1400s (decade)

The 1400s ran from January 1, 1400, to December 31, 1409.

Events

1400

JanuaryMarch

AprilJune

  • April 21 Sir Thomas Percy, 1st Earl of Worcester, resigns as England's Admiral of the North and West to join the resistance against King Henry IV. The office will remain vacant for more than six years. Percy will be beheaded in 1403 after his defeat in the Battle of Shrewsbury.
  • April 23 In what is now Romania, Alexandru cel Bun (Alexander the Good) is installed as the new Prince (Voivode) of Moldavia by Mircea the Elder, the Voivode of Wallachia, after Mircea removes the reigning monarch, Prince Iuga.
  • April 25 Jingnan campaign: In the Shandong province of Ming dynasty China, Zhu Di, Prince of Yan, defeats the Imperial forces of General Li Jinglong in the two-day Battle of Baigou River, by taking advantage of the chaos that results when a gust of wind breaks the staff of General Li's flag of battle. The Yan forces capture 100,000 of the Imperial soldiers as prisoners and Li and the others retreat to Jinan.
  • April King Swa Saw Ke, of Ava, the largest kingdom in Burma, dies after a reign of 33 years and is succeeded by his son, King Tarabya, who reigns less than seven months before being assassinated.
  • May 22 Meeting in Frankfurt, three of the prince-electors of the Holy Roman Empire (Rupert, elector of the Palatinate, Rudolf III, Duke of Saxe-Wittenberg, elector of Saxony, and Jobst of Moravia, elector of Brandenburg) meet in an attempt to replace the Emperor, Wenceslaus, King of the Romans because of his failure to stamp out civil unrest or to resolve the Western Schism. They select Frederick I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg as the replacement for Wenceslaus.
  • June 5 Duke Frederick I of Brunswick-Lüneburg is assassinated after being identified as a rival to Wenceslaus, Holy Roman Emperor. Frederick, on his way back from a May 22 meeting of the prince-electors, is ambushed by a party of men led by Count Henry of Waldeck while passing through the village of Kleinenglis in the Principality of Waldeck and Pyrmont (now part of the German state of Hesse, near Borken).

JulySeptember

  • July 7 Sir John Swinton, an envoy of King Robert III of Scotland, crosses the border into England along with 20 knights, after being given a writ of safe conduct by King Henry IV to allow their travel to negotiate during the standoff between the two British kingdoms between phases of the Hundred Years' War.
  • July 26 Jagiellonian University is re-established in Kraków by order of King Władysław II, with the creation of the Faculty of Theology at what is then called the Kraków Academy. The restoration is partially financed by the sale of jewelry owned by the King's late wife, Queen Jadwiga, who had died in 1399.
  • August 6 Writing from Newcastle upon Tyne to Scotland's King Robert III, England's King Henry IV sends a demand that King Robert meet him "on Monday the 23rd of this present month of August, at Edinburgh, where, for this reason and for the peace of tranquility of the realms of England and Scotland, we intend to be," for Robert "to perform the obligation which you owe us" as "overlords of Scotland and of its kings in all temporal matters pertaining to them..." King Henry warns that "considering the effusion of Christian blood and other dangers and losses which may occur if you do not comply with our wishes, you will be present to render us homage and take the oath of fealty." [1]
  • August 14 King Henry IV leads the English Army into Scotland, after receiving no answer from Scotland's King Robert III to his August 6 demand. The troops reach Haddington, East Lothian the next day and at Leith, on the outskirts of Edinburgh, by August 18. As historian James Hamilton Wylie will note almost 500 years later, "the walls of Edinburgh did not fall before this ram's-horn blast, and August 23rd came and went without the required homage or recognition."[2]
  • August 20 Meeting at the Lahneck Castle in what is now the German state Rhineland-Palatinate, the princes of the German states vote to depose the Holy Roman Emperor, Wenceslaus, due to his weak leadership and mental illnesses.
  • August 21 Rupert, Count Palatine of the Rhine, is elected as King of the Romans.
  • August 29 Having failed in his expedition to receive a pledge of fealty from the King of Scotland, King Henry IV crosses back into England.[1]
  • September 16 Owain Glyndŵr is proclaimed Prince of Wales by his followers, and begins attacking English strongholds in northeast Wales.

OctoberDecember

  • October 7 Tamerlane, the Mongol conqueror, stops between Malatya and Aleppo at the Turkish garrison in Behesna. According to author Peter Purton, the garrison "had the temerity to shoot a catapult ball at Timur which rolled into his tent. Setting up his own battery of 20 machines, it is said that the first shot hit and destroyed the offending weapon. Treating this as a good omen, the attack was launched, the towers mined... and the place surrendered."[3]
  • October 29 Jingnan campaign: In China, Prince Zhu Di of Yan expands his conquests with the capture of Cangzhou in Heibei province.
  • October 30 (11 Rabi' I 803 AH) Tamerlane begins the destruction of the Syrian city of Aleppo[4] overwhelming the Mamluk Sultanate defenders.
  • November 2 The Mamluk Sultanate surrenders the city of Aleppo and Tamerlane's Army massacres many of the inhabitants.[5]
  • November 25 (9th waxing of Nadaw, 730 ME) Minkhaung I becomes the new King of Ava, the largest kingdom in what is now northern Myanmar, after a battle for power that follows the assassination of the erratic King Tarabya.
  • December 21 Manuel II Palaiologos becomes the only Byzantine Emperor ever to visit England, and is greeted at Blackheath by King Henry IV, who hosts the Emperor at Eltham Palace during the Christmas holiday.[6]
  • December 25 In China, the Jingnan campaign of Prince Zhu Di of Yan suffers a serious reversal at the Battle of Dongchang as Imperial General Sheng Yong, replacement of Li Jinglong, encircles the Yan forces. Yan Army General Zhang Yu is killed, but Zhu Di is able to escape to the northern capital at Beijing and regroups his forces for a second attack to take place in February.

Date unknown

1401

JanuaryDecember

Date unknown

1402

JanuaryDecember

Capture of Bayezid I after Battle of Ankara

Date unknown

1403

JanuaryDecember

Date unknown

1404

JanuaryDecember

Date unknown

1405

JanuaryDecember

Date unknown

1406

JanuaryDecember

Date unknown

1407

JanuaryDecember

Date unknown

1408

JanuaryDecember

Date unknown

1409

JanuaryDecember

Date unknown

Significant people

Births

1400

1401

1402

1403

1404

1405

1406

1407

1408

1409

Deaths

1400

1401

1402

1403

1404

1405

1406

1407

1408

1409

References

  1. Jessie H. Flemming, England Under the Lancastrians (Longman's, Green and Co., 1921) pp.5-6
  2. James Hamilton Wylie, History of England Under Henry the Fourth (Longmans, Green and Co., 1884) p.138
  3. Peter Purton, A History of the Late Medieval Siege, 1200-1500 (Boydell & Brewer, 2009) p.186
  4. Alphonse de Lamartine, History of Turkey (translated from the French) (D. Appleton and Company, 1855) p.320
  5. Rebecca Joyce Frey, Genocide and International Justice (Facts On File, 2009) p.188
  6. "Henry IV", by T. F. Tout, in Dictionary of National Biography, ed. by Leslie Stephen and Sidney Lee (The Macmillan Company, 1908) p.488
  7. Drees, Clayton J. (2001). The Late Medieval Age of Crisis and Renewal, 1300-1500: A Biographical Dictionary. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 428. ISBN 9780313305887.
  8. Breverton, Terry (2009). Owain Glyndwr: The Story of the Last Prince of Wales. Amberley Publishing Limited. p. 82. ISBN 9781445608761.
  9. Ibn Khaldun (1952). Ibn Khaldūn and Tamerlane: Their Historic Meeting in Damascus, 1401 A.d. (803 A. H.) A Study Based on Arabic Manuscripts of Ibn Khaldūn's "Autobiography,". Translated by Walter Joseph Fischel. University of California Press. p. 97.
  10. "Battle at Bryn Glas; Battle of Pilleth (306352)". Coflein. RCAHMW. Retrieved 28 June 2020.
  11. Rogers, Clifford J., ed. (2010). "Modon, Battle of". The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology. Oxford University Press. pp. 13–14. ISBN 978-0-195334036.
  12. Kingsford, C. J. (1962) [1925]. "IV. West Country Piracy: The School of English Seamen". Prejudice and Promise in Fifteenth Century England. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7146-1488-5.
  13. Longmate, Norman (1990). Defending the Island. London: Grafton. ISBN 0-586-20845-3.
  14. Longmate, Norman (1990). Defending the Island. London: Grafton. ISBN 0-586-20845-3.
  15. Mortimer, Ian (2007). The Fears of Henry IV. London: Jonathan Cape. ISBN 978-0-224-07300-4.
  16. Syvret, Marguerite (2011). Balleine's History of Jersey. Chichester: Phillimore. pp. 50–1. ISBN 978-1860776502.
  17. Abernethy, Susan (2017-07-14). "A Woman Witnesses the Murder of the Duke of Orleans". The Freelance History Writer. Retrieved 2024-02-17.
  18. "The Duke of Orleans is Ambushed | History Today". www.historytoday.com. Retrieved 2024-02-17.
  19. "Yongle dadian | Chinese encyclopaedia". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 10 May 2019.
  20. Martinsson, Örjan. "Gotland". www.tacitus.nu. Tacitus.nu. Retrieved 2014-06-12.
  21. Childress, Diana (2008). Johannes Gutenberg and the Printing Press. Minneapolis: Twenty-First Century Books. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-7613-4024-9.
  22. "Francesco Sforza | duke of Milan [1401–1466]". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 22 July 2018.
  23. "Catherine Of Valois | French princess". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 22 July 2018.
  24. "René I | duke of Anjou". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 10 May 2019.
  25. "Geoffrey Chaucer | Biography, Poems, Canterbury Tales, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 12 January 2021.
  26. "David Stewart, 1st Duke of Rothesay: Biography on Undiscovered Scotland". www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk. Retrieved 24 October 2020.
  27. Grant, Alexander. "Alexander Stewart", ODNB.
  28. "King Robert III: Biography on Undiscovered Scotland". www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk. Retrieved 10 May 2021.
  29. "Henry Percy, 1st earl of Northumberland | Lancastrian, Battle of Towton, Yorkist | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 26 July 2023.
  30. Gabra, Gawdat; Takla, Hany N. (2017). Christianity and Monasticism in Northern Egypt: Beni Suef, Giza, Cairo, and the Nile Delta. Oxford University Press. p. 76. ISBN 9789774167775.
  31. Panton, James (24 February 2011). Historical Dictionary of the British Monarchy. Scarecrow Press. p. 266. ISBN 978-0-8108-7497-8.
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