1899

1899 (MDCCCXCIX) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar, the 1899th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 899th year of the 2nd millennium, the 99th year of the 19th century, and the 10th and last year of the 1890s decade. As of the start of 1899, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

For the TV series, see 1899 (TV series).

Millennium: 2nd millennium
Centuries:
Decades:
Years:
1899 by topic
Humanities
  • Animation
  • Archaeology
  • Architecture
  • Art
  • Film
  • Literature
    • Poetry
  • Music
By country
  • Australia
  • Belgium
  • Brazil
  • Bulgaria
  • Canada
  • China
  • Denmark
  • France
  • Germany
  • Italy
  • New Zealand
  • Norway
  • Philippines
  • Portugal
  • Russia
  • South Africa
  • Sweden
  • United Kingdom
  • United States
Other topics
  • Rail transport
  • Science
  • Sports
Lists of leaders
Birth and death categories
  • Births
  • Deaths
Establishments and disestablishments categories
  • Establishments
  • Disestablishments
Works category
  • Works
1899 in various calendars
Gregorian calendar1899
MDCCCXCIX
Ab urbe condita2652
Armenian calendar1348
ԹՎ ՌՅԽԸ
Assyrian calendar6649
Baháʼí calendar55–56
Balinese saka calendar1820–1821
Bengali calendar1306
Berber calendar2849
British Regnal year62 Vict. 1 – 63 Vict. 1
Buddhist calendar2443
Burmese calendar1261
Byzantine calendar7407–7408
Chinese calendar戊戌年 (Earth Dog)
4596 or 4389
    — to —
己亥年 (Earth Pig)
4597 or 4390
Coptic calendar1615–1616
Discordian calendar3065
Ethiopian calendar1891–1892
Hebrew calendar5659–5660
Hindu calendars
 - Vikram Samvat1955–1956
 - Shaka Samvat1820–1821
 - Kali Yuga4999–5000
Holocene calendar11899
Igbo calendar899–900
Iranian calendar1277–1278
Islamic calendar1316–1317
Japanese calendarMeiji 32
(明治３２年)
Javanese calendar1828–1829
Julian calendarGregorian minus 12 days
Korean calendar4232
Minguo calendar13 before ROC
民前13年
Nanakshahi calendar431
Thai solar calendar2441–2442
Tibetan calendar阳土狗年
(male Earth-Dog)
2025 or 1644 or 872
    — to —
阴土猪年
(female Earth-Pig)
2026 or 1645 or 873
Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1899.

Events

January 1899
January 1: Cuba free.
  • January 1
  • January 2
    • Bolivia sets up a customs office in Puerto Alonso, leading to the Brazilian settlers there to declare the Republic of Acre in a revolt against Bolivian authorities.
    • The first part of the Jakarta Kota–Anyer Kidul railway on the island of Java is opened between Batavia Zuid (Jakarta Kota) and Tangerang.
  • January 3 – Hungarian Prime Minister Dezső Bánffy fights an inconclusive duel with his bitter enemy in parliament, Horánszky Nándor.
  • January 4
    • U.S. President William McKinley's declaration of December 21, 1898, proclaiming a policy of benevolent assimilation of the Philippines as a United States territory, is announced in Manila by the U.S. commander, General Elwell Otis, and angers independence activists who had fought against Spanish rule.
    • The American Society of Landscape Architects, still in existence 124 years later, is founded.
  • January 5 – A fierce battle is fought between American troops and Filipino defenders at the town of Pililla on the island of Luzon. The Filipinos retreat to the mountains at Tanay.
  • January 6 – Lord Curzon becomes Viceroy of India.
  • January 7 – The Lucky Star, an English comic opera composed by Ivan Caryll and produced by the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company premieres at the Savoy Theatre in London for the first of 143 performances.
  • January 8 – The Association football club SK Rapid Wien is founded in Vienna.
  • January 9
    • After a successful revolt against the Ottoman Empire by the inhabitants of the island of Crete, the area, which joins Greece, gets its first constitution, with provisions for a provincial legislature with 138 Christian deputies and 50 Muslim deputies.
    • George F. Hoar, a U.S. Senator for Massachusetts, speaks out in the Senate against American expansion into the Philippines. The text of Hoar's speech is sent by cable to Canada at a cost of $100,000,000 and is later cited by Ambassador John Barrett on January 13, 1900, as an incitement to Filipino attacks on U.S. troops.[1]
  • January 10 – The Tau Kappa Epsilon fraternity is founded, at Illinois Wesleyan University in Bloomington, Illinois.
  • January 11 – The Steel Plate Transferrers' Association, the first labor union for workers skilled in siderography (the engraving and mass reproduction of steel plates for newspaper printing) is established. After changing its name to the International Association of Siderographers, it will have 80 members at its peak. It dissolves in 1991, with only eight members left.[2]
  • January 12–13 – In the south-west of England, the Lynmouth life-boat Louisa is launched from Porlock Weir, entailing being hauled overland for 15 miles (24 km) with a climb of 1,423 feet (434 m) using 100 volunteers, to save all 18 crew of the Forrest Hall in the Bristol Channel.[3][4]
  • January 13 – The Canadian Northern Railway is established.[5]
  • January 14
  • January 15 – The name of Puerto Rico is changed by the new U.S. military government to "Porto Rico".[9] It will not be changed back until May 17, 1932.
  • January 16 – Eduardo Calceta is appointed as Chief of the Army (Jefe General) of the rebel Philippine Republic army by Emilio Aguinaldo.[10]
  • January 17 – The United States takes possession of Wake Island in the Pacific Ocean.
  • January 18 – The General Assembly of the U.S. state of Pennsylvania begins the task of filling the U.S. Senate seat of Matthew Quay, who has recently resigned after being indicted on criminal charges. After 79 ballots and three months, no candidate has a majority, and the General Assembly refuses to approve the governor's appointment of a successor, so the seat remains vacant for more than two years. The Pennsylvania experience later leads to the 17th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution to provide for U.S. Senators to be directly elected by popular vote, rather than by the state legislatures.
  • January 19
    • The Anglo-Egyptian Sudan is formed (it is disbanded in 1956).
    • Future film producer Samuel Goldwyn, born in Poland and later a resident of Germany and England, arrives in the United States at the age of sixteen as Szmuel Gelbfisz.
  • January 20 – The Schurman Commission is created by U.S. President William McKinley to study the issue of the American approach to the sovereignty of the Philippines, ceded to the U.S. on December 10 by Spain. The five-man group, chaired by Cornell University President Jacob Schurman, later concludes that the Philippines will need to become financially independent before a republic can be created.
  • January 21
    • Opel Motors opens for business in Germany.
    • The Malolos Constitution is ratified in the Province of Bulacan by the Revolutionary Government of the Philippines.
January 21: Opel car.
  • January 22 – The leaders of six Australian colonies meet in Melbourne, to discuss the confederation of Australia as a whole.
  • January 23
  • January 24 – The Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, one of the oldest medical schools in the United States, is founded.
  • January 25 – The city of Ponce, Puerto Rico is saved from disaster by seven firemen and one volunteer civilian who disobey orders and stop "El Polverin", a fire near the U.S. Army's store of explosive artillery. A "Monument to the Heroes of El Poverin" is later erected in their honor.
  • January 26
    • U.S. Representative George Henry White of North Carolina, the only African-American in Congress at this time, delivers his first major speech, speaking out against disenfranchisement of black voters and proposing that the number of representatives from a U.S. state should be based on the number of persons of voting age who actually cast ballots, rather than population.[11]
    • German inventor Karl Ferdinand Braun, who will later share the 1909 Nobel Prize in Physics with Guglielmo Marconi, receives British Patent No. 1899-1862 for his wireless radio invention "Telegraphy without directly connected wire".[12]
  • January 27 – Camille Jenatzy of France becomes the first man to drive an automobile more than 80 kilometers per hour, almost breaking the 50 mph barrier when he reaches an unprecedented speed of 80.35 kilometres per hour (49.93 mph) in his CGA Dogcart racecar. Jenatzy's speed is more than 20% faster than the January 17 mark of 66.65 kilometres per hour (41.41 mph) set by Gaston de Chasseloup-Laubat.
  • January 28
    • At a time when U.S. Senators are elected by the state legislature rather than by ballot, wealthy businessman William A. Clark is elected senator by the Montana state legislature after offering bribes to most of its members. The U.S. Senate refuses to seat him after evidence of the bribery is revealed.[13]
    • The League of Peja, organized by Haxhi Zeka to lobby for a Kosovar Albanian state within the Ottoman Empire, attracts 450 delegates to its first convention, held at the city of Peja, in the modern-day Republic of Kosovo.[14]
  • January 29 – A lawyer for the estate of John W. Keely, an inventor who had persuaded investors in his Keely Motor Company that an automobile could be created that would operate from Keely's "induction resonance motion motor" which had achieved perpetual motion, reveals that the late Mr. Keely's motor has been a fraud, and that the widow knew nothing of it.[15]
  • January 30 – Dimitar Grekov is appointed as Prime Minister of Bulgaria by King Ferdinand I, but removed from office less than 10 months later on October 13.
  • January 31 – Cherokee Nation voters in the Indian Territory (later the U.S. state of Oklahoma) approve a proposition to allot Cherokee lands and to dissolve the Cherokee government, but the U.S. Congress never ratifies the results.

February 1899
  • February 1
  • February 2 – The participants in the Australian Premiers' Conference, held in Melbourne, agree that Australia's capital (Canberra) should be located between Sydney and Melbourne.
  • February 3 – Kansas University's new college basketball team, coached by the game's inventor, Dr. James Naismith, plays its first game, and is defeated by the YMCA team of Kansas City, Kansas, 16 to 5.[19]
  • February 4
  • February 5 – The first major battle of the Philippine–American War concludes with the capture by the U.S. of the San Juan River Bridge that connects Manila and San Juan. U.S. Army General Arthur MacArthur Jr. directs troops of the U.S. Army Eighth Corps to victory over Filipino troops commanded by General Antonio Luna. In the two-day battle, 55 U.S. soldiers and 238 Filipino soldiers are killed.[21]
  • February 6 – A peace treaty between the United States and Spain is ratified by the United States Senate by a vote of 57 to 27 to end the Spanish–American War.
  • February 7 – Elections are held in Greece for the 235 seats of the Hellenic Parliament. Supporters of the late Charilaos Trikoupis win 110 seats, 8 short of a majority, and Trikoupis's successor, Georgios Theotokis forms a government as Prime Minister.
  • February 8 – Protests against the government of Russia breaks out at Saint Petersburg University and mounted police respond violently, causing a riot.[22]
  • February 9 – The Dodge Commission exonerates the U.S. Department of War from responsibility in the United States Army beef scandal, where meatpacking companies supplied low-grade, putrefied beef to American soldiers during the Spanish American War and caused an unquantified number of cases of food poisoning. While War Secretary Russell Alger is not accused of criminal negligence, the Commission implies that he was incompetent and he is later forced to resign.[23]
  • February 10
    • U.S. Army troops, supported by bombardment from the warships Charleston and Monadnock, defeat Filipino forces in the Battle of Caloocan and get control of the Manila to Dagupan railway. Colonel W. S. Metcalfe is later accused by some of his men of having ordered the shooting of Filipino soldiers taken prisoner.[24]
    • Future U.S. President Herbert Hoover and his fiancée Lou Henry, both 24, are married at her parents' home in Monterey, California, and depart the next day for a 14-month stay in China, where Hoover works as a mining engineer.
  • February 11 – The coldest temperature recorded up to this time in the continental United States is set as Fort Logan, Montana, records a low of −61 °F (−52 °C).[25]
  • February 12 – The Great Blizzard of 1899 strikes the east coast of the United States, causing subzero temperatures as far south as southern Florida for two days and destroying the citrus fruit crop that year.
  • February 13
    • Cipriano Castro starts the Restorative Liberal Revolution by leading 60 people from the exile to cross the Colombia–Venezuela border to defeat Ignacio Andrade government.
    • In New York, the White Star ocean liner SS Germanic, already laden with ice and snow during its voyage from Liverpool, becomes even more weighed down after disembarking its passengers when the New York City blizzard strikes. With 3,600,000 pounds (1,600,000 kg) of added weight, the ship begins to list sideways and additional weight enters cargo doors that have been opened for refuelling. Germanic remains on the bottom of New York Harbor for more than a week while salvaging goes on, then requires refurbishing for three months, but becomes operational again.[26]
  • February 14 – Voting machines are approved by the U.S. Congress for use in federal elections.
  • February 15 – The February Manifesto is issued by the Emperor of Russia, decreeing that a veto by the Diet of Finland may be overruled in legislative matters concerning the interest of all Russia, including autonomous Finland. The manifesto is viewed as unconstitutional and a coup d'état by many Finns, who have come to consider their country a separate constitutional state in its own right, in union with the Russian Empire. Furthermore, the manifesto also fails to elaborate the criteria that a law has to meet in order to be considered to concern Russian imperial interests, and not an internal affair of Finland (affairs over which the Diet's authority is supposed have remained unaltered), leaving it to be decided by the autocratic Emperor. This results in Finnish fears that the Diet of Finland may be overruled arbitrarily.
  • February 16
  • February 17 – The research vessel SS Southern Cross, on an Antarctic expedition led by Carsten Borchgrevink, arrives at Cape Adare and begins unloading 90 sledge dogs – the first ever on the continent – and two Norwegian Sámi crewmen, Per Savio and Ole Must, who become the first humans to spend the night in Antarctica. Over the next 12 days, the rest of the 31-man crew bring in supplies and build a temporary settlement.
  • February 18 – The National Assembly of France elects a new President to fill out the remainder of the late President Faure's term. Senate President Émile Loubet wins the vote, 483 to 278, against Prime Minister Jules Méline.[27]
  • February 19 – In Venezuela, the former Minister of War, Major General Ramón Guerra, angry with the reforms of President Ignacio Andrade, proclaims the state of Guárico as an independent territory. President Andrade orders General Augusto Lutowsky to crush the rebellion and Guerra flees to Colombia, but later comes back as Minister of War.[28]
  • February 20 – Discussions among members of a joint Anglo-American commission, set up by U.S. President William McKinley and Canadian Prime Minister Wilfrid Laurier to resolve the Alaska boundary dispute, end abruptly after it is clear that the U.S. will not make any concessions. In response, Laurier makes clear that there will be no further concessions with the U.S. in trade.[29]
  • February 21
    • Gdadebo II, the Alake of Egba in modern-day southeast Nigeria, signs an agreement with the British Governor of Lagos Colony to lease lands for construction of a new railway from Aro to Abeokuta.
    • The British freighter SS Jumna, with the capacity to carry more than 500 people, but shipping a load of coal with minimal crew, is last seen passing Rathlin Island off Northern Ireland. Bound from Scotland to deliver the shipment to Uruguay, it never arrives and is never seen again.[30]
    • The Vicksburg National Military Park is established in Mississippi to preserve the battlefield of the Battle of Vicksburg that was fought in 1863 during the American Civil War.
  • February 22 – Convention Hall, which later hosts two national political conventions, opens in Kansas City, Missouri, with a concert by the band of John Philip Sousa. The building burns down less than 14 months later.
  • February 23 – In France, Paul Déroulède and Jules Guérin of the right-wing Ligue des Patriotes attempt to persuade General Georges-Gabriel de Pellieux to lead a coup d'état during the funeral of the late president Félix Faure in order to overthrow President Loubet. General Pellieux refuses to participate. Later in the year, Déroulède and Guérin are indicted for conspiracy against the government and banished from France.
  • February 24 – The works of Catholic priest and theologian Herman Schell, including the recently published Der Katholicismus als Princip des Fortschritts and Die neue Zeit und der alte Glaubeare placed by the Roman Catholic Church on its Index Librorum Prohibitorum, the list of banned books.
  • February 25 – In an accident at Grove Hill, Harrow, London, England, Edwin Sewell becomes the world's first driver of a petrol-driven vehicle to be killed; his passenger, Maj. James Richer, dies of injuries three days later.[31]
  • February 26 – Dezső Bánffy resigns as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Hungary, at this time a partner in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and is succeeded by Kálmán Széll.
  • February 27 – Japanese immigration to South America, primarily the nation of Peru, begins as the ship Sakura Maru departs from Yokohama with 790 men employed by the Morioka-shokai Sugar Company. The group arrives in Callao on April 3.[32]
  • February 28 – U.S. President William McKinley approves a law increasing the pension to American Civil War veterans, both Union and Confederate, to $25.00 per month.[33]

March 1899
  • March 1 – In Afghanistan, Capt. George Roos-Keppel makes a sudden attack on a predatory band of Chamkannis that have been raiding in the Kurram Valley, and captures 100 prisoners with 3,000 head of cattle.
  • March 2 – Mount Rainier National Park is established in the U.S. state of Washington.
  • March 3 – Guglielmo Marconi conducts radio beacon experiments on Salisbury Plain in England and notices that radio waves are being reflected back to the transmitter by objects they encounter, one of the early steps in the potential for developing radar.[34]
  • March 4 – Cyclone Mahina strikes Bathurst Bay, Queensland. A 12 meter high wave reaches up to 5 km inland, leaving over 400 dead (the deadliest natural disaster in Australia's history).
  • March 5 – George B. Selden sells the rights to his patent for an internal combustion engine to the Electric Vehicle Company, and he and the company then claim a royalty on all automobiles using such an engine.[35]
March 6: Aspirin.

April 1899

May 1899
  • May 1 – U.S. Navy Admiral George Dewey reports that 10 officers and crew of the ship USS Yorktown have been taken prisoner by the Philippine republic.[47]
  • May 2 – The Kingdom of Siam (modern-day Thailand) cedes its province of Luang Prabang (now Laos) to France.[47]
  • May 3
  • May 4
    • The thoroughbred horse Manuel, ridden by Fred Taral, wins the 25th running of the Kentucky Derby.
    • Inventor John Matthias Stroh applies for the patent for his new invention, the "Stroh violin", a stringed musical instrument with an amplifying horn attached. British Patent No. GB9418 is granted on March 24, 1900.
  • May 5 – The village of Stirling, Alberta is founded in Canada as a Mormon colony of 30 American settlers from Richfield, Utah, led by Theodore Brandley
  • May 6 – The first democratic elections in Philippine history are held in for a municipal government for Baliuag in the province of Bulacan.
  • May 7 – The capital of the First Philippine Republic is moved by President Emilio Aguinaldo from Manolos to Angeles City
  • May 8 – In the French West African colony of Niger, French Army Captain Paul Voulet carries out the massacre of the Hausa inhabitants of the village of Birni-N'Konni in retaliation for the continued resistance of Queen Sarraounia.
  • May 9 – The first KNVB Cup of the Royal Dutch Football Association is won by RAP Amsterdam in extra time, 1 to 0, over HVV Den Haag.
  • May 10 – Finnish farmworker Karl Emil Malmelin kills seven people with an axe at the Simola croft in the village of Klaukkala.[48][49]
  • May 11 – Alberto Santos-Dumont attempts the first test flight of his Airship No. 2, but rain cools the hydrogen during the ship's inflation and a gust of wind blows it into nearby trees, where it is destroyed.[50]
  • May 12 – The first trade union for railway employees in Sweden, the Svenska Järnvägsmannaförbundet (Sweden Railworkers' League) is founded. It lasts until 1970, when it merges into a labor union of Swedish government employees.
  • May 13
  • May 14 – The three time world champion Club Nacional de Football is founded in Montevideo, Uruguay.
  • May 15 – A clue to the fate of the British freighter Pelican, which disappeared in October 1897 along with 40 crew, is found in a message in a bottle that washes ashore at Portage Bay, Alaska.
  • May 16
    • British troops in the leased Chinese territory of Hong Kong take control of the city of Kowloon.[47]
    • The last Spaniards remaining in the Philippine Islands, after the cession to the U.S., depart from the island of Basilan.
  • May 17 – In the Philippines, U.S. Army troops capture the city of San Isidro, Nueva Ecija, where Philippine Republic president Aguinaldo had moved his capital, but find that the insurgents have already left.
  • May 18 – The First Hague Peace Conference, initiated by Emperor Nicholas II of Russia, is opened in The Hague by Willem de Beaufort, Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands.
  • May 19 – The U.S. Army captures Tawi-Tawi, the southernmost island in the Philippines.[51]
  • May 20 – In New York City:
    • Jacob German, a cab driver, becomes the first motor vehicle operator in the U.S. to be arrested for speeding when he is caught driving his electric taxi 12 miles per hour (19 km/h), more than twice the speed limit on Lexington Avenue.[52]
    • The American Physical Society is founded at a meeting at Columbia University by 36 physicists, with a mission ""to advance and diffuse the knowledge of physics."
  • May 21
    • The crew of the Royal Navy ship HMS Narcissus sights a large sea creature estimated to be 150 feet (46 m) long in the Mediterranean Sea near Algeria and reports that it propels itself by means of "an immense number of fins", as well as being able to spout water from several points on its body. The creature is not seen again after the lone encounter.[53]
    • The town of Porosow in Poland (modern-day Porazava in Belarus) is destroyed by fire.[51]
  • May 22 – The unrecognized República Selvática – the "Jungle Republic" – is proclaimed by Peruvian Army Colonel Emilio Vizcarra in three provinces in Northern Peru located within the Amazon rainforest, Loreto, San Martín and Ucayali.[54] The "republic" is reincorporated into Peru after Vizcarra's death on February 27, 1900.
  • May 23 – Major General Henry W. Lawton and his troops arrive in Manolos, capital of the First Philippine Republic, after a 120-mile march in 20 days that has captured 28 towns with a loss of only six men.[51]
  • May 24
  • May 25
    • Pope Leo XIII issues the encyclical Annum sacrum, declaring 1900 to be a Holy Year and directing Roman Catholic churches worldwide to carry out the consecration of all human beings to the Sacred Heart of Jesus.
    • A fire in the Canadian city of Saint John, New Brunswick, destroys 150 buildings and renders over 1,000 people homeless.[51]
  • May 26 – The guns of the British warship HMS Scylla, commanded by Captain Percy Scott, hit their targets 56 out of 70 times after Percy and his crew solve the problem of aiming a ship cannon on rolling seas.[55]
  • May 27
  • May 28 – General Vicente Álvarez forms the short-lived Republic of Zamboanga in the Philippines on a peninsula on the island of Mindanao. The nation exists until 1903 when it is consolidated by the U.S. to the rest of the Philippine territory.
  • May 29 – The Spanish system of courts in the Philippines, closed since the American occupation began, is revived under U.S. sovereignty and regulation.[51]
  • May 30 – Female outlaw Pearl Hart robs a stage coach 30 miles (48 km) southeast of Globe, Arizona.
  • May 31

June 1899

July 1899
  • July 1
  • July 2 – Pope Leo XIII venerates four missionaries who were executed in Asia as martyrs of the Roman Catholic Church. Jean-Charles Cornay will be canonized as a saint in 1988, while Paul Liu Hanzuo, Peter Lieou and Louis Gabriel Taurin Dufresse will be canonized 100 years after their veneration by Pope John Paul II on October 1, 2000.
  • July 3 – Swiss-born American boxer Frank Erne wins the world lightweight championship by defeating champion George "Kid" Lavigne in a decision after 20 rounds in Buffalo, New York.
  • July 4 – The most famous skeleton of a dinosaur ever found intact, a Diplodicus, is discovered at the Sheep Creek Quarry in the western United States near Medicine Bow, Wyoming. The expedition team, financed by Andrew Carnegie for the Carnegie Museum of Natural History in Pittsburgh and led by William Harlow Reed, bestows the name "Dippy" on the Diplodicus carnegii, which becomes well known after Carnegie has plaster cast replicas made for donation to museums all over the world. The diplodicus dinosaurs are estimated to have roamed in North America more than 152,000,000 years ago.[70]
  • July 5
    • In Chicago, the first juvenile court in the United States, the Cook County Circuit Court Juvenile Justice Division, hears its first cases with R. S. Tuthill as its judge.[71]
    • The 1895 Trade and Navigation agreement between the Japanese and Russian empires goes into effect, with each country was given "a full freedom of ship and cargo entrance to all places, ports, and rivers on the other country's territory."[72]
  • July 6 – An assassin attempts to kill Milan Obrenović, who had been King of Serbia before abdicating in 1889, and had more recently been appointed by his son, King Alexander, as Commander-in-chief of the Serbian Army. General Obrenović is uninjured, but begins a campaign to seek out and arrest the radicals in Serbia.
  • July 7 – The Great Lakes Towing Company (GLT), later part of The Great Lakes Group, is incorporated by John D. Rockefeller and William G. Mather to acquire more than 150 tugboats to control shipping in four of the North American Great Lakes (Lake Huron, Lake Michigan, Lake Erie and Lake Superior) and quickly builds a monopoly on Great Lakes traffic.
  • July 8 – The Lorelei Fountain, sculpted by Ernst Herter from white marble, is unveiled in The Bronx in New York City across from the Bronx County Courthouse.
  • July 9 – The Latin American Plenary Council, called by Pope Leo XIII on December 25 for the Roman Catholic bishops of lands in Central America and South America to address the question of "how to guard the interests of the Latin race", closes in Rome after six weeks. The bishops agree that Catholics should not "to celebrate with heretics" (specifically, non-Catholics) in religious ceremonies or to attend heretic church services, on pain of excommunication; that every republic in Latin America should have "a truly Catholic University" for education in the "sciences, literature and the good arts"; that missionary work to the Indian populations is "the grave duty of the ecclesiastical as well as civil authority to carry civilization to the tribes that remain faithless"; and that priests should be encouraged to study at the Pius Latin American Seminary in Rome.[73]
  • July 10
    • British colonial authorities in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan give control of the Red Sea port of Suakin to Sudan, after having agreed on January 19 that Egypt would have the right to administer commerce there.
    • The Allegan meteorite, a 50 lb (23 kg) H chondrite crashes to Earth and lands in southwestern Michigan's Allegan County in the U.S.
  • July 11 – In Turin in Italy, Giovanni Agnelli and eight investors form the Italian automobile manufacturer F.I.A.T. (Fabbrica Italiana Automobili Torino, the Italian Automobile Manufacturers of Turin), producers of the Fiat motor vehicles.
  • July 12 – The British freight ship City of York sinks after striking reefs at Rottnest Island, off the coast of Western Australia, due to a misunderstanding of signal flare fired from the island's lighthouse. The ship, which was nearing the end of a 90-day voyage from the U.S. (San Francisco) to Fremantle, Western Australia, evacuates its 26 crew in two lifeboats, but one of the boats overturns and 11 men, including Captain Phillip Jones, drown.
  • July 13 – A tornado kills 13 people in the U.S. village of Herman, Nebraska.
  • July 14 – The first Republic of Acre is declared by former Spanish journalist Luis Gálvez Rodríguez de Arias in the Amazon jungle in South America, and lasts for nine months.
  • July 15
    • Japan's first comprehensive copyright law takes effect and, on the same day, Japan agrees to join the Berne Convention on respect of copyright laws of other nations.
    • General Emilio Aguinaldo, who has commanded the Filipino resistance against the Spanish government, informs the U.S. Army General Thomas M. Anderson that he intends to assume authority for the Philippine Islands in areas conquered by the Filipinos from the Spaniards.[74]
  • July 16 – The first soccer football game in El Salvador between two organized teams takes place at the Campo Marte field in Santa Ana, where a local team hosts a team of players from San Salvador. The Santa Ana team wins, 2 to 0.[75]
  • July 17
    • NEC Corporation is organized as the first Japanese joint venture with foreign capital.
    • In the Battle of Togbao, the French Bretonnet–Braun mission is destroyed, in the North African kingdom of Chad, by the warlord Rabih az-Zubayr.
    • The Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation takes effect, ending extraterritoriality and the unequal status of Japan in foreign commerce.[76]
  • July 18 – The patent for the first sofa bed (a foldable bed frame that can be stored under the cushions of a couch) is taken out by African-American inventor Leonard C. Bailey. He receives U.S. Patent No. 629,286 on June 2, 1900.
  • July 19 – U.S. Secretary of War Russell A. Alger submits his resignation at the request of U.S. President McKinley, following public outrage over the United States Army beef scandal, in which the War Department purchased tainted beef for soldiers during the Spanish-American War.
  • July 20
    • A white lynch mob in Tallulah, Louisiana carries out the killing of five white Italian shopkeepers from Sicily who have opened stores in the town to sell produce and meat, after accusations that the Sicilians were driving the American stores out of business. None of the suspects in the lynching are prosecuted.[77]
    • Park Row Building in New York City is completed and becomes the world's tallest building, a title it holds until 1908.
  • July 21 – The Newsboys' strike takes place, when the Newsies of New York go on strike (until August 2).[78]
  • July 22 – The torture and lynching of Frank Embree takes place in the town of Fayette, Missouri, after Embree, a black 19-year-old man, is accused by a mob of raping a white 14-year-old girl. Shortly after Embree has received 100 lashes from a whip, a photographer takes Embree's photo, followed by another one after Embree's hanging.[79]
  • July 23 – The U.S. capital of Washington, D.C. retires its short-lived cable car system, the day after Columbia Railway Company converts exclusively to electric powered cars
  • July 24 – In the first trade treaty signed by the U.S. after the passage of the Dingley Act, which authorizes the U.S. President to negotiate reductions of tariffs up to 20% if the other side does the same, France and the United States sign an agreement for a 20% reduction of France's existing tariffs on 635 of 654 specific items, in return for the U.S. reduction between 5% and 20% of duty fees on 126 items.[80]
  • July 25 – France's Minister of War levies out punishments against officers who participated in the Dreyfus affair, removing General Georges-Gabriel de Pellieux from his duties as Military Governor of Paris, and removing General Oscar de Négrier from the War Council.[81]
  • July 26 – The President of the Dominican Republic, dictator Ulises Heureaux, is assassinated during a visit to the city of Moca. Vice President Wenceslao Figuereo succeeds to the office.[78]
  • July 27 – Gold is discovered in Nome, Alaska, leading to the Nome Gold Rush.[82]
  • July 28 – The All Cubans, a team of professional baseball players from Cuba, begins a barnstorming tour of the U.S. with games against white and black teams, starting with a 12-4 win over a local team at Weehawken, New Jersey
  • July 29 – The first international Peace Conference ends, with the signing of the First Hague Convention.
  • July 30 – The Harriman Alaska Expedition ends successfully.
  • July 31 – Duke of York Island, off Antarctica, is discovered by explorer Carsten Borchgrevink and the British Southern Cross Expedition.[83]

August 1899
  • August 1 – A hurricane destroys all but nine homes in the small U.S. town of Carrabelle, Florida
  • August 2 – The first attack on an offshore oil installation in the United States takes place off the coast of Santa Barbara, California near Montecito, when a mob of outraged citizens demolishes an oil rig.[84]
  • August 3 – The John Marshall Law School is founded in Chicago.
  • August 4 – Japan rescinds its policy of extraterritoriality privileges to western nations that had operated consular courts to try cases against western nationals under western law.[85] The British Court for Japan closes at the end of the year.
  • August 5 – Automotive mechanic Henry Ford, with the help of 12 investors, incorporates the Detroit Automobile Company. While the company will fail after 17 months, it establishes Detroit, Michigan, as the site for U.S. car manufacturing and the mistakes learned help Ford have more success with the Ford Motor Company.[86]
  • August 6 – Near Stratford, Connecticut, 36 people are killed when a trolley falls off of a trestle and lands upside down in a pond 40 feet below.[87] On the same day, the collapse of a ferry dock in Mount Desert Island, Maine, drowns 20-people.
  • August 7
  • August 8 – The San Ciriaco hurricane strikes Puerto Rico, recently annexed by the United States, and leaves 250,000 people homeless.[89] The official death toll is later listed as 3,369 people.[90]
  • August 9 – The Seats for Shop Assistants Act 1899 is given royal assent in the United Kingdom, providing, for the first time, a respite for workers required to remain standing for long periods of time.
  • August 10 – Marshall "Major" Taylor wins the world 1-mile (1.6 km) professional cycling championship in Montreal, securing his place as the first African American world champion in any sport.[91]
  • August 11 – The "Black Heavyweight Championship" of boxing is won by Frank Childs in a six-round win over Klondike Haynes.
  • August 12 – South African Republic General Jan Smuts makes a final initiative to avert the outbreak of what will become the Second Boer War with Britain, meeting in Pretoria with the British charge d'affaires, Conyngham Greene.[92]
  • August 13 – The battle for the Philippine city of Angeles begins when the U.S. Army's VIII Corps, led by Major General Arthur MacArthur Jr., fights Philippine forces led by Brigadier General Maximino Hizon. The U.S. captures the area, the future site of Clark Air Force Base, by August 16.[93]
  • August 14 – French attorney Fernand Labori is wounded in an assassination attempt while serving as the defense lawyer for in the retrial of Captain Alfred Dreyfus.
  • August 16
  • August 17
  • August 18
  • August 19 – A bill to construct the proposed Dortmund-Rhine Canal in Germany, supported by Kaiser Wilhelm II, failed overwhelmingly in the lower house of parliament, with 225 against and only 147 in favor.[99]
  • August 20 – The Kiram–Bates Treaty is signed in the Philippines by Jamalul Kiram II, Sultan of Sulu, and U.S. Army Brigadier General John C. Bates, with U.S. forces recognizing the autonomy of local governments in the Sulu Archipelago (within the Mindanao island group) in return for the Sultan's assistance in suppressing attacks on U.S. forces.
  • August 21 – Sir Edmund Antrobus, owner of the land on Salisbury Plain upon which Stonehenge stands in England, offers to sell the land to the British government for £125,000.[100] After Sir Edmund's death in 1915, his brother Cosmo will have the land auctioned for £6,600.[101][102]
  • August 22 – The earliest major motorcycle race in the U.S. takes place at the Harford Avenue Colosseum in Baltimore, Maryland, with three teams of motor-powered tandem bicycles competing. The team of Henri Fournier and Charles Henshaw wins the race.[103]
  • August 23
    • In Darien, Georgia, the "Delegal riot" takes place when hundreds of armed African-American residents surround the McIntosh County Jail to prevent the transfer of Henry Delegal, a black man charged with rape, to prevent the possibility of Delegal being lynched.[104] The Georgia State militia is sent in to disband the rioters (21 of whom are convicted of inciting a riot) and to oversee Delegal's safe transfer. Delegal is later acquitted of the rape charge.[105][106][107]
    • The first ship-to-shore test of a wireless radio transmission is made from the U.S. lightship LV 70 with the sending of Morse code signals to a receiving station near San Francisco. The tests are made over 17 days with the ship also sending carrier pigeons to carry the message transmitted in order to verify the accuracy of the transmission.[108]
  • August 24 – France's Minister of Commerce, Alexandre Millerand, decrees a change in regulations to extend the right to workers' compensation to cover all profit-making establishments.[109]
  • August 25 – Two convicted murderers, Cyrus A. Brown and Matthew Craig, become the first white men to be legally executed in the modern-day U.S. state of Oklahoma. The two are hanged together at Muskogee in the Creek Nation section of the U.S. Indian Territory.[110]
  • August 27 – U.S. engineers, aided by local Sudanese workers, complete the installation of the prefabricated Atbara railroad bridge over the Nile River near Khartoum after outbidding British construction companies, marking a turning point in British leadership worldwide in construction. Lord Kitchener, commander of the British Army force in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, remarks at the ceremony, "... as Englishmen failed, I am delighted that our cousins across the Atlantic stepped in. This bridge is due to their energy, ability and power to turn out work of magnitude in less time than anybody else. I congratulate the Americans on their success in the erection of a bridge in the heart to Africa."[111]
  • August 28 – At least 512 people are killed when a debris hill from the Sumitomo Besshi copper mine at Niihama, Shikoku, Japan, collapses after heavy rain; 122 houses, a smelting factory, hospital and many other facilities are destroyed.[112]
  • August 29 – General Juan Isidro Jimenes, whose ship had stopped in Cuba while he was on his way to Santo Domingo to become the new President of the Dominican Republic, is arrested by order of U.S. Military Governor Leonard Wood after coming ashore at Santiago de Cuba.[113] Jimenes would soon be released and would become the President on November 15, 1899.
  • August 30 – After taking over the second-largest city in the Dominican Republic, Santiago de los Caballeros, revolutionists proclaim Horacio Vásquez as the Central American nation's President in rebel-controlled territory. At the same time in the capital at Santo Domingo, President Wenceslao Figuereo steps down after only five weeks in office and prepares to leave the city as the rebels approach.[114]
  • August 31 – The Olympique de Marseille association football club is founded in France.[115]

September 1899
  • September 1 – The Nationaltheatret, Norway's national theater, is inaugurated
  • September 2 – In the Battle of Karari at Sudan between the British Army, led by Lord Kitchener, and Sudanese troops commanded by the Mahdi Khalifa Abdullah, 11,000 Sudanese are killed and 1,600 wounded.[116]
  • September 3 – An 8.2 magnitude earthquake shakes the area around Yakutat Bay in Alaska.
  • September 4 – Thomas B. Reed, Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives, resigns his seat in Congress and the Speaker's office in protest over U.S. President McKinley's support of war with Spain.
  • September 5
    • The first labor and management agreement in Denmark is reached between the Danish Federation of Trade Unions and the Danish Employers' Confederation.[117]
    • General Horacio Vasquez, leader of a revolution against the Dominican Republic's President Wenceslao Figuereo, arrives at the capital, Santo Domingo and forms a provisional government.
  • September 7 – The first parade of automobiles in U.S. history takes place at Newport, Rhode Island.[118]
  • September 8 – Eduardo López de Romaña is inaugurated as the President of Peru.[102]
  • September 9 – In the retrial of his court-martial, French Army Captain Alfred Dreyfus is again found guilty of treason and sentenced to serve the remaining 10 years of his prison sentence on Devils Island.[102]
  • September 10 – A week after an 8.2 magnitude quake strikes Alaska, a stronger, 8.5 magnitude earthquake shakes Yakutat Bay.
  • September 11 – Northern Arizona University is founded in Flagstaff in the Arizona Territory of the United States, as Northern Arizona Normal School, with 23 students and two professors. More than a century later, the university will have almost 30,000 students and 1,100 full time faculty.
  • September 12 – American boxer Terry McGovern wins the world bantamweight title by knocking out British boxer Pedlar Palmer in the first round at the Westchester Athletic Club in New York.
  • September 13
    • Halford Mackinder, Cesar Ollier and Josef Brocherel make the first ascent of Batian, at (5,199 m or 17,057 ft), the highest peak of Mount Kenya.[119]
    • The French Army invades the Sultanate of Zinder in Niger and kills the ruler, Amadou Kouran Daga.[120]
  • September 14
    • General Cipriano Castro defeats the Venezuelan Army at the battle of Tocuyito and prepares to march to Caracas to overthrow President Ignacio Andrade.
    • Real estate agent Henry Bliss is struck by an electric-powered taxicab and fatally injured after stepping off of a trolley at the intersection of West 74th Street and Central Park West in New York City, becoming the first person in the U.S. to killed by an automobile.
  • September 15 – Preparing for an attack on Britain's Cape Colony in South Africa from the neighboring Transvaal Republic, British Army Colonel Robert Baden-Powell arrives at the border town of Mafeking and begins recruiting volunteers and stockpiling munitions to prepare for an attack and siege.[121]
  • September 16 – In the second annual 1899 VFL Grand Final championship game of the Victorian Football League, defending champ Fitzroy narrowly retains the title over South Melbourne, 27 to 26.
  • September 17 – The strange career of Australian bandit John Francis Peggotty, a diminutive holdup man said to have ridden on an ostrich, ends in the town of Meningie, South Australia when Peggotty's intended victim shoots both the bandit and the ostrich. The body of the ostrich is found, but Peggotty is never seen again.[122]
  • September 18
  • September 19
  • September 21
    • A special session of the Orange Free State's parliament, the Volksraad, meets at Bloemfontein in South Africa to discuss war with the British Empire. At the same time, three British transports depart from Bombay in India with troops to the Cape Colony in South Africa.[124]
    • The Dominion Line steamer Scotsman sinks in the Strait of Belle Isle in Canada, killing 15 women and children.
  • September 22
    • Elections are held in Sweden for the 230-seats of the Riksdag (formerly 182 seats). The Lantmanna Party retains majority control.[124]
    • Following a court-martial in Spain, Admiral Patricio Montojo, who had surrendered the Philippines to U.S. Admiral George Dewey to end the Spanish–American War, is relieved of all commands and placed on the reserve list.[124]
  • September 23 – Austria's Chancellor, Prince Franz von Thun, and his cabinet of ministers all resign.[124]
  • September 24 – A crowd of several thousand men in London disrupts an anti-war demonstration in Trafalgar Square and shouts down the Peace Association speakers as well as hurling "decayed apples and eggs and other missiles."[125]
  • September 25 – A Serbian court sentences 30 people convicted for conspiracy to attempt to assassinate the former King Milan, with the two main leaders being sentenced to death and 10 others getting 20 year prison sentences.[124]
  • September 26 – General Manuel Guzman Alvarez of the Venezuelan state of Sucre joins with General Cipriano Castro in a revolt against the Venezuelan government.[124]
  • September 27 – Former U.S. President Benjamin Harrison concludes his special assignment of arguing in favor of Britain before the Anglo-Venezuelan arbitration tribunal.[124]
  • September 28
  • September 29 – The Veterans of Foreign Wars (VFW) is founded in the U.S. by Spanish–American War veteran James C. Putnam as the American Veterans of Foreign Service.[126]
  • September 30
    • The 1899 Ceram earthquake kills 3,864 people on Seram Island (part of the modern-day Maluku province of Indonesia) through a tsunami after a 7.8 magnitude earthquake strikes at 1:42 in the morning local time. According to a subsequent investigation, the villages of Paulohy-Samasuru and Mani, with a combined population of 2,400 people, are swept away by a 29 foot (8.8 m) wave.[127]
    • In Milwaukee, minor league baseball executive Harry Quinn announces an 8-team rival to baseball's 12-team National League, the "American Baseball Association" with an eastern division (New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore and Washington) and a western division (Chicago, St. Louis, Milwaukee and Detroit).[128]

October 1899
  • October 1
    • Possession of the Mariana Islands in the South Pacific Ocean is formally transferred from Spain to Germany, which purchased the archipelago (with the exception of Guam) from Spain for 837,500 German gold marks (equivalent at this time to $4,100,000) and become part of German New Guinea until the end of World War One.[129]
    • Felipe Agoncillo, dispatched by the Philippine Revolutionary government to lobby for independence, meets in Washington with U.S. President McKinley and his attempt to be part of peace talks between the United States and Spain is rejected.[130]
  • October 2 – The Serbian government ends the state of siege in Belgrade that followed the attempted assassination of Serbia's former King Milan.[124]
  • October 3 – The boundary dispute between Venezuela and British Guiana (modern-day Guyana) is resolved by a binding award from the International Tribunal of Arbitration of five neutral jurists agreed upon by the United Kingdom and the United Venezuelan States.[131]
  • October 4 – The South African Republic issues an order to "all White inhabitants" within its protectorate, the Kingdom of Swaziland, to evacuate the area, with the exception of property owners eligible for active military service. British subjects inside Swaziland are evicted and escorted to the border with the Portuguese East African colony of Mozambique.
  • October 5 – The 7,000 Zulu mineworkers in the Witwatersrand of the South African Republic are assembled by mine recruiter John Sidney Marwick at Johannesburg so that they can be transported home before war breaks out with Britain.[132]
  • October 6 – The War Office of the UK alerts the administrators of the 79,000-man British Army Reserve to prepare for drafting of soldiers in preparation for war in South Africa.[133]
  • October 7 – U.S. President William McKinley, Canada's Prime Minister Wilfrid Laurier and Mexico's Foreign Minister Ignacio Mariscal are hosted at the U.S. city of Chicago for its Autumn Festival.[134]
  • October 8 – The South African Republic (ZAR) telegraphs a three-day ultimatum to the U.K., demanding an arbitration of issues and a pullback of troops from the borders between the ZAR and the adjoining Cape Colony, Natal and Bechuanaland by October 11.[135]
  • October 9 – The Hanover Congress of the Social Democratic Party of Germany begins in Hanover and lasts until October 14.
  • October 10 – The French Sudan in west Africa is divided into two smaller administrative units, Middle Niger (which later becomes the nations of Niger and Gambia) and Upper Senegal (which becomes the nations of Senegal and Mali)
  • October 11 – In South Africa, the Second Boer War between the United Kingdom and the Boers of the Transvaal and Orange Free State begins as the Boers invade the British colony of Natal.
  • October 12 – The Sultan of Turkey issues a decree promising reforms to the persecution of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire.[124]
  • October 13 – The Second Boer War extends into the British Bechuanaland Protectorate (modern-day Botswana) as the siege of Mafeking begins.
  • October 14 – The Boer invasion of the Cape Colony begins with the siege of Kimberley.
  • October 15 – French Army officer Ferdinand de Béhagle is put to death by Sudanese warlord Rabih az-Zubayr, prompting a French expedition to be led against Rabih.
  • October 16 – A Chinese Honeymoon, the first musical to run for more than 1,000 performances, is performed for the first time, making its debut at the Theatre Royal in Hanley, Staffordshire before moving to London.
  • October 17 – The Thousand Days' War (La Guerra de los Mil Días) begins in the South American nation in Colombia as Colombian Liberal Party soldiers led by General Rafael Uribe Uribe, with the support of aid from Venezuela, begin a fight against the government of National Party president Manuel Antonio Sanclemente. The war will continue for 1,130 days until November 21, 1902.
  • October 18 – The Boxer Rebellion begins in China as the Battle of Senluo Temple is fought in China's Shandong province between more than 4,000 Imperial Chinese Army troops and at least 1,000 rebels from the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists.[136]
  • October 19
    • In Worcester, Massachusetts, 17-year-old Robert H. Goddard receives his inspiration to develop the first rocket capable of reaching outer space, after viewing his yard from high in a tree and imagining "how wonderful it would be to make some device which had even the possibility of ascending to Mars, and how it would look on a small scale, if sent up from the meadow at my feet."[137]
    • Boer troops commanded by Johannes Kock capture the railway station in the British Natal colony town of Elandslaagte and cut the telegraph line between the British Army headquarters at Ladysmith and the British station at Dundee.
  • October 20 – In the first major clash of the Second Boer War, the Battle of Talana Hill (near Dundee, Natal), the British Army drives the Boers from a hilltop position, but with heavy casualties, including their commanding general Sir Penn Symons.
  • October 21 – The Battle of Elandslaagte is fought in Britain's Natal colony as the British Army recaptures the railway station from Boers, then proceeds toward the fortress of Ladysmith. South African General Jan Kock is fatally wounded in the battle and dies 10 later while imprisoned at Ladysmith.[138]
  • October 22 – In Spain, an advertisement runs in the sports magazine Los Deportes, paid for by Swiss immigrant Hans Gamper, announces that Gamper is seeking to create a soccer football team for Barcelona.[139] The organizational meeting takes place at the Sociedad Los Deportes on November 29, attracting 11 players who form Futbol Club Barcelona.
  • October 23
  • October 24
    • The sinking of the ship Cisneros by the Colombian Navy warship Hércules drowns more than 200 Liberal rebels during the Battle of Magdalena River in northern Colombia.[140]
    • President Steyn of the South African Republic proclaims the annexation of the northern portion of the Cape Colony above the Vaal River.[138]
  • October 25
  • October 26
    • Indirect fire, a shooting technique based on calculating azimuth and inclination to aim a weapon at an enemy that cannot be hit by direct fire, is used for the first time in battle.[141] British gunners in the Second Boer War, using the techniques developed by Russian Lieutenant Colonel K. G. Guk, fire a cannon on a high trajectory toward the Boer Army, with the objective of having the shell coming down on the enemy.
    • Voting takes place in Switzerland for the 147-member National Council.
    • The foundering of the British steamer Zurich off of the coast of Norway kills 16 of the 17 crew aboard, with only the captain surviving.[138]
  • October 27 – Louise Masset, an unmarried mother, murders her 3-year old son in a bathroom at the Dalston Junction railway station in London. She will be found guilty on December 18 and hanged at Newgate Prison three weeks later on January 9.[142]
  • October 28 – The Swaziland Commando unit of the South African Republic Army, with 200 burghers, attacks and burns the British police post at Kwaliweni during the Second Boer War. Warned by Swaziland's King Ngwane V, the 20 policemen are able to evacuate the post office and flee to Ingwavuma, which the Commandos attack next.[143]
  • October 29 – The Battle of Kouno ends after two days in French Equatorial Africa at the village of Kouno, near Fort-Archambault in what is now Chad, as French Army Captain Émile Gentil leads a force of 344 troops against a much larger force of 2,700 Sudanese Arabs, led by the warlord Rabih az-Zubayr. Gentil routs the Sudanese, but at the cost of 46 deaths and more than 100 wounded.[144]
  • October 30 – In a key engagement in the Second Boer War, the Battle of Ladysmith begins as British troops at the Ladysmith fort in the colony of Natal attempt to make a preemptive strike against a larger force of South African Republic and Orange Free State troops that is gradually surrounding the fort. After sustaining 400 casualties and having 800 men captured, the British retreat back to the fort where a 118-day siege begins on November 2.
  • October 31 – The House of Commons of the United Kingdom unveils the statue of Oliver Cromwell, commissioned in honor of the former Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland.

November 1899
Moscow Art Theatre production of Uncle Vanya
  • November 8 – The New York Zoological Society opens the Bronx Zoological Park to the public in New York City.
  • November 9
    • The first British transport of supplemental troops arrives at Cape Town to enter the Second Boer War against the South African Republic.[138]
    • The Boer attack on Ladysmith is repulsed by British artillery, with the Boers sustaining 800 killed and wounded.[138]
  • November 10 – At the age of 20, Sir Ranbir Singh is invested with full ruling powers over the princely state of Jind in British India, after having ascended the throne as Maharaja of Jind on March 7, 1877, at the age of 8.[149]
  • November 11 – The Battle of San Jacinto is fought in the Philippines, with the U.S. 33rd Volunteer Infantry forcing Philippine Army General Manuel Tinio's troops to retreat. The battle demonstrates the limitations to the heavy, wheel-mounted Gatling gun, in uneven territory.
  • November 12
    • Philippine Federation President Emilio Aguinaldo abolishes the federal government system in the Philippines as the U.S. Army makes further incursions into Filipino-controlled territory, and moves his capital to Bayambang.
    • The city of Puerto Cabello in Venezuela surrenders to General Cipriano Castro after heavy fighting.[138]
  • November 13
    • Philippine President Aguinaldo dissolves the remains of the Filipino regular army and moves to a strategy of guerrilla warfare against the U.S. occupational forces.[150]
    • China's Hunan province opens to foreign trade for the first time.[138]
    • In Colombia's Thousand Days' War, the Battle of Bucaramanga ends with a victory over the Colombian Army against an attack by Liberal Party rebels, who suffer 1,000 killed and 500 wounded.[151]
  • November 14 – The first aerial crossing of the Mediterranean Sea is made by Louis Capazza and Alphonse Fondère in Capazza's balloon Gabizos. The group departs Marseilles in France at 4:30 in the morning and arrives at 11:00 a.m. on the island of Corsica.
  • November 15 – The American Line's SS St. Paul becomes the first ocean liner to report her imminent arrival by wireless telegraphy, when Marconi's station at The Needles contacts her 66 nautical miles (122 km) off the coast of England.
  • November 16 – A British Army train carrying troops is wrecked in South Africa near Estcourt by the Boers, and 56 men are taken prisoner, including war correspondent Winston Churchill.[138]
  • November 17 – "Naval Station, Honolulu" is established by the U.S. Department of the Navy with 85 acres (34 ha) on the island of Oahu in the recently annexed Territory of Hawaii. With construction and dredging over the next 12 years, the strategic base is later named for its location on Pearl Harbor.
  • November 18 – On the final game of its season, the Harvard University college football team, having a record of 10 wins (nine by shutout) and no defeats, hosts its rival, Yale University (7-1-0) and plays to a scoreless tie before 35,000 fans. Although Harvard's 1899 streak of defeating every opponent is ended by the tie, the Crimson team will be selected retroactively (and recognized by the NCAA Record Book) as the 1899 mythical national champion by the Helms Athletic Foundation.
  • November 19 – In the Second Boer War, the Boers redeploy 4,000 of the 8,000 troops assigned to the Siege of Mafeking, because of the heavy resistance by the British defenders.
  • November 20
    • Aston Villa F.C. and the Orange Free State national soccer football team play a friendly match despite the ongoing Second Boer War between the United Kingdom and the Orange Free State. The Orange Free State had been touring Britain at the time that the War broke out. Aston Villa wins, 7 to 4.[152]
    • Germany's Kaiser Wilhelm II and his family arrive in London at the invitation of Queen Victoria's government and are greeted by cheering crowds.[153]
    • British Lieutenant-General John French arrives at the Colesberg in the Cape Colony front to coordinate the defense of the British colonies in South Africa against the Boer attack and conducts a series of distracting maneuvers that succeed in preventing the South African Republic from attempting an invasion of the Cape Colony.[154]
  • November 21 – The Boers cut off all telegraph lines and seize the railway connecting Estcourt to the rest of the Cape Colony.[155]
  • November 22 – American serial killer Martin Stickles kills his first random victim, shooting a former neighbor, William B. Shanklin, then burning down Shanklin's house.
  • November 23 – The U.S. Department of the Post Office applies the same charges for mail from Puerto Rico, the Philippines and Guam as are used in the other 46 U.S. states.[155]
  • November 24 – Eleonora de Cisneros, the first American-trained opera singer in the U.S., makes her debut for the Metropolitan Opera company, appearing as Rossweisse at the Met's production of Wagner's Die Walküre in Chicago.[156]
  • November 25 – The Battle of Umm Diwaykarat, a decisive British and Egyptian victory ends the Mahdist War in the Sudan, as the Khalifa of Sudan, Abdallahi ibn Muhammad, is killed. The Sudanese sustain 1,000 casualties, while the Anglo-Egyptian force commanded by General Reginald Wingate has three killed and 23 wounded.
  • November 26 – Elections are held in the Kingdom of Portugal for the 138 seats of the Câmara dos Senhores Deputados. Prime Minister José Luciano de Castro's Partido Progressista increases its majority, winning 91 of the seats.[157]
  • November 27 – The Ottoman Empire grants Germany's Deutsche Bank the concession to finance the construction of the Baghdad Railway, following a visit by Kaiser Wilhelm II to Constantinople in 1898 as a guest of Sultan Abdul Hamid II.[158]
  • November 28
    • The British Army sustains heavy losses (471 casualties) in the Battle of Modder River, which Lord Methuen describes as "one of the hardest and most trying fights in the annals of the British Army", despite routing the Boers.[155]
    • The Philippine Republic capital at Bayambang surrenders as the government flees the Fourth Cavalry of the U.S. Army.
  • November 29 – The FC Barcelona association football (soccer) club is founded in Spain.[159]
  • November 30
    • The first women to serve, in uniform, in the armed forces of any nation begins service as part of the Canadian Militia Expeditionary Force to Cape Town to serve in the Boer War. Georgina Fane Pope and three other women are enlisted as army nurses. "There was nothing new about female nurses serving in the military; they had done so in numerous campaigns since the Revolutionary War, but in every instance as civilian auxiliaries."[160]
    • The British Secretary of State for the Colonies, Joseph Chamberlain, makes a controversial public speech at Leicester proposing "a new Triple Alliance between the Teutonic race and the two great trans-Atlantic branches of the Anglo-Saxon race which would become a potent influence on the future of the world," with the United Kingdom, the United States and Germany agreeing to work together.[161]

December 1899
  • December 2
  • December 4 – As the 56th U.S. Congress holds its first session, David B. Henderson (Republican-Iowa) is elected Speaker of the House. The House refuses permission for Brigham H. Roberts (Democrat-Utah) to take the oath of office as a U.S. Representative, pending investigation of allegations of bigamy.[155]
  • December 5 – Germany's cabinet agrees to repeal a Prussian law that had prohibited the creation of political societies or clubs.[155]
  • December 6 – A lynch mob in Maysville, Kentucky forces its way into the county jail to seize an African-American indicted for murder, tortures him and then burns him to death.[155]
  • December 9 – An explosion kills 32 coal miners at the Carbon Hill mines in Carbonado, Washington.[155]
  • December 10
    • Four-month-old Sobhuza II begins his 82-year reign as King of Swaziland, on the death of his father, Ngwane V; his grandmother Labotsibeni Mdluli serves as queen regent.
    • Battle of Stormberg: The British Army makes a disastrous attempt to surprise the Boer position in Natal and suffers the loss of 687 officers and men.[155]
    • The college fraternity Delta Sigma Phi is founded at the City College of New York, by Charles A. Tonsor Jr. and Meyer Boskey.
  • December 11
  • December 13 – General French routs Boer troops that had been advancing into the Cape Colony toward Noupoort.[155]
  • December 14 – Walther Hauser is elected President of Switzerland by the Swiss Federal Assembly.[155]
  • December 15
  • December 16 – The Association football club A.C. Milan is founded in Italy.
  • December 18
    • The British War Office sends Lord Roberts to South Africa to become the new commander of British forces in the Second Boer War, with Lord Kitchener to be second in command, and announces that 100,000 additional men will be sent.[155]
    • U.S. Army General Lawton is killed by a Filipino sniper near San Mateo on Luzon island.[155]
    • Stock prices fall drastically at the New York exchanges and the Produce Exchange Trust Company fails.[155]
  • December 19 – New York City's clearinghouse banks pool together a $10,000,000 loan fund to prevent further failures of companies.[155]
  • December 20 – The U.S. government arrests nine customs officials in Havana on charges of collusion to defraud the government.[163]
  • December 21 – U.S. Army General Leonard Wood arrives in Havana to become the new Governor-General of Cuba.[163]
  • December 22
  • December 23
  • December 24 – The wreck of the British steamship Ariosto off the coast of Hatteras, North Carolina in the U.S. drowns 21 of the crew.[163]
  • December 26 – Pinnacle Rock, a balancing rock in Cumberland Gap on the Tennessee and Kentucky border in the U.S., falls down.[164]
  • December 28 – The bodies of the officers and men killed on the 1898 explosion of the battleship USS Maine are reinterred at the Arlington National Cemetery.[163]
  • December 29 – The British Royal Navy cruiser HMS Magicienne seizes the German steamer, Bundesroth at Delagoa Bay in Portuguese East Africa (modern-day Mozambique) on grounds that German officers and men are being brought to supplement the Boer Army. The Bundesroth is then escorted to Durban in Britain's Natal Colony.[163]
  • December 30 – General Wood completes the appointment of a cabinet of ministers composed of Cuban residents, with Diego Tamayo, Luis Esterez, Juan B. Hernandez, Enrique Varona, Jose R. Villaton and Ruiz Rivera taking office.[163]
  • December 31
    • The German government and Kaiser Wilhelm II declare that the 20th century will begin on January 1, 1900.[163] In most of the world, however, December 31, 1899 is not the last day of the 19th century, which also includes the year 1900.
    • Retrospectively, day zero for dates in Microsoft Excel (similar to January 1, 1970 being day zero for Unix time). This is to ensure backwards compatibility with Lotus 1-2-3, which had a bug misinterpreting 1900 as a leap year.[165][166][167]

Date unknown

Births
Births
January · February · March · April · May · June · July · August · September · October · November · December

January
Antal Páger
Max Theiler

February
Café Filho
Mildred Trotter
Ramon Novarro
Lillian Disney
Erich Kästner

March
Frederik IX of Denmark
Gloria Swanson
Lavrentiy Beria

April
Walter Lantz
Duke Ellington

May
Fred Astaire
Suzanne Lenglen

June
Fritz Albert Lipmann

July
George Cukor
James Cagney
Ernest Hemingway
Gustav Heinemann

August
P. L. Travers
Sir Alfred Hitchcock
Béla Guttmann

September
Sir Macfarlane Burnet
Jimmie Davis

October
Franz Jonas
Nikolay Bogolyubov
László Bíró

November
Pat O'Brien
Iskander Mirza
Abu al-Qasim al-Khoei

December
Sir Noël Coward
Martin Luther King Sr.
Humphrey Bogart

Date unknown

Deaths
Deaths
January · February · March · April · May · June · July · August · September · October · November · December

January–February
Alfred Sisley
Paul Reuter
Emma Hardinge Britten
Antonio Luna

March–April

May–June

July–August
Robert Bunsen
Gregorio del Pilar
Frances Laughton Mace

September–October

November–December
Garret Hobart

Date unknown

References
  1. "Mr. Hoar's Part in the Filipino War". The New York Times. January 15, 1900. p. 1.
  2. Stewart, Estelle May (1936). Handbook of American trade-unions: 1936 edition. United States Bureau of Labor Statistics. United States Government Printing Office.
  3. Leach, Nicholas (2009). Devon's Lifeboat Heritage. Chacewater: Twelveheads Press. pp. 49–50.
  4. Hodges, C. Walter (1969). The Overland Launch. (Children's book.)
  5. "Canadian Pacific Railway", by Donald M. Bain, in Encyclopedia of North American Railroads. ed. by William D. Middleton, et al. (Indiana University Press, 2007) p. 197
  6. "R.M.S. Oceanic (II)". Jeff Newman. Archived from the original on September 19, 2009. Retrieved January 18, 2010.
  7. "The Oceanic at Liverpool— Largest Vessel in the World to Start for Here Sept. 6". The New York Times. August 27, 1899. p. 19.
  8. ""Vessel Goes Down at Night During a Squall and Is Not Missed until Morning", San Francisco Call, January 15, 1899". Archived from the original on October 27, 2022. Retrieved April 17, 2022.
  9. William Dinwiddie, Puerto Rico, its Conditions and Possibilities (Harper & Brothers, 1899) p. 261
  10. "Bohol participation in the Philippine Revolution". Webline Bohol, Philippines. Provincial Government of Bohol. 1999. Retrieved April 16, 2020.
  11. George Henry White", in Black Americans in Congress, 1870-2007, ed. by Robert A. Brady (U.S. Government Printing Office, 2008) p. 260
  12. Anton A. Huurdeman, The Worldwide History of Telecommunications (Wiley, 2003) p. 215
  13. Joseph Kinsey Howard, Montana: High, Wide, and Handsome (University of Nebraska Press, 2003) p. 67
  14. George Gawrych, The Crescent and the Eagle: Ottoman Rule, Islam and the Albanians, 1874-1913 (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2006) p. 125
  15. Arthur W. J. G. Ord-Hume, Perpetual Motion (Adventures Unlimited Press, 2015) p.146
  16. Marie-France Barrier, Ranavalona, dernière reine de Madagascar (Balland, 1996) pp. 273-274
  17. "Suntory | About Us | History : Digest". Suntory. Retrieved March 29, 2024.
  18. "Annual Report 2016 - The History of Suntory Beverage & Food" (PDF). 2016. Retrieved March 29, 2024.
  19. Kenneth N. Johnson, Kansas University Basketball Legends (Arcadia Publishing, 2013)
  20. "The White Man's Burden" Archived March 10, 2022, at the Wayback Machine, commentary by Mary Hamer, The Kipling Society
  21. Brian McAllister Linn, The Philippine War, 1899–1902 (University Press of Kansas, 2000) p. 52
  22. Sergei Pushkarev, Self-government and Freedom In Russia (Taylor & Francis, 2019)
  23. "War Department Investigating Commission", by Joseph Smith, in The War of 1898, and U.S. Interventions, 1898–1934: An Encyclopedia, ed. by Benjamin R. Beede (Taylor & Francis, 1994) pp. 582-584
  24. "Accuses Kansas Colonel; Lieut. Hall, by Affidavits of Others, Charges W.S. Metcalf with Shooting an Unarmed Prisoner", New York Times, November 21, 1899
  25. "Climate History: The Great Arctic Outbreak of February 1899" Archived April 18, 2022, at the Wayback Machine, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
  26. Ian Collard, The British Cruise Ship An Illustrated History 1844-1939 (Amberley Publishing, 2013)
  27. "Loubet, Émile François", Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th edition, Volume 17 (1911), p. 26
  28. Brian S. McBeth, Gunboats, Corruption, and Claims: Foreign Intervention in Venezuela, 1899-1908 (Greenwood Press, 2001) pp. 13-14
  29. ""Laurier, Sir Wilfrid", by Réal Bélanger, in Dictionary of Canadian Biography". Archived from the original on June 1, 2022. Retrieved April 19, 2022.
  30. "Sunderlandships.com". Archived from the original on October 31, 2022. Retrieved April 19, 2022.
  31. "Motoring Firsts". National Motor Museum Trust. Archived from the original on August 21, 2010. Retrieved August 26, 2010.
  32. "Marketing History as Social Responsibility", by Christopher Gerteis, in Japan Since 1945: From Postwar to Post-Bubble (Bloomsbury, 2013) p. 235
  33. Anthony B. Cochran, Out of the Storm: A Legacy (Outskirts Press, 2018) p. 252
  34. Andia, Gianfranco; Duroc, Yvan; Tedjini, Smail (January 19, 2018). Non-Linearities in Passive RFID Systems: Third Harmonic Concept and Applications. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781119490739.
  35. Harry Barnard, Independent Man: The Life of Senator James Couzens (Wayne State University Press, 2002) p. 53
  36. "Aspirin". Milestones: Aspirin. German Patent and Trademark Office. October 18, 2022. Retrieved March 6, 2023.
  37. "Commercial and Corporate Law in Japan", by Harald Baum and Eiji Takahashi, in History of Law in Japan Since 1868 (Brill, 2005) p. 355
  38. Petrie, Anne (2017). The Story of Kent. The History Press.
  39. "Jungner, Ernst Waldemar", in Innovators in Battery Technology: Profiles of 95 Influential Electrochemists, by Kevin Desmond (McFarland Publishing 2016) p. 116
  40. "Encinal County Abolished" Archived September 15, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, The Laws of Texas, 1897-1902, Volume 11 (Gammel Book Company, 1902) pp.10–11.
  41. "Gotham Tragedy, Gotham Memory" Archived October 31, 2022, at the Wayback Machine, by Christopher Gray, City-Journal (New York City), Winter 2003
  42. "Windsor Hotel Lies in Ashes", The New York Times, March 18, 1899, p. 1
  43. "World's oldest cinema to reopen in France's La Ciotat" Archived October 31, 2022, at the Wayback Machine, France 24, September 10, 2013
  44. The American Monthly Review of Reviews (June 1899), pp. 539-542
  45. Penguin Pocket On This Day. Penguin Reference Library. 2006. ISBN 0-14-102715-0.
  46. Bruce A. Elleman, International Competition in China, 1899-1991 (Taylor & Francis, 2015) p. 10
  47. The American Monthly Review of Reviews (June 1899), pp. 664-669
  48. "Nurmijärwen murhamies renki Karl Emil Malmelin wangittu". Digikansalliskirjasto (in Finnish). Uusi Suometar. May 25, 1899. Retrieved September 29, 2021.
  49. Keskisarja, Teemu (2015). Kirves: Toivo Harald Koljosen rikos ja rangaistus (in Finnish). Siltala. ISBN 978-952-234-324-6.
  50. Alberto Santos-Dumont, My Airships: The Story of My Life Archived April 19, 2022, at the Wayback Machine (Riverside Press, 1904) p.117
  51. The American Monthly Review of Reviews (July 1899), pp. 25-29
  52. Edward Robb Ellis, The Epic of New York City: A Narrative History (Avalon Press, 1966) p. 461
  53. "Multifinned Sea Monster", in Mysterious Creatures: A Guide to Cryptozoology, ed. by George M. Eberhart (ABC-CLIO, 2002) p. 360
  54. Fernando Meléndez Zumaeta (April 20, 2015). ""Loreto: ¿Estado Federal o República?"". Lima: La Región. Archived from the original on October 4, 2022.
  55. Norman Friedman, Naval Firepower: Battleship Guns and Gunnery in the Dreadnought Era (Pen & Sword Books Ltd., 2013) p. 18
  56. Orenstein, Arbie (1991) [1975]. Ravel: Man and Musician. Mineola, US: Dover. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-486-26633-6.
  57. Donovan Rawcliffe, Occult and Supernatural Phenomena (Dover Publications, 1988) p. 245
  58. Carruth, Gordon, ed. (1962). The Encyclopedia of American Facts and Dates (3rd ed.). Thomas Y. Crowell. pp. 384–387.
  59. "Herman swept from the earth". Evening World-Herald. June 14, 1899. Retrieved October 6, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  60. Eric L. Mills, Biological Oceanography: An Early History, 1870-1960 (University of Toronto Press, 2012) p.83
  61. Volkert, Klaus, ed. (2015). David Hilbert: Grundlagen der Geometrie. Springer. p. ix; Grattan-Guinness, Ivor (2005). Landmark Writings in Western Mathematics 1640-1940 Elsevier. p. 713.
  62. Moore, Jerrold Northrop (1984). Edward Elgar: A Creative Life. Oxford University Press. p. 273. ISBN 0-19-315447-1.
  63. The American Monthly Review of Reviews (August 1899)
  64. "Lee, Fitz", in African American War Heroes, ed. by James B. Martin (ABC-CLIO, 2014) p. 105
  65. Ismail Hakkı Kadı and A.C.S. Peacock, Ottoman-Southeast Asian Relations (Brill, 2019) p. 385
  66. Bertrand M. Roehner and Tony Syme, Pattern and Repertoire in History (Harvard University Press, 2009) p. 311
  67. The History and Invention of the Paperclip
  68. "Understanding sacrifice and sanctity in Benin indigenous religion, Nigeria: a case study", by Flora Edouwaye S. Kaplan, in Beyond Primitivism: Indigenous Religious Traditions and Modernity, ed. by Jacob K. Olupona (Routledge, 2004) p. 198
  69. Lewenson, Sandra B. (2013). Taking Charge: Nursing, Suffrage, and Feminism in America, 1873-1920. Routledge. p. 95.
  70. "A specimen-level phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic revision of Diplodocidae (Dinosauria, Sauropoda)", by Emanuel Tschopp, et al., PeerJ, 2015
  71. "Cook County Juvenile Court", by Christopher M. Bellas, in Encyclopedia of Community Corrections (SAGE Publications, 2012) p. 84
  72. "Military Activity in the EEZ: Exclusive or Excluded Right", by Captain Alexander S. Skaridov, in Freedom of Seas, Passage Rights and the 1982 Law of the Sea Convention (Martinus Nijhoff, 2009) p. 251
  73. A History of Christianity in Asia, Africa, and Latin America, 1450-1990: A Documentary Sourcebook (Eerdmans Publishing, 2007) pp. 366-367
  74. Dean C. Worcester, The Philippines Past and Present (Macmillan Company 1914, reprinted by Outlook Verlag 2018) p. 86
  75. Gomez, Omar. "Historia" [History] (in Spanish). El Balon Cusctatleco. Retrieved May 16, 2011.
  76. Henning, Joseph M. (2000). Outposts of Civilization: Race, Religion, and the Formative Years of American-Japanese Relations. New York University Press. p. 134.
  77. " 'Corda e Sapone' (Rope and Soap): how the Italians were lynched in the USA" Archived May 15, 2018, at the Wayback Machine, by Ken Scambray, L'Italo-Americano (December 13, 2012)
  78. The American Monthly Review of Reviews (September 1899) pp. 277-280
  79. Courtney Baker, Humane Insight: Looking at Images of African American Suffering and Death p. 55
  80. David A. Lake, Power, Protection, and Free Trade: International Sources of U.S. Commercial Strategy, 1887–1939 (Cornell University Press, 2018) p. 130
  81. "French Officers Punished— Gens. Pellieux and de Negrier and Capt. Villaneuve in Disgrace", The New York Times, July 26, 1899, p. 1
  82. Berton, Pierre (1972). Klondike: The Last Great Gold Rush, 1896-1899. Anchor Canada.
  83. C. E. Borchgrevink, First on the Antarctic Continent: Being an Account of the British Antarctic Expedition, 1898-1900 (London: George Newnes, Ltd., 1901)
  84. Shashi Shekhar Prasad Singh, Offshore Operations and Engineering (CRC Press, 2019) p. 8-29
  85. Donald Keene, Emperor of Japan: Meiji and His World, 1852-1912 (Columbia University Press, 2005) p. 553
  86. "The Ford Story", Henry Ford Heritage Association
  87. "Car Falls and 36 Are Killed— Disaster on a New Trolley Line Near Bridgeport", The New York Times, August 7, 1899, p. 1
  88. "U.S. Naval Forces, Marianas" Archived August 11, 2022, at the Wayback Machine, GlobalSecurity.org
  89. "At Least 5,000 Lives Lost— Exact Puerto Rican Hurricane Figures May Never Be Known", The New York Times, August 31, 1899, p. 4
  90. "The Hurricane of San Ciriaco: Disaster, Politics, Society in Puerto Rico, 1899–1901" Archived March 5, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, by Stuart B. Schwartz, Hispanic American Historical Review (1992)
  91. "Professional Information". The Major Taylor Society. Archived from the original on February 11, 2012. Retrieved January 23, 2012.
  92. David Brock Katz, General Jan Smuts and his First World War in Africa, 1914–1917 (Casemate Publishers, 2022) p.14
  93. "Luzon Campaigns", by Jerry Keenan and Spencer C. Tucker, in The Encyclopedia of the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars: A Political, Social, and Military History (ABC-CLIO, 2009)
  94. Helen G. Edmonds, Black Faces in High Places: Negroes in Government (Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1971) p. 231
  95. "No White Men in These Towns— Hobson City, Ala., Lincolnville, S.C., and Princeton, N.C., for Negroes Only", The New York Times, August 20, 1899, p. 7
  96. R. Michael Wilson, Great Train Robberies of the Old West (TwoDot Publishing, 2006) p. 135
  97. "Korean International" Archived September 10, 2022, at the Wayback Machine, in Encyclopedia of Korean Culture [출처: 한국민족문화대백과사전(Korea International)] (in Korean)
  98. "Llest Colliery Explosion - Pontyrhyl - 1899". Northern Mine Research Society. Retrieved June 6, 2023.
  99. "Cabinet Crisis in Germany", The New York Times, August 20, 1899, p. 7
  100. "Stonehenge Offered for Sale— The Owner Asks the British Government £125,000 for the Ruin", The New York Times, August 22, 1899, p. 1
  101. "The Man who Bought Stonehenge", This-Is-Amesbury.co.UK]
  102. The American Monthly Review of Reviews (October 1899) pp. 407-410
  103. R.K. Keating, Velodrome Racing and the Rise of the Motorcycle (McFarland, 2021) p. 222
  104. Benjamin Brawley, A Social History of The American Negro (Outlook Verlag, 2019) p. 282
  105. "Lynching Is Part of the Religion of Our People: Faith in the Christian South", by Donald G. Mathews in Religion in the American South: Protestants and Others in History and Culture (University of North Carolina Press, 2019) pp. 175-176
  106. "Race Trouble in Georgia— Darien Abandoned by Negroes, Who Are Massing in a Swamp", The New York Times, August 26, 1899, p. 2
  107. "Troops Round Up Negroes", The New York Times, August 27, 1899, p. 5
  108. Betty S. Veronico, Images of America: Lighthouses of the Bay Area (Arcadia Publishing, 2008) p. 34
  109. Leslie Derfler, Alexandre Millerand: The Socialist Years (De Gruyter, 2018) p. 207
  110. "White Men Hanged in Indian Territory", The New York Times, August 26, 1899, p. 2
  111. ""The Atbara Bridge US Engineers trump UK Competitors in Africa", American Architecture magazine". Archived from the original on June 4, 2016. Retrieved August 14, 2022.
  112. Jørs, Erik; Thomsen, Jane Froelund (2017). "Mining occupational safety and health: hazards and good practices in formal and informal mining". Mining Occupational Safety and Health. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd. doi:10.1136/oemed-2018-icohabstracts.695.
  113. "Gen. Wood Arrests Jimenez— He Will Not Permit the Presidential Aspirant to Proceed to Santo Domingo", The New York Times, August 30, 1899, p. 7
  114. "Rebels Elect a President— Provisional Dominican Revolutionary Government Is Formed", The New York Times, August 31, 1899, p. 7
  115. Auclair, Philippe (January 6, 2015). "Only in Marseille: where ultras rule and temptation is never far away | Philippe Auclair". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved November 6, 2017.
  116. A. Adu Boahen, African Perspectives on Colonialism (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987) p. 48
  117. Walter Kolvenbach, Employee Councils in European Companies (Springer, 2013) p. 97
  118. "Rhode Island History and Facts of Interest", Rhode Island Secretary of State's Office.
  119. "A Journey to the Summit of Mount Kenya, British East Africa", by Halford John Mackinder, The Geographical Journal (May 1900) pp. 453–476
  120. "Cazemajou, Marius Gabriel", in Historical Dictionary of Niger, ed. by Abdourahmane Idrissa, et al. (Scarecrow Press, 2012) pp. 113-114
  121. Paul K. Davis, Besieged: 100 Great Sieges from Jericho to Sarajevo (Oxford University Press, 2003) p. 272
  122. "Bushranger on an ostrich rides again". The Lead South Australia. June 25, 2017. Retrieved August 24, 2021.
  123. Lee Jun, The History of Korean Railway by Photographs (Korea Transport Institute, 2014)
  124. The American Monthly Review of Reviews (November 1899) pp. 537-540
  125. "Serious Anti-Boer Riot in London; Thousands of Men Assemble and Prevent Anti-War Meeting", The New York Times, September 25, 1899, p. 1
  126. Herbert M. Mason Jr., VFW: Our First Century (Veterans of Foreign Wars of the United States, 1999) p. 29
  127. Dr. R. D. M. Verbeek, Kort verslag over de aarden zeebeving op Ceram, den 30sten september 1899 (Brief Report on the Earthquake and Seaquake on Ceram, September 30th, 1899) (Batavia Landsdrukkerij, 1900) p. 1–11
  128. "The New Baseball Circuit— President Quin Announces the Association Teams", The New York Times, October 1, 1899, p. 11
  129. "Pacific Islands", in The Statesman's Year-Book for the Year 1946 (Macmillan and Co., Ltd., 1946) p. 1057
  130. Gregg Jones, Honor in the Dust: Theodore Roosevelt, War in the Philippines, and the Rise and Fall of America's Imperial Dream (Penguin Publishing Group, 2012) p. 108
  131. Cedric L Joseph, Anglo-American Diplomacy and the Reopening of the Guyana-Venezuela Boundary Controversy, 1961-1966 (Trafford Publishing, 2008)
  132. Roger Webster, The Illustrated at the Fireside: True Southern African Stories (Spearhead, 2003) pp. 46-47
  133. Peter L. Fishback, The British Army Reference for Ulysses Scholars (F.F. Simulations 2020) p. 139
  134. "M'Kinley Now Chicago's Guest; His Cabinet With Him; Reception Committes Escort the Nation's Chief, Minister Mariscal and Premier Laurier", The Chicago Sunday Tribune, October 8, 1899, p. 1
  135. Winston Groom, The Allies: Roosevelt, Churchill, Stalin, and the Unlikely Alliance That Won World War II (National Geographic Society, 2018) p. 50
  136. Joseph W. Esherick, The Origins of the Boxer Uprising(University of California Press, 1987) p. 250
  137. Milton Lehman, Robert H. Goddard: Pioneer of Space Research (Da Capo Press, 1988) p. 16
  138. The American Monthly Review of Reviews (December 1899) pp. 662-666
  139. Phill Ball, Morbo: The Story of Spanish Football (WSC Books Ltd, 2003) p. 89
  140. Guillermo Plazas Olarte, La guerra civil de los Mil Días: Estudio militar (in Spanish) (Academia Boyacense de Historia, 1985) p. 47
  141. Frank W. Sweet, The Evolution of Indirect Fire (Backintyme Publishing, 2000) pp. 28–33
  142. "Louise Masset" Archived September 14, 2022, at the Wayback Machine, CapitalPunishment.UK
  143. "Neutrality compromised: Swaziland and the Anglo-Boer War, 1899 - 1902", by Huw M. Jones, South African Military History Journal (October 1999)
  144. Émile Gentil, La chute de l'empire de Rabah (reprinted by Hachette Press, 1971) pp. 574–584
  145. "Condition of Mr. Hobart: Vice President Will Not Again Resume His Political Duties", The New York Times, November 1, 1899, p. 1
  146. "'I Make Politics My Recreation': Vice President Garret A. Hobart and Nineteenth Century Republican Business Politics", by Michael J. Connolly, in New Jersey History (2010), p. 38
  147. "Jeffries Won the Fight; Decision Awarded on Points in the Twenty-fifth Round", The New York Times, November 4, 1899, p. 3
  148. James M. Flammang, 100 Years of the American Auto: Millennium Edition (Publications International, 1899) p. 19
  149. Indian States A Biographical, Historical, and Administrative Survey (Asian Educational Services, 1922) p. 412
  150. Brian McAllister Linn, The Philippine War, 1899–1902 (University Press of Kansas, 2000) pp. 186-187
  151. Guillermo Plazas Olarte, La Guerra Civil de los Mil Días: Estudio Militar (The 1000-days Civil War: A Military Study) (Academia Boyacense de Historia, 1985) p. 54
  152. "The 1899 Orange Free State football team tour of Europe: 'Race', imperial loyalty and sporting contest", by Chris Bolsmann, in Sport Past and Present in South Africa: (Trans)forming the Nation, ed. by Scarlett Cornelissen (Taylor & Francis, 2013) pp. 89-90
  153. Miranda Carter, George, Nicholas and Wilhelm: Three Royal Cousins and the Road to World War I (Alfred A. Knopf, 2011) p.223
  154. André Wessels, The Anglo-Boer War (1899-1902): White man’s war, black man’s war, traumatic war (Sun Media, 2010) p.46
  155. The American Monthly Review of Reviews (January 1900) pp. 23-26
  156. "de Cisneros, Eleonora", in Notable American Women, 1607–1950: A Biographical Dictionary, ed. by Edward James, Janet James and Paul Boyer (Harvard University Press, 2010) p. 450
  157. Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver, Elections in Europe: A Data Handbook (Nomos Publishing, 2010) p. 1541
  158. Edward Mead Earle, Turkey, the Great Powers, and the Bagdad Railway: A Study in Imperialism (Macmillan, 1923) p. 455
  159. "The hidden story behind the founder of Barcelona" Archived September 21, 2022, at the Wayback Machine, Unidad Editorial Información Deportiva (MARCA.com), July 20, 2016
  160. Patrick Robertson, Robertson's Book of Firsts: Who Did What for the First Time (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2011)
  161. German Chancellor Bernhard von Bulow criticizes the idea, along with newspapers in all three nations. Paul Ham, 1914: The Year the World Ended (Random House Australia, 1914) p. 74
  162. "Congratulations to the Glasgow School of Art as they celebrate 100th anniversary of the Mackintosh Building". Museums Galleries Scotland. December 15, 2009. Archived from the original on February 4, 2010. Retrieved July 7, 2010.
  163. The American Monthly Review of Reviews (February 1900) pp. 153-157
  164. "Big Rock Fell". Green Bay, Wisconsin: Green Bay Semi-Weekly Gazette. December 27, 1899. p. 1. Retrieved July 15, 2017 – via newspapers.com.
  165. Porter, Remy (February 5, 2019). "Set the Flux Capacitor for 12/30/1899". The Daily WTF. Retrieved September 25, 2022.
  166. helenclu (July 22, 2022). "Excel incorrectly assumes that the year 1900 is a leap year - Office". learn.microsoft.com. Retrieved September 25, 2022.
  167. helenclu (May 5, 2022). "Differences between the 1900 and the 1904 date system - Office". learn.microsoft.com. Retrieved September 25, 2022.
  168. Fischer, Steven R., Island at the End of the World, p. 153
  169. "Our Story | The History of The Timken Company since 1899". Retrieved July 15, 2020.
  170. "Eighteen Years in Uganda and East Africa". World Digital Library. 1908. Retrieved September 24, 2013.
  171. "Dr. Virginia M. Alexander". U.S. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved October 18, 2017.
  172. "Ruth Poll Dies". The Cash Box. March 26, 1955. p. 17. Retrieved March 19, 2023.
  173. "'Round the Wax Circle". The Cash Box. October 15, 1949. p. 9. Retrieved March 19, 2023.
  174. "BBC Two - Russia's Lost Princesses - Beyond the portraits". BBC. Retrieved January 14, 2022.
  175. "Hart Crane | American poet". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved July 27, 2021.
  176. "Rufino Arellanes Tamayo" (in Spanish). El Colegio Nacional. Retrieved June 1, 2019.
  177. David Bolchover (2017). The Greatest Comeback: From Genocide To Football Glory; The Story of Béla Guttman Archived November 12, 2022, at the Wayback Machine
  178. Ingham, Robert (2005). "Braddock [née Bamber], Elizabeth Margaret". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/37214. Retrieved October 22, 2015. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) (subscription required)
  179. "Gertrude Berg | American actress, producer and screenwriter". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved January 25, 2021.
  180. Appletons' Annual Cyclopedia and Register of Important Events of the Year ... D. Appleton & Company. 1900. p. 619.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.