1740s

The 1740s (pronounced "seventeen-forties") decade ran from January 1, 1740, to December 31, 1749. Many events during this decade sparked an impetus for the Age of Reason. Military and technological advances brought one of the first instances of a truly global war to take place here, when Maria Theresa of Austria’s struggle to succeed the various crowns of her father King Charles VI led to a war involving nearly all European states in the War of the Austrian Succession, eventually spilling over to North America with the War of Jenkins’ Ear (which went on to involve many of the West’s first ferocious maritime battles). Capitalism grew robust following the fallout of the South Sea bubble two decades and the subsequent reign of Sir Robert Walpole, whose rule ended in the earlier half of this decade.

Millennium
2nd millennium
Centuries
Decades
Years
  • 1740
  • 1741
  • 1742
  • 1743
  • 1744
Categories
  • Births
  • Deaths
  • By country
  • Establishments
  • Disestablishments
From top left, clockwise: The War of Jenkins' Ear, a conflict between the British and Spanish Empires lasting from 1739 to 1748. The War of the Austrian Succession from 1740 to 1748, caused by the death of Emperor Charles VI in 1740. The siege of Trichinopoly, a conflict between the Nizam of Hyderabad and the Maratha Empire over the Carnatic region. George Anson burns Paita, a settlement in Peru in 1742 whilst on a voyage around the world. Nader Shah declares war on the Ottoman Empire in 1743 resulting in the Ottoman–Persian War. Following the end of the First Silesian War in 1742, the Second Silesian War occurs as a continuation of the first war. A Leyden jar is discovered independently by Ewald Georg von Kleist and Pieter van Musschenbroek. The Jacobite rising of 1745, an attempt by Charles Edward Stuart to regain the British throne for his father.

Events

1740

January–March

April–June

July–September

October–December

Date unknown

1741

January–March

April–June

July–September

October–December

Date unknown

1742

January–March

April –June

July–September
  • July 7 – War of Jenkins' Ear: Battle of Bloody Marsh – British troops repel those of Spain (under Montiano), in the Province of Georgia.
  • July 14 – William Pulteney is created 1st Earl of Bath in Great Britain.
  • August 17
    • Accompanied by 10 French Army observers, Choctaw Indians from the French Louisiana territory cross the Tombigbee River and raid Chickasaw Indian towns in Georgia.[35] Over three days, the attackers lose 50 men, the Chickasaw defenders about 25. For permitting the attack, the French Louisiana governor, the Sieur de Bienville, is summoned back to Paris.
    • Irish author and poet Dean Jonathan Swift is declared by a court to be "of unsound mind and memory" and confined to home treatment for the remaining three years of his life.[36]
  • August 19
    • A British fleet led by Commodore William Martin enters the harbor of Naples with three warships, two frigates, and four bomb vessels, and sends a message giving the King Charles VII of Naples (the future King Charles III of Spain) 30 minutes to agree to withdraw Neapolitan troops from the Spanish Army. Don Carlos agrees and ends the threat of a Spanish foothold in Italy.[37]
    • Voltaire's controversial play Fanatacism, or Mahomet the Prophet is first performed, in Paris, to a theatre audience filled with French nobility.[38]
  • August 20 – The Swedish-Russian War effectively ends as 17,000 Swedish troops surrender in Finland at Helsingfors (modern-day Helsinki).[39]
  • August 27 – George Anson, captain of HMS Centurion, arrives with his seriously ill crew at the island of Tinian (now U.S. territory as one of the Northern Mariana Islands and saves his mission. [40]
  • September 5 – The 46 survivors of Russia's Great Northern Expedition return to Petropavlovsk after having been shipwrecked on an island in the Bering Strait ten months earlier. They had completed the building of a new ship from the wreckage of the St Pyotr on August 21. [41]
  • September 16 – Construction starts on the Foundling Hospital in London. [42]

October–December

Date unknown
  • The Lopukhina Conspiracy arises at the Russian court.
  • The Afghan tribes unite as a monarchy.
  • Daniel le Pelley succeeds Nicolas le Pelley, as Seigneur of Sark.
  • Molde, Norway, becomes a city.
  • Eisenach, Germany builds its Stadtschloss (city castle).
  • Spain completes the construction of Fort Matanzas in the Matanzas Inlet, approximately 15 miles (24 km) south of St. Augustine, Florida.
  • The University of Erlangen is founded in Bavaria.
  • Anders Celsius publishes his proposal for a centigrade temperature scale originated in 1741.
  • Colin Maclaurin publishes his Treatise on Fluxions.
  • Charles Jervas's English translation of Don Quixote is published posthumously. Through a printer's error, the translator's name is printed as 'Charles Jarvis', leading the book to forever be known as the Jarvis translation. It is acclaimed as the most faithful English rendering of the novel made up to this time.
  • The Roman Catholic church decrees that Roman ceremonial practice in Latin (not in Chinese) is to be the law for Chinese missions.

1743

January–March

April–June

July–September

October–December

Undated

1744

January–March
  • January 6 – The Royal Navy ship Bacchus engages the Spanish Navy privateer Begona, and sinks it; 90 of the 120 Spanish sailors die, but 30 of the crew are rescued.
  • January 24 – The Dagohoy rebellion in the Philippines begins, with the killing of Father Giuseppe Lamberti.
  • February 22–23 – Battle of Toulon: The British fleet is defeated by a joint Franco-Spanish fleet.
  • February 27 – Violent storms frustrate a planned French invasion of Britain.
  • March 1 (approximately) – The Great Comet of 1744, one of the brightest ever seen, reaches perihelion.
  • March 13 – The British ship Betty capsizes and sinks off of the Gold Coast (modern-day Ghana) near Anomabu. More than 200 people on board die, although there are a few survivors.
  • March 15 – France declares war on Great Britain.

April–June
  • April – The Female Spectator (a monthly) is founded by Eliza Haywood in England, the first periodical written for women by a woman.
  • April 2 – The first Rules of golf are drawn up at Leith, for the first golf competition.[70][71]
  • April 27 – Siege of Villafranca (1744): A joint French and Spanish force defeats Britain and Sardinia.
  • May 11 – Russia's treasury begins an effort to reduce the number of copper five-kopeck pieces (20 of which equal a Russian ruble) by declaring that it will buy them back at a ruble for every 20 until August 1, after which kopecks would be redeemed at a ruble for every 25; then at the rate of 33 for a ruble on October 1, and 50 for a ruble on and after August 28, 1746.[72]
  • May 22 – The Union of Germany is proclaimed in Frankfurt Frederick II of Prussia, as articles of union are signed between Prussia, Hesse-Kassel and the Rhineland Palatinate.[73]
  • May 24 – After receiving the news from Europe that Great Britain and France are at war, the French Army at Louisbourg attacks the British settlement at Fort William Augustus at Canso, Nova Scotia and forces its surrender.[74]
  • June 13 – Alexey Bestuzhev-Ryumin is named as the new Chancellor of the Russian Empire by the Empress Elizabeth.[75]
  • June 15 – Commodore George Anson's voyage around the world concludes after four years as HMS Centurion returns to England at Spithead and Anson is greeted as a hero.[76]
  • June 28 – At the age of 15, Princess Sophie of Anhalt-Zerbst, the future Empress of Russia, is received into the Russian Orthodox Church after converting from the Lutheran faith. Upon her conversion to the Russian Orthodox religion, she is given the name Yekaterina (Catherine). In 1762, she takes the throne as the Empress Catherine II, later known as Catherine the Great.

July–September

October–December

Date unknown
  • The third French and Indian War, known as King George's War, breaks out at Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia.
  • Tommy Thumb's Pretty Song Book, sequel to Tommy Thumb's Song Book, containing the oldest version of many well-known and popular rhymes, is published in London.

1745

January–March

April–June

July–September

October –December

1746

January–March

April–June

July–September
  • July 3 – Father Joachim Royo, the last of the five Spanish Catholic missionaries to Fuzhou in China, is captured by Chinese authorities, after having spent three decades defying orders to not evangelize.[109] He and three fellow priests are put to death two years later, on October 28, 1748.
  • July 9 – King Philip V of Spain dies, after a reign of more than 45 years. His oldest living son succeeds him, as King Ferdinand VI.
  • August 1 – The wearing of the kilt is banned in Scotland by the Dress Act (Note: the actual effective date of the Dress Act was August 1, 1747, not 1746).
  • August 18 – Two of the four rebellious Scottish lords, Earl of Kilmarnock and Lord Balmerinoch, are beheaded in the Tower of London (Lord Lovat is executed in 1747).
  • September 20 – Bonnie Prince Charlie flees to the Isle of Skye from Arisaig, after the unsuccessful Jacobite rising of 1745, marked by the Prince's Cairn on the banks of Loch nan Uamh.

October–December

Date unknown

1747

January–March

April–June

July–September

October–December

Date unknown

1748

January–March

April–June

July–September

October –December

Date unknown

1749

January–March

April–June

July–September
  • July 9 – The British naval fort at Halifax is founded on mainland Nova Scotia as a defense against the New France Fortress of Louisbourg on Cape Breton Island, less than 100 miles (160 km) away.
  • August 2 – Irish-born trader George Croghan, unaware of the recent British grant of land in the Ohio River valley to the Ohio Company, purchases 200,000 acres of much of the same land from the Six Nations of the Iroquois Confederacy, dealing directly with "the three most important Iroquois chiefs resident in that area, in return for an immense quantity of Indian goods." The deal takes place at the Iroquois capital of Onondaga, near present-day Syracuse, New York.[138]
  • August 3
    • The Battle of Ambur is fought in south India as the Second Carnatic War begins between the French-supported troops of Chanda Sahib of the Mughal Empire and the British-supported defenders of the Arcot State, led by its 77-year old Nawab, Anwaruddin Khan. After marching outside of the walls of Arcot to confront Chanda Sahib and Joseph Dupleix's 4,000 troops, Anwaruddin Khan's numerically superior force is routed and he is killed in the battle.[139]
    • French explorer Pierre Joseph Céloron de Blainville, commissioned by New France to explore the Ohio Territory claimed by both France and Britain, buries the first of six engraved lead markers claiming the land for King Louis XV of France.[140] The first plate is buried on the banks of the Allegheny River, near a rock with petroglyphs, in what is now Venango County, Pennsylvania.
  • August 7 – Mary Musgrove Bosomworth, a woman of mixed British and Creek Indian ancestry, presents herself as Coosaponakeesa, Queen of the Creek Indians and marches with 200 Creek Indians into the town of Savannah, Georgia. During her confrontation with British colonial authorities, she and her husband Thomas Bosomworth demand payment of "nearly twenty-five thousand dollars" in compensation for property taken from the Creek Indians, before the British authorities determine that she doesn't have the authority to speak for the tribe.[141]
  • August 15 – Four Russian sailors— Aleksei Inkov, Khrisanf Inkov, Stepan Sharapov and Fedor Verigin— are rescued after having been marooned on the Arctic Ocean island of Edgeøya for more than six years. They are the only survivors of a crew of 14 whose koch had been blown off course in May 1743 and then broken up by ice.[142] The four are returned home on September 28.
  • August 19 – At a ceremony in San Antonio, Texas (then a part of the New Spain province of Nuevo Santander), four Apache chiefs and Spanish colonial officials and missionaries literally "bury the hatchet", placing weapons of war into a pit and covering it as a symbol that the Apaches and the Spaniards will fight no further war against each other.[143]
  • September 5 – A delegation of 33 members of the Catawba Indian nation and 73 from the Cherokee nation arrive in Charleston, South Carolina, to discuss a peace treaty with South Carolina's provincial governor, James Glen.[144]
  • September 12 – The first recorded game of baseball is played, by Frederick, Prince of Wales, at Kingston upon Thames in England.[145]
  • September 23 – Grand Chief Jean-Baptiste Cope, of the Miꞌkmaq Indian nation in Canada, declares war against the British Empire[146] after the building of the fort at Halifax, Nova Scotia and begins hostilities by taking 20 British hostages at Canso.[147]
  • September 28 – Three Russian survivors of the shipwreck on Edgeøya return to their homeland after more than six years, as the ship Nikolai i Andrei brings them to the port of Archangelsk.[142] A fourth survivor, Fedor Veriginare, died of scurvy during the six-week voyage home.

October–December
  • October 2 – Edward Cornwallis, the British Governor of Nova Scotia, commands his militia and local citizens "to annoy, distress, take or destroy the Savage commonly called Micmac, wherever they are found" and promises a reward of ten guineas (21 British shillings) for every Mi'kmaq scalp brought in.[147]
  • October 4 – What is later described as "the least examined yet most influential"[148] of clerical reforms, by the Spanish Bourbon monarchs of the 18th century, begins when King Ferdinand VI of Spain approves a royal cédula, removing control of the Roman Catholic parishes of Latin America from religious orders. Henceforward, jurisdiction over parishioners in the archdioceses of Lima, Mexico City and Bogotá is with the secular clergy.
  • October 16 – At Falmouth, a part of the British Province of Massachusetts Bay that would later be the site of Portland, Maine, a peace treaty is signed between representatives of Massachusetts Bay and 19 sagamores and tribal chiefs of the Wabanaki Confederacy (encompassing the Penobscot, Kennebec, Odanak and Wôlinak tribes of the Abenaki Indians), temporarily settling territorial disputes in Maine during King George's War.[149]
  • October 19 – Two months after Pierre Céloron begins his inspection of the Ohio territory on behalf of France, Christopher Gist starts his survey of the lands along the right bank of the Ohio River on behalf of the British grant to the Ohio Company.[150]
  • November 9 – Battle of Penfui on Timor: A large Topass army is defeated by a numerically inferior Dutch East India Company.
  • November 12 – In response to the increasing number of starving people moving into Paris from rural parts of France, King Louis XV issues an ordinance that "all the beggars and vagabonds who shall be found either in the streets of Paris, or in churches or church doorways, or in the countryside around Paris, of whatever age or sex, shall be arrested and conducted into prisons, to stay there as long as shall be necessary."[151][152]
  • November 24 – The Province of South Carolina House of Assembly votes to free African-American slave Caesar Norman, and to grant him a lifetime pension of 100 British pounds per year, in return for Caesar's agreement to share the secret of his antidote for poisonous snake venom. Caesar then makes public his herbal cure of juice from Plantago major (the common plantain) and Marrubium vulgare (horehound), combined with "a leaf of good tobacco moistened with rum".[153]
  • December 1 – Sultan Azim ud-Din I, recently forced to flee to Manila after being driven from the throne of Sultanate of Sulu elsewhere in the Philippine Islands, announces his intention to convert from Sunni Islam to become baptized as a Christian within the Roman Catholic Church. He changes his name to Fernando after being baptized.[154]
  • December 5 – French composer Jean-Philippe Rameau premieres his new opera, Zoroastre, at the Théâtre du Palais-Royal in Paris, but the first version is not a success.[155] After five years of rewriting, Rameau will revive Zoroastre on January 19, 1756 and the opera will continue to be performed more than two centuries later.
  • December 7 – Father Junípero Serra begins his missionary work in the New World, 100 days after departing on a voyage from Spain and a day after his arrival at Veracruz in Mexico.[156] During the period from 1769 to 1782, Serra will be the founder of nine missions in the Province of Las Californias, including the sites around which future California cities will be built, including Mission Basilica San Diego de Alcalá in 1769 and Mission San Francisco de Asís in 1776.
  • December 30 – Mir Sayyid Muhammad, a grandson of the Shah Suleiman of Persia, overthrows Shahrokh Shah to become the Shah of Persia, and briefly restores the Safavid dynasty as Suleiman II; his reign ends less than three months later, on March 20, when Kurdish tribesmen restore Shahrokh to the throne.[157]

Date unknown
  • A census is conducted in Finland.
  • The land reform of the Great Partition begins in Sweden, and continues until the 19th century.

Births

1740

Marquis de Sade
  • Ali Pasha of Ioannina, Albanian ruler (d. 1822)
  • Margaret Bingham, Countess of Lucan, born Margaret Smith, English portrait miniature painter and writer (d. 1814)[158]
  • John Milton, American politician and officer of the Continental Army (d. 1817) (earliest estimated date of birth)
  • Septimanie d'Egmont, French salonist (d. 1773)

1741

Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor

1742

  • January 8 – Philip Astley, English circus organizer (d. 1814)
  • March 9 – Michael Anckarsvärd, Swedish politician (d. 1838)
  • March 10 – Sampson Salter Blowers, American lawyer, jurist (d. 1842)
Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar
James Wilson
Carl Wilhelm Scheele
  • December 9 – Carl Wilhelm Scheele, Swedish chemist (d. 1785)
  • December 16 – Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher, Prussian general (d. 1819)
  • December 26 (bapt.) – George Chalmers, Scottish antiquarian (d. 1825)
  • date unknown – Túpac Amaru II, Peruvian indigenous rebel leader (d. 1781)
  • date unknown – Rafaela Herrera, Nicaraguan heroine (d. 1805)
  • date unknown – Francis Nash, American military officer (d. 1777)
  • date unknown – Hendrik Frans de Cort, Flemish painter (d. 1810)

1743

Yekaterina Vorontsova-Dashkova

1744

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
Johann Gottfried Herder

1745

Alessandro Volta

1746

Tadeusz Kościuszko
Francisco Goya

1747

Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor

1748

Jeremy Bentham
Jacques-Louis David

1749

Pierre Simon de Laplace
Madame Mère
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

Deaths

1740

Pope Clement XII
Frederick William I, King in Prussia
Saint Theophilus of Corte
Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor
Anna, Empress of Russia

1741

Antonio Vivaldi

1742

Edmond Halley
Susanna Wesley

1743

Eiler Hagerup
Spencer Compton, 1st Earl of Wilmington
Jai Singh II

1744

Blessed Januarius Maria Sarnelli

1745

Robert Walpole
Jonathan Swift

1746

Philip V of Spain

1747

Nader Shah

1748

William Kent

1749

Émilie du Châtelet

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