poleward outflow channel however, remained robust.[37] Wutip further weakened with thunderstorm and shower activities quickly decreasing around its circulation center,[38] as its winds downgrade to tropical storm strength.[39] The storm however, would still retain its strong outflow by being positioned under the westerly midlatitude jet stream.[40] The well-organized circulation center became fully exposed the following day.[41] Wutip degraded further to a tropical depression after having its winds decrease to 45 km/h (30 mph),[42] and on the same day, entered the Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR) in the Philippine Sea, receiving the name Betty from the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration.[43] The JTWC issued its final warning on Wutip by 18:00 UTC after winds had decrease to 35 km/h (20 mph).[44] The JMA would keep monitoring the depression until it had dissipated on March 2 by 6:00 UTC.[25]

Preparations and impact

Federated States of Micronesia
Typhoon Wutip coursing between Yap and Chuuk State on February 22

Tropical storm watches and warnings were issued for Chuuk State, Pohnpei, and Yap State of the Federated States of Micronesia by the National Weather Service office in Tiyan, Guam as Tropical Depression 02W was approaching the FSM on February 19, 2019;[45] however, the tropical storm warning for Faraulep in Yap State was later canceled.[46] The advisories were later upgraded to typhoon watches and warnings after Tropical Depression 02W had intensified into Tropical Storm Wutip on February 20, with forecasts stating that Wutip would later strengthen into a typhoon.[47]

Wutip passed over Chuuk, Pohnpei and Yap States with winds of more than 160 km/h (100 mph) from February 19 to 22, and damaged or destroyed approximately 160 houses and displaced 165 people in Chuuk and Yap.[48] Despite no casualties, many crops were ruined from the saltwater from Wutip and many breadfruit and banana trees were downed.[49] Food sources were destroyed by the powerful winds along with sea water inundation; the latter had also rendered water sources unsafe for drinking. Local authorities declared states of emergency in response to the destruction.[48] Wutip caused heavy preliminary damage in infrastructure and agriculture and costed a total of $2 million.[4]

Guam

Guam was still reeling from Typhoon Mangkhut as hundreds fled to emergency shelters; over 430 children and adults sought refuge at 5 different emergency shelters.[50] Public schools in Guam were closed in preparation of Wutip on February 22.[51] The same day, Cope North, an annual military exercise that takes place around Guam, was paused "as a precautionary measure due to hazardous and potentially damaging winds caused by Typhoon Wutip," according to the Pacific Air Forces.[52] A team of 18 from the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) assisted Guam with emergencies.[53] Civil defense officials warned Guam residents that winds between 64–72 km/h (40–45 mph) and rainfall up to 15.24 cm (6.00 in) were expected, and advised them to stay indoors until the storm had passed.[54] Lieutenant Governor Josh Tenorio put Guam and the military bases under Condition of Readiness (COR) 2,[55] before upgrading it to COR 1.[56] Over 20 flights to and from Guam were canceled,[57] leading to the loss of 4,993 seats.[58]

The Guam Power Authority reported isolated power outages occurring across Guam, leading to danger from sensitive home appliances.[59] Wutip's closest point of approach was on the 24th, when it was about 266 kilometres (165 mi) south of the island. Wutip had dumped 43 cm (17 in) of rain in Inarajan, 30 cm (12 in) in Dandan, and 15 to 20 cm (6 to 8 in) elsewhere in the island.[60] Inarajan experienced more significant damage, with obstructed roads and many downed trees and power lines with major flooding. No injury or serious damage were reported.[61] Preliminary damage in infrastructure for Wutip totaled $1.3 million.[3]

Northern Mariana Islands

Tropical storm watches were in effect across the islands of Saipan, Tinian, and Rota. Families were still residing in tents due to the effects from Typhoon Yutu, and were encouraged to seek emergency shelter.[62] A total of 83 individuals took shelter during Wutip's passage.[63] The president of the Asian Football Confederation, Salman bin Ibrahim Al Khalifa, was set to visit Saipan on the 25th, but postponed the visit in precaution of Wutip.[64] The tropical storm watch in Rota was later upgraded to a typhoon warning, but was canceled on February 24 by Lieutenant Governor Arnold Palacios when Wutip headed towards a different direction from the islands and no longer posed a threat. In Rota however, winds of 55–70 km/h (35–45 mph) and gusts of 70–90 km/h (45–55 mph) swept across the village of Songsong and waves of 4.9–6.1 m (16–20 ft) to as high as 7.6 m (25 ft) surfed along the east- and south-facing reefs, leading to coastal flooding.[65] No injuries were reported and public roadways across the islands remained clear of debris.[63] As a result, schools were reopened across the Northern Mariana Islands along with Guam on February 25.[66]

Aftermath
U.S. Army soldiers rolling a water tank during Pacific Partnership 2019.

The Federated States of Micronesia President Peter M. Christian issued a national disaster declaration on March 11, due to the effects of the storm, and requested international assistance.[67] U.S. Chargé d'affaires Heather Coble declared a disaster the following day, allowing the USAID, FEMA, and the federal government of the FSM to carry out a damage assessment and relieve activities supporting agriculture and food security,[68] after 11,575 people were left food insecure.[67] The United States Agency for International Development (USAID) supplied $100,000 to aid immediate disaster relief activities for affected populations.[48] A multinational team arrived at Lower Mortlock Islands of Chuuk State to assist local communities as part of Pacific Partnership 2019 on March 31, which included helping the state recover after the storm.[69]

On May 7, U.S. President Donald Trump declared Wutip a disaster under the Compact of Free Association between the national governments, due to damage resulting from Wutip.[70] Relief and reconstruction funding from the USAID totaled more than $22.3 million.[68] On May 11, Donald Trump approved the disaster declaration requested by Guam Governor Lou Leon Guerrero on February 23 due to the impact the Mariana Islands had from Wutip. Tracy C. Haynes was appointed by Trump as Federal Coordinating Officer (FCO) for recovery operations across Guam.[71][72]

See also

Notes
  1. The Joint Typhoon Warning Center is a joint United States Navy – United States Air Force task force that issues tropical cyclone warnings for the western Pacific Ocean and other regions.[8]
  2. The Japan Meteorological Agency is the official Regional Specialized Meteorological Center for the western Pacific Ocean.

References
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  3. "Preliminary cost estimate of Wutip: More than $1.3 million". Guam Pacific Daily News. March 1, 2019. Retrieved May 21, 2019.
  4. Losinio, Louella (April 12, 2019). "Post-Wutip damages to FSM cost at least $2M". PNC News First. Retrieved November 26, 2022.
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