Provincial governments of Nepal

The provinces of Nepal are governed by provincial governments which form the second level of governance in the country; after the federal government. The provincial governments are established, and their structure is defined by Part 13 of the Constitution of Nepal.

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    Chief Justice of Nepal: Cholendra Shumsher JB Rana
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    Minister: Narayan Prakash Saud
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Legislature
Main articles: Provincial Assembly (Nepal) and Speaker (Nepal)

Each province has a unicameral provincial legislature, varying in size according to the population of the province. The members are elected through first-past-the-post voting and party-list proportional representation for a term of five years, unless dissolved sooner. The first provincial election was held in 2017.

The provincial assemblies are presided over by the Speaker who is elected from amongst the members of the assembly and is not a part of the debates. The speaker is helped by a Deputy Speaker who is also elected from amongst the members. At least one of the Speaker or the Deputy Speaker must be a woman and they must not belong to the same party unless only one party is represented in the assembly.[1] Nanda Gurung is the first and only woman to be elected as the speaker of a provincial assembly. She is currently serving as the Speaker of Karnali Provincial Assembly having been elected in 2023.[2]

The governors of the provinces have the power to summon and prorogue the sessions of the assembly pursuant to the Constitution. The interval between two consecutive sessions of the assemblies cannot exceed six months. If one-fourth of the total members of an assembly make a petition during a prorogation or recess of the assembly, the governor must call a session or a meeting.[3]

Assembly Meeting place Seats Speaker Deputy Speaker Term
Koshi Pradesh Biratnagar, Morang 93 Vacation Sirjana Danuwar 2nd Assembly
Madhesh Province Janakpur, Dhanusha 107 Ram Chandra Mandal Babita Devi Raut Ishar 2nd Assembly
Bagmati Province Hetauda, Makwanpur 110 Bhuwan Kumar Pathak Apsara Chapagai 2nd Assembly
Gandaki Province Pokhara, Kaski 60 Krishna Prasad Dhital Bina Kumari Thapa 2nd Assembly
Lumbini Province Bhalubang, Dang 87 Tularam Gharti Magar Menuka Khand K.C. 2nd Assembly
Karnali Province Birendranagar, Surkhet 40 Nanda Gurung Yashoda Neupane 2nd Assembly
Sudurpashchim Province Godawari, Kailali 53 Bhim Bahadur Bhandari Koili Devi Chaudhary 2nd Assembly

Executive
Ruling party by province, as of 27 April 2023.

The executive power of a province is vested in the provincial cabinet. If a cabinet does not exist, the executive power is exercised by the governor of the province.[4]

The head of the provincial cabinet is the chief minister. The governor appoints the leader of the parliamentary party that commands a majority, either alone or with the support of one or more parties, in the provincial assembly as the chief minister. The governor appoints members to the provincial cabinet on the recommendation of the chief minister. The members of the provincial cabinet are responsible for the various departments of the provincial administration. A provincial cabinet can only consist of a maximum of 20% of the total number of members of the provincial assembly.[5] A non-member of a provincial assembly can be appointed as a minister in the cabinet, but must obtain membership of the assembly within six months of their appointment.[6]

The assembly can force the resignation of the chief minister with a vote of no confidence.[7]

Province Chief Minister Party Took office Cabinet
Koshi Kedar Karki NC 7 July 2023[8] Karki
Madhesh Saroj Kumar Yadav PSP-N 13 January 2023[9] Yadav
Bagmati Shalikram Jamkattel CPN (MC) 10 January 2023[10] Jamkattel
Gandaki Surendra Raj Pandey NC 27 April 2023[11] Pandey
Lumbini Dilli Bahadur Chaudhary NC 27 April 2023[12] Chaudhary
Karnali Raj Kumar Sharma CPN (MC) 12 January 2023[13] Sharma
Sudurpashchim Kamal Bahadur Shah NC 10 February 2023[14] Shah

Cabinet of Koshi
Main article: Cabinet of Koshi Pradesh
S.N. Portfolio Minister
Constituency		 Political Party Assumed office Left office
Cabinet ministers
1 Chief Minister
All other ministries not allocated to anyone.		 Kedar Karki[15]
MPA for Morang 6(B)		 NC 15 October 2023[16] Incumbent
2 Minister for Internal Affairs and Law Shamsher Rai
MPA for
Ilam 1(B)		 NC 15 October 2023[15] Incumbent
3 Minister for Tourism, Forest, and Environment Ganesh Upreti
MPA for
Morang 2(A)		 CPN (MC) 3 November 2023[17] Incumbent
4 Minister for Physical Infrastructure Development Kamal Prasad Jabegu
MPA for
Panchthar 1(A)		 Unified Socialist 3 November 2023[18] Incumbent

Cabinet of Madhesh Province
S.N. Portfolio Holder Party Constituency Took office Took office
Cabinet ministers
1 Chief Minister Saroj Kumar Yadav PSP-N Bara 1 (B) 13 January 2023[19]
2 Minister for Physical Infrastructure Development Krishna Prasad Yadav Nepali Congress Rautahat 1 (B) 23 May 2023[20]
3 Minister for Finance Sanjay Kumar Yadav PSP-N Sarlahi 3 (B) 13 January 2023[19]
4 Minister for Education and Social Welfare Mahesh Prasad Yadav Janamat Party Saptari 2 (B) 13 January 2023[19]
5 Minister for Land Management, Agriculture and Cooperatives Govinda Bahadur Neupane CPN (Unified Socilaist) Saptari 4 (A) 23 May 2023[20]
6 Minister without portfolio Surita Kumari Sah PSP-N Mahottari 2 (B) 13 January 2023[19]
7 Minister for Health and Population Birendra Prasad Singh Nepali Congress Sarlahi 4 (A) 23 May 2023[20]
8 Minister for Energy, Irrigation and Water Resources Singhasan Sah Kalwar PSP-N Parsa 4 (B) 13 January 2023[19]
9 Minister for Forest and Environment Ramesh Prasad Kurmi Loktantrik Samajwadi Parsa 2(B) 25 May 2023[21]
10 Minister for Home Affairs, Communication and Law Mohammad Samim Nepali Congress Saptari 3 (A) 31 July 2023[22]
11 Minister for Industry, Commerce and Tourism Sunita Yadav CPN (Maoist Centre) 7 February 2023[23]
12 Minister for Labour and Transport Chandan Kumar Singh Janamat Party 31 July 2023[22]
State ministers
13 Minister of State for Health and Population Sheikh Abul Kalam Azad PSP-N Rautahat 4 (B) 13 January 2023[19]
14 Minister of State for Industry, Commerce and Tourism Rahbar Ansari CPN (Maoist Centre) Parsa 1 (A) 7 February 2023[23]

Cabinet of Bagmati Province
S.N. Portfolio Name Party Took office
Cabinet ministers
1 Chief Minister Shalikram Jamkattel CPN (MC) 10 January 2023[24]
2 Minister for Economic Affairs and Planning Bahadur Singh Lama NC 9 April 2023[25]
3 Minister for Internal Affairs and Law Ganga Narayan Shrestha Nepal Socialist Party 25 January 2023[26]
4 Minister for Social Development Kumari Moktan CPN (MC) 25 January 2023[26]
5 Minister for Physical Infrastructure Development Yuvaraj Dulal CPN (MC) 25 January 2023[26]
6 Minister for Drinking Water, Energy and Irrigation Tirtha Bahadur Lama NC 9 April 2023[25]
7 Minister without portfolio Ramkrishna Chitrakar NC 21 May 2023[27]
8 Minister for Agriculture and Livestock Development Rajendra Man Shrestha Unified Socialist 21 May 2023[27]
9 Minister for Labour, Employment and Transportation Laxman Lamsal Unified Socialist 21 May 2023[27]
10 Minister for Tourism, Industry and Co-operatives Pukar Maharjan NC 21 May 2023[27]
11 Minister for Health Uttam Joshi NC 21 May 2023[27]
12 Minister for Forest and Environment Masina Khadka NC 21 May 2023[27]

Cabinet of Gandaki Province
S.N. Portfolio Holder Party Took office
Cabinet ministers
1 Chief Minister Surendra Raj Pandey NC 28 April 2023[28][29]
2 Minister for Social Development and Health Sushila Simkhada CPN (MC) 28 April 2023[28][29]
3 Minister for Energy, Water Resources and Drinking Water Saraswati Aryal NC 28 April 2023[28][29]
4 Minister for Agriculture and Land Management Mahendra Dhoj G.C. NC 12 May 2023[30]
5 Minister for Physical Infrastructure Development and Transport Resham Bahadur Jugjali CPN (MC) 12 May 2023[30]
6 Minister for Economic Affairs Jit Prakash Ale Magar NC 12 May 2023[30]
7 Minister for Industry, Tourism, Forest and Environment Dipendra Bahadur Thapa NC 12 May 2023[30]

Cabinet of Lumbini Province
S.N. Portfolio Holder Party Took office
Cabinet ministers
1 Chief Minister Dilli Bahadur Chaudhary NC 27 April 2023[12]
2 Minister for Economic Affairs Dhan Bahadur Maskey CPN (MC) 27 April 2023[12]
3 Minister for Health Raju Khanal NC 22 May 2023[31]
4 Minister for Interior Affairs, Law and Co-operatives Santosh Kumar Pandeya Loktantrik Samajwadi 27 April 2023[12]
5 Minister for Agriculture and Land Management Bhandari Lal Ahir PSP-N 22 May 2023[31]
6 Minister for Social Development Chandrakesh Gupta Janamat Party 22 May 2023[31]
7 Minister for Physical Infrastructure Development Dharma Bahadur Chaudhary Nagrik Unmukti 27 April 2023[12]
8 Minister for Water Supply, Rural and Urban Development NC
9 Minister for Forests and Environment
10 Minister for Industry, Tourism and Transport Management

Cabinet of Karnali Province
S.N. Portfolio Holder Party Took office
Cabinet ministers
1 Chief Minister Raj Kumar Sharma CPN (MC) 12 January 2023[32]
2 Minister for Economic Affairs Bedraj Singh NC 18 April 2023[33]
3 Minister for Physical Infrastructure Development Mangal Bahadur Shahi CPN (MC) 12 January 2023[32]
4 Minister for Social Development Khadga Bahadur Pokharel NC 18 April 2023[33]
5 Minister for Land Management, Agriculture and Cooperatives Bhim Prakash Sharma CPN (MC) 25 January 2023[34]
6 Minister for Industry, Tourism, Forest and Environment Krishna Kumar B.C. NC 18 April 2023[33]
7 Minister for Interior Affairs and Law Krishna Bahadur G.C. CPN (MC) 25 January 2023[34]
8 Minister for Energy, Water Resource and Irrigation Urmila BK CPN (MC) 18 April 2023[35]

Cabinet of Sudurpashchim Province
S.N. Portfolio Name Party Took office
Cabinet ministers
1 Chief Minister Kamal Bahadur Shah NC 10 February 2023[36]
2 Minister for Physical Infrastructure Development Prakash Bahadur Deuba NC 10 February 2023[36]
3 Minister for Economic Affairs Naresh Shahi Unified Socialist 10 February 2023[36]
4 Minister for Interior Affairs and Law Prithvi Bahadur Singh NC 20 May 2023[1]
5 Minister for Land Management, Agriculture and Cooperatives Nagrik Unmukti
6 Minister for Social Development Jhapat Saud CPN (MC) 20 May 2023[1]
7 Minister for Industry, Tourism, Forest and Environment Ramesh Singh Dhami CPN (MC) 20 May 2023[1]

Judiciary

The former appellate courts were changed into High Courts after the adoption of the new constitution.[37]

High Courts of Nepal
S.N. High Court Jurisdiction Primary seat Chief Judge Website
1 Biratnagar High Court (Koshi) Morang District, Sunsari District, and Udaypur District Biratnagar Shri Ramesh Prasad Rajbhandari Biratnagar High Court
2 Janakpur High Court (Madhesh) Dhanusha District, Mahottari District, and Sarlahi District Janakpur Binod Sharma (Acting) Janakpur High Court
3 Patan High Court (Bagmati) Kathmandu District, Lalitpur District, Bhaktapur District, Rasuwa District, Nuwakot District, Kavrepalanchowk District, Sindhupalchowk District, Dolakha District, Ramechhap District, Sindhuli District, and Dhading District Lalitpur Nripa Dhoj Niraula Patan High Court
4 Pokhara High Court (Gandaki) Kaski District, Lamjung District, Tanahu District, Manang District, Gorkha District, Syangja District, and Nawalpur District Pokhara Ramesh Pokharel Pokhara High Court
5 Tulsipur High Court (Lumbini) Dang District, Pyuthan District, Rolpa District and Eastern Rukum District Tulsipur Nita Gautam Dixit Tulsipur High Court
6 Surkhet High Court (Karnali) Surkhet District, Salyan District, West Rukum District, Dailekh District and Jajarkot District Birendranagar Sheshraj Shiwakoti (Acting) Surkhet High Court
7 Dipayal High Court (Sudurpashchim) Bajura District, Bajhang District, Achham District, Doti District, and Kailali District Dipayal Tej Bahadur Karki (Acting) Dipayal High Court

Additional Benches and Extended Benches of Nepal

S.N. High Court Additional and Extended Benches Jurisdiction Primary seat Senior-most Judge
1 Biratnagar High Court Ilam Bench Jhapa District, Ilam District, Panchthar District, and Taplejung District Illam Premraj Karki
2 Biratnagar High Court Dhankuta Bench Dhankuta District, Terathum District, Sankhuwasabha District, and Bhojpur District Dhankuta Pusparaj Koirala
3 Biratnagar High Court Okhaldhunga Bench Okhaldhunga District, Khotang District, and Solukhumbhu District Okhaldhunga Thakur Prasad Sharma Poudel
4 Janakpur High Court Rajbiraj Bench Saptari District and Siraha District Rajbiraj Diliraj Acharya
5 Janakpur High Court Birgunj Bench Parsa District, Bara District and Rautahat District Birgunj Sharanga Subedi
6 Patan High Court Hetauda Bench Chitwan District and Makwanpur District Hetauda Mohammad Shabir Hussain
7 Pokhara High Court Baglung Bench Baglung District, Parbat District, Myagdi District and Mustang District Baglung Dwarikaman Joshi
8 Tulsipur High Court Butwal Bench Rupandehi District, Nawalparasi District, Kapilvastu District, Gulmi District, Palpa District, and Arghakhanchi District Butwal Shivaraj Adhikari
9 Tulsipur High Court Nepalgunj Bench Banke District and Bardiya District Nepalgunj Dr. Ratna Bahadur Bagchand
10 Surkhet High Court Jumla Bench Jumla District, Kalikot District, Humla District, Mugu District, and Dolpa District Jumla Gunaraj Dhungel
11 Dipayal High Court Mahendranagar Bench Kanchanpur District, Darchula District, Baitadi District and Dadeldhura District Bhimdatta Prabha Basnet

    See also

    References
    1. Article 182 of the Constitution of Nepal (2015)
    2. "Karnali elects Nepal's first woman provincial Speaker". kathmandupost.com. Retrieved 2023-01-20.
    3. Article 183 of the Constitution of Nepal (2015)
    4. Article 162, Section 13 of the Constitution of Nepal (2015)
    5. Article 168, Section 13 of the Constitution of Nepal (2015)
    6. Article 170, Section 13 of the Constitution of Nepal (2015)
    7. Article 169, Section 13 of the Constitution of Nepal (2015)
    8. "Province 1 Chief Minister Karki takes oath of office". Khabarhub. Retrieved 2023-01-10.
    9. "JSP provincial assembly leader Saroj Kumar Yadav appointed Madhesh province chief minister". kathmandupost.com. Retrieved 2023-01-11.
    10. "Jammakattel appointed chief minister of Bagmati province". kathmandupost.com. Retrieved 2023-01-09.
    11. "सुरेन्द्रराज पाण्डे मुख्यमन्त्री : चुनावी गठबन्धन ब्युँतिँदाको शुभलाभ". ekantipur.com (in Nepali). Retrieved 2023-04-27.
    12. "डिल्ली चौधरी : सामाजिक अभियन्तादेखि मुख्यमन्त्रीसम्म". ekantipur.com (in Nepali). Retrieved 2023-04-27.
    13. "Maoist Centre's Raj Kumar Sharma appointed Karnali Province chief minister". kathmandupost.com. Retrieved 2023-01-11.
    14. "Congress in power in Sudurpaschim". kathmandupost.com. Retrieved 2023-02-10.
    15. SAH, BAL KRISHNA (2023-10-16). "CM Karki expanded Cabinet by inducting two ministers". The Himalayan Times. Retrieved 2023-10-17.
    16. "Koshi Province gets yet another chief minister with Kedar Karki due to take oath of office - OnlineKhabar English News". 2023-10-15. Retrieved 2023-10-17.
    17. "UML to quit koshi government over cabinet expansion".
    18. "UML to quit koshi government over cabinet expansion".
    19. "मधेस प्रदेशमा मुख्यमन्त्री र ३ मन्त्रीले लिए शपथ". ekantipur.com (in Nepali). Retrieved 2023-01-13.
    20. News, Nepal. "Cabinet reshuffles for Madhes Province". nepalnews.com. Retrieved 2023-05-23. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
    21. "मधेश सरकारमा लोसपा पनि सहभागी, कुर्मी वनमन्त्री नियुक्त". Online Khabar. Retrieved 2023-05-25.
    22. News, Nepal. "Cabinet reshuffles for Madhes Province". nepalnews.com. Retrieved 2023-08-05. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
    23. News, Nepal. "Madhes state government got perfection". nepalnews.com. Retrieved 2023-03-28. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
    24. Adhikari, Ganesh Darpan. "Bagmati CM Jamkattel takes oath". My Republica. Retrieved 2023-01-10.
    25. "वाग्मती प्रदेशमा नवनियुक्त दुई मन्त्रीद्वारा शपथ ग्रहण". ekantipur.com (in Nepali). Retrieved 2023-04-09.
    26. "Bagmati Cabinet gets full shape". kathmandupost.com. Retrieved 2023-01-25.
    27. "Newly appointed Ministers of Bagmati Province sworn in". english.ratopati.com (in Nepali). Retrieved 2023-05-21.
    28. "गण्डकीका मुख्यमन्त्री पाण्डेले लिए शपथ". ekantipur.com (in Nepali). Retrieved 2023-04-28.
    29. "गण्डकीमा दुई मन्त्री नियुक्त, कांग्रेसबाट सरस्वती, माओवादीबाट सुशीला". Online Khabar. Retrieved 2023-04-28.
    30. "Gandaki Chief Minister Pandey expands Cabinet". kathmandupost.com. Retrieved 2023-05-12.
    31. "Lumbini Chief Minister Chaudhary expands Cabinet". kathmandupost.com. Retrieved 2023-05-22.
    32. "Karnali Chief Minister Sharma, two ministers sworn in". kathmandupost.com. Retrieved 2023-01-12.
    33. Setopati, सेतोपाटी संवाददाता. "कांग्रेसले सिफारिस गर्‍यो कर्णाली सरकारमा सहभागी हुने मन्त्रीको नाम, भोलि शपथ". Setopati. Retrieved 2023-04-18.
    34. "Karnali Chief Minister Sharma inducts four new ministers". kathmandupost.com. Retrieved 2023-01-25.
    35. Republica. "Karnali: Council of Ministers expanded". My Republica. Retrieved 2023-04-25.
    36. "सुदूरपश्चिमका मुख्यमन्त्री र दुई मन्त्रीले लिए शपथ". ekantipur.com (in Nepali). Retrieved 2023-02-10.
    37. "Govt designates all 7 high courts". My Republica. Retrieved 2018-03-31.
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