1320
Year 1320 (MCCCXX) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Władysław I the Short, King of Poland
| Millennium: | 2nd millennium |
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| Centuries: | |
| Decades: | |
| Years: |
| 1320 by topic |
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| Leaders |
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| Birth and death categories |
| Births – Deaths |
| Establishments and disestablishments categories |
| Establishments – Disestablishments |
| Art and literature |
| 1320 in poetry |
| Gregorian calendar | 1320 MCCCXX |
| Ab urbe condita | 2073 |
| Armenian calendar | 769 ԹՎ ՉԿԹ |
| Assyrian calendar | 6070 |
| Balinese saka calendar | 1241–1242 |
| Bengali calendar | 727 |
| Berber calendar | 2270 |
| English Regnal year | 13 Edw. 2 – 14 Edw. 2 |
| Buddhist calendar | 1864 |
| Burmese calendar | 682 |
| Byzantine calendar | 6828–6829 |
| Chinese calendar | 己未年 (Earth Goat) 4016 or 3956 — to — 庚申年 (Metal Monkey) 4017 or 3957 |
| Coptic calendar | 1036–1037 |
| Discordian calendar | 2486 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1312–1313 |
| Hebrew calendar | 5080–5081 |
| Hindu calendars | |
| - Vikram Samvat | 1376–1377 |
| - Shaka Samvat | 1241–1242 |
| - Kali Yuga | 4420–4421 |
| Holocene calendar | 11320 |
| Igbo calendar | 320–321 |
| Iranian calendar | 698–699 |
| Islamic calendar | 719–720 |
| Japanese calendar | Gen'ō 2 (元応２年) |
| Javanese calendar | 1231–1232 |
| Julian calendar | 1320 MCCCXX |
| Korean calendar | 3653 |
| Minguo calendar | 592 before ROC 民前592年 |
| Nanakshahi calendar | −148 |
| Thai solar calendar | 1862–1863 |
| Tibetan calendar | 阴土羊年 (female Earth-Goat) 1446 or 1065 or 293 — to — 阳金猴年 (male Iron-Monkey) 1447 or 1066 or 294 |
Events
January – March
- January 5 – Henry III, Count of Gorizia, arrives in Padua as the Imperial Vicar with a large army, promising protection to the Italian city state.
- January 20 – Duke Władysław I the Short becomes king of a reunited Poland, after receiving the approval from Pope John XXII. He is crowned, along with his wife Jadwiga of Kalisz, at the royal cathedral on Wawel Hill at Kraków. Wladysław's kingdom is surrounded by three hostile neighbors: Brandenburg, the Teutonic Order and Bohemia. Looking for allies, he makes an alliance with Charles I, ruler of Hungary.
- February 15 – Pope John XXII grants a mandate to the Archbishop of York to order restitution of confiscated Knights Templar property to the Knights Hospitaller.[1]
- February 18 – Walter de Stapledon, Bishop of Exeter, becomes the new Lord High Treasurer of England.
- March 1 – Emperor Renzong of China, the Mongol leader Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan, dies after a reign of almost nine years. He is succeeded by his son, Gegeen Khan.
- March 20 – Shepherds' Crusade (Le Pastoureaux): In France, a large group of common people band together in Normandy on Easter Sunday to begin a crusade, after a teenage shepherd says he was visited by the Holy Spirit.[2] They march south to Aquitaine, attacking castles, royal officials, priests and lepers along the way. Jewish communes are attacked at Saintes, Cahors, Verdun-sur-Garonne, Albi and Toulouse. When they finally cross into Spain, Aragon forces under Prince Alfonso halt their advance. In July, many of the followers are arrested and executed. After that, there are no further incidents and the crusade disperses.[3]
April – June
- April 6 – Declaration of Arbroath: King Robert the Bruce sends a letter to John XXII. He asks him to recognize Scottish sovereignty, and Robert's right to be ruler of Scotland. Hoping that he will lift the excommunication order under which Robert is being held for the death of John Comyn III (John the Red) .[4][5]
- April 19 – Gegeen Khan (Prince Shidibala) becomes the new Mongol Emperor Yingzong of the Yuan dyansty of China after the death of his father, Emperor Renzong.
- May 29 & ndash; Pope John VIII of Alexandria, leader of the Coptic Orthodox Church, dies in Egypt after a reign of 20 years. He will be succeeded by Pope John IX
- June 4 – King Edward II of England appoints Lord Pembroke as keeper of the realm before traveling to France.[6]
- June 18 – Treaty of Baena: Sultan Ismail I signs an 8-year truce with Castile at Baena. King James II, who receives papal authorization and funds for a crusade against Granada refuses to accept the treaty. Both parties promise to aid one another against their respective enemies. Meanwhile, Ismail consolidates the territories formally under his control with the emirate.[7]
- June 19 – Shepherds' Crusade: Unnerved by the prospect of the arrival of the shepherds at Avignon to begin a crusade, Pope John XXII orders their dispersal.
July – September
- July 6 –To strengthen the alliance between Hungary and Poland, and with the approval of Pope John XXII, Charles I of Hungary marries Princess Elizabeth of Poland, the 15-year-old daughter King Wladyslaw I.[8]
- July 9 – In India's Delhi Sultanate, Qutbuddin Mubarak Shah is murdered by his favourite, Khusrau Khan, who succeeds him on the throne.[9]
- August 4 – William II de Soules confesses to treason before the Scottish Parliament at a hearing at the "Black Parliament" session held at Scone. For the crime of conspiring against King Robert, Soules is sentenced to life imprisonment at Dumbarton Castle.
- September 5 – Delhi's Sultan Khusrau Khan, who betrayed and murdered Qutbuddin Shah in May to become ruler in India, is himself betrayed and murdered by his governor, Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq, who founds Delhi's Tughlaq dynasty. Sultan Ghiyath appoints military governors in Punjab and Sindh province, who manage to halt Mongol incursions towards the sultanate.[9]
- September 9 – Battle of Saint George: Byzantine forces under Andronikos Asen defeat the army of the Principality of Achaea, securing the possession of Arcadia. During the battle, Latin commander Bartholomew II is taken prisoner, along with several high-ranking nobles of the principality, and is sent to Constantinople.[10][11]
- September 28 – Pope John IX of Alexandria is elected as the new spiritual leader of the Coptic Orthodox Church, succeeding Pope John VIII.
October – December
- October 12 – Andronikos II Palaiologos, who was co-ruler of Byzantium, becomes the sole ruler upon the death of his son Michael IX Palaiologos. Michael's son Andronikos begins a rebellion against his grandfather emperor six months later.
- October 17 – Prince Jaime of Aragon marries the 12-year-old Princess Leonor of Castile at Gandesa, but announces at the conclusion of the mass that "his decision was to never rule" the Kingdom of Aragon as a sovereign or even to remain in secular life, but to instead enter a monastery to pursue a life "under a religious rule."[12] King Jaime II informs Leonor's grandmother (Queen Maria de Molina) of the situation on October 22, and Queen Maria demands the return of Leonor immediately. Having renounced his royal rights, Prince Jaime finds afterward that he will not be allowed to enter a monastery either.
- October 27 – Magnus Birgersson, who had been the crown prince of Sweden until his father, King Birger was forced to flee, was beheaded by order of King Magnus Eriksson. Magnus Birgersson, who had defended the Stegeborg Castle in 1318 to allow his father to flee to safety, was convicted of having participated in the Nyköping Banquet betrayal of 1317.[13]
- November 13 – King Eric VI of Denmark dies after a 33-year reign at Roskilde, leaving a vacancy that will not be filled until the January election of his brother Christopher II. During his rule, he attempts to control the routes of the Hanseatic League. The Hanse, an association of Baltic merchants, expels the English and Scots, and gains a monopoly of trade with Norway.[9]
- December 21 – Representatives of England's King Edward II and Scotland's King Robert the Bruce sign a two-year truce.[14] Hostilities are to cease until Christmas Day, 1321, with the Scots to build no new castles in the sheriffdoms of Berwick , Roxburgh, and Dumfries, and the English were to either transfer the Harbottle garrison in Northumberland to Scotland, or to destroy it.[15] A long-term peace is still far off because of Edward's arrogant refusal to relinquish his claims of sovereignty over the Scots.[16]
Date unknown
- Autumn – Byzantine forces under Andronikos Asen capture the Latin castles of Akova and Karytaina. They secure control over Arcadia and Cynuria in the Peloponnese.[17]
- Battle of Rhodes: The Knights Hospitaller defeats an attempt by the Turks of Menteshe to capture Rhodes. During the battle, a Turkish invasion fleet (some 80 ships) is destroyed by a smaller Hospitaller-Genoese fleet.[18]
- The Venetian Arsenal, a dockyard for naval ships, is rebuilt, known as the Arsenale Nuovo.
- Henri de Mondeville, French surgeon and physician, writes La Chirurgie, the first textbook on surgery by a Frenchmen.
Births
- February 9 – Catherine of Austria, German noblewoman (d. 1349)
- April 8 – Peter I the Cruel, king of Portugal (d. 1367)
- May 25 – Toghon Temür (Emperor Huizong), Mongol emperor (d. 1370)
- October 13 – Perenelle Flamel, French female alchemist (d. 1397)
- date unknown
- Adalbertus Ranconis de Ericinio, Czech philosopher (d. 1388)
- Averardo de Medici , Italian nobleman (d. 1363)
- Beatrice of Bourbon, queen consort of Bohemia (d. 1383)
- Bertrand du Guesclin, Breton knight and general (d. 1380)
- Blanka of Namur, queen of Norway and Sweden (d.1363)
- Chen Youliang, Chinese founder of Chen Han (d. 1363)[19]
- Constantine Harmenopoulos, Byzantine judge (d. 1385)[20]
- Gabriele Adorno, Genoese nobleman and doge (d. 1383)
- Galeazzo II, Italian nobleman (House of Visconti) (d. 1378)
- Isabella, Scottish noblewoman (House of Stuart) (d. 1389)
- Jan of Czarnków, Polish nobleman and diplomat (d. 1387)
- John Mohun V, English nobleman and knight (d. 1376)
- John Twenge, English preacher, canon and prior (d. 1379)
- Kitabatake Akinobu, Japanese nobleman (kuge) (d. 1380)
- Lalleshwari (Lal Ded), Indian mystic and poet (d. 1392)
- Louis I, king of Naples (Capetian House of Anjou) (d. 1362)
- Michael Panaretos, Byzantine historian and writer (d. 1390)
- Neil Loring, English knight and diplomat (d. 1386)
- Nicholas Szécsi, Hungarian nobleman and knight (d. 1387)[21]
- Nicodemus of Tismana, Byzantine monk and writer (d. 1406)
- Nijō Yoshimoto, Japanese nobleman and waka poet (d. 1388)
- Nissim of Gerona, Spanish talmudist and scholar (d. 1380)
- Otto the Tarantine, German nobleman and prince (d. 1398)
- Ragibagh Khan (Tianshun), Mongol emperor (d. 1328)
- Siemowit III, Polish nobleman (House of Piast) (d. 1381)
- Ugolino Gonzaga, Italian nobleman and knight (d. 1362)
Deaths
- January 12 – John Dalderby, English bishop and chancellor[22]
- January 21 – Árni Helgason, Icelandic cleric and bishop (b. 1260)
- February 7 – Jan Muskata, Polish bishop and chancellor (b. 1250)
- March 1 – Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan, Mongol emperor (b. 1285)
- March 21 – Wernher von Homberg, Swiss nobleman and knight[23]
- April 13 – Margaret of Castello, Italian nun and teacher (b. 1287)
- April 24 – Abu Said Faraj, Nasrid advisor and governor (b. 1248)
- May 2 – Joan Butler (Joan FitzGerald), Irish noblewoman (b. 1281)
- May 29 – John VIII, Egyptian pope of the Coptic Orthodox Church
- June 5 – Peter of Aspelt, German priest, chancellor and archbishop
- July 9 – Qutbuddin Mubarak Shah, Indian ruler of the Delhi Sultanate
- July 27 – Heinrich von Plötzke, German knight and marshal (b. 1264)
- October 12 – Michael IX Palaiologos, Byzantine emperor (b. 1277)
- October 31 – Ricold of Monte Croce, Italian missionary and writer[24]
- date unknown
- Alessandro Novello, Italian bishop and inquisitor (b. 1250)
- Anna Palaiologina, Byzantine princess and queen consort
- Antonius Andreas, Spanish monk and theologian (b. 1280)
- Arnaud d'Aux, French bishop and cardinal-bishop (b. 1270)
- Bernard Délicieux, French monk, prior and priest (b. 1260)
- Chosgi Odsir, Mongol monk, translator and writer (b. 1260)
- Dominic II Rátót, Hungarian nobleman, knight and palatine
- Geoffrey of Paris, French monk, chronicler and historian
- Henri de Mondeville, French surgeon and physician
- Henry II, Margrave of Brandenburg-Stendal ("Henry the Child"), 12, ruler of Brandenburg
- Ilbasan , Mongol ruler (House of Borjigin)
- Li Kan (Zhong Bin), Chinese official and painter
- Mojs II Ákos, Hungarian nobleman and rebel leader
- Nicholas de Balscote, English judge and chancellor
- Olivier III de Clisson, Breton nobleman and co-ruler
- Radulphus Brito, French grammarian and philosopher
- Robert de Welles, English nobleman and landowner[25]
- Roger de Mowbray, Scottish nobleman and landowner
- William III, Burgundian nobleman and knight (b. 1280)
- Yasa'ur, Mongol nobleman, prince and general (b. 1289)
References
- J. Michael Jefferson, The Templar Estates in Lincolnshire, 1185-1565: Agriculture and Economy (Boydell Press, 2020) p.167
- "Shepherds' Crusade, Second (1320)", by Gary Dickson, in The Crusades to the Holy Land: The Essential Reference Guide, ed. by Alan V. Murray (ABC-CLIO, 2015) pp.218-219
- Malcolm Barber (1981). "The Pastoureaux of 1320" in Journal of Ecclesiastical History 32 (2), pp. 143–166.
- Scott, Ronald McNair (1999). Robert the Bruce: King of Scots, p. 197. Canongate Books. ISBN 978-0-86241-616-4.
- McLean, Iain (2005). State of the Union: Unionism and the Alternatives in the United Kingdom Since 1707, p. 247. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-925820-8.
- James Conway Davies, The Baronial Opposition to Edward II Its Character and Policy: A Study in Administrative History (Cambridge University Press, 1918) p.439
- Joseph F. O'Callaghan (2011). The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait, p. 147. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-2302-6.
- Brzezinski, Richard (1990). History of Poland: The Piast Dynasty, pp. 24–25. ISBN 83-7212-019-6.
- Hywel Williams (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History, p. 157. ISBN 0-304-35730-8.
- Bon, Antoine (1969). La Morée franque. Recherches historiques, topographiques et archéologiques sur la principauté d'Achaïe, p. 202. [The Frankish Morea. Historical, Topographic and Archaeological Studies on the Principality of Achaea] (in French). Paris: De Boccard. OCLC 869621129.
- Ravegnano, Giorgio (2000). "GHISI, Bartolomeo". Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, Volume 54: Ghiselli-Gimma (in Italian). Rome: Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana. ISBN 978-8-81200032-6.
- Paulette Lynn Pepin,María de Molina, Queen and Regent: Life and Rule in Castile-León, 1259–1321 (Lexington Books, 2016) p.124
- "Magnus Birgersson", by Hans Gillingstam, in Svenskt biografiskt lexikon (Riksarkivet, 1982)
- Sir David Dalrymple, Annals of Scotland from the Accession of Robert I, Volume 2 (Balfour and Shellie, 1779) pp. 91-92
- J. R. S. Phillips, Aymer de Valence, Earl of Pembroke 1307-1324: Baronial Politics in the Reign of Edward II (Oxford University Press, 2018) p.187
- Armstrong, Pete (2002). Osprey: Bannockburn 1314 – Robert Bruce's great victory, p. 88. ISBN 1-85532-609-4.
- Topping, Peter (1975). "The Morea, 1311–1364". In Setton, Kenneth M.; Hazard, Harry W. (eds.). A History of the Crusades, Volume III: The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries, p. 117. Madison and London: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 0-299-06670-3.
- Luttrell, Anthony (1975). "The Hospitallers at Rhodes, 1306–1421". In Setton, Kenneth M.; Hazard, Harry W. (eds.). A History of the Crusades, Volume III: The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries, pp. 288–289. Madison and London: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 0-299-06670-3.
- Dreyer, Edward (1982). Early Ming China: A Political History. Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-1105-4.
- Fögen, Marie Theres (1991). "Harmenopoulos, Constantine". In Kazhdan, Alexander (ed.). The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, p. 902. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-504652-8.
- Marko, Laszlo (2006). The High Officers of the Hungarian State from Saint Stephen to the Present Days – A Biographical Encyclopedia (2nd edition), p. 253. Budapest; ISBN 963-547-085-1.
- Childs, Wendy R. (February 3, 2005). Vita Edwardi Secundi. Clarendon Press. p. 179. ISBN 978-0-19-151530-9.
- Friedrich Wilhelm Barthold. "Minnelieder des Grafen Wernher von Homberg" in: Der Römerzug König Heinrichs von Lützelburg, pp. 72–80. Vol.2. (1831)
- Jackson, Peter (2016). The Mongols and the West, 1221–1410, p. 176. Pearson Education Ltd. ISBN 0-582-36896-0.
- Doyle, J. W. E. (1886). The Official Baronage of England: Showing the Succession, Dignities, and Offices of Every Peer from 1066 to 1885, with Sixteen Hundred Illustrations (Vol. 3). Longmans, Green.
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