Machaeroidinae

Machaeroidinae ("dagger-like") is an extinct subfamily of carnivorous sabre-toothed placental mammals from extinct family Oxyaenidae, that lived from the early to middle Eocene of Asia and North America.[3] Traditionally classified as hyaenodonts, this group is now classified as a member of the family Oxyaenidae.[4][5][6]

This article is about the extinct subfamily of carnivorous mammals Machaeroidinae. For the similarly named subfamily of extinct cats, see Machairodontinae.

Machaeroidinae
Temporal range: early to middle Eocene
skull of Machaeroides eothen
lower jaw of Apataelurus kayi
Scientific classification e
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Clade: Pan-Carnivora
Order: †Oxyaenodonta
Family: †Oxyaenidae
Subfamily: †Machaeroidinae
Matthew, 1909[1]
Type genus
†Machaeroides
Matthew, 1909
Genera
A map showing the fossil finds of machaeroidinid genera.
Synonyms
list of synonyms:
  • Machaeroididae
  • Machaeroidini (Van Valen, 1966)[2]
  • Machairoidinae (Matthew, 1909)

Classification and phylogeny

Taxonomy
  • Subfamily: †Machaeroidinae (Matthew, 1909)
    • Genus: †Apataelurus (Scott, 1937)
      • †Apataelurus kayi (Scott, 1937)
      • †Apataelurus pishigouensis (Tong & Lei, 1986)
    • Genus: †Diegoaelurus (Zack, Poust & Wagner, 2022)[7]
      • Diegoaelurus vanvalkenburghae (Zack, Poust & Wagner, 2022)
    • Genus: †Isphanatherium (Lavrov & Averianov, 1998)
      • Isphanatherium ferganensis (Lavrov & Averianov, 1998)
    • Genus: †Machaeroides (Matthew, 1909)
      • †Machaeroides eothen (Matthew, 1909)
      • †Machaeroides simpsoni (Dawson, 1986)
    • Incertae sedis:
      • †Machaeroidinae sp. (CM 2386) (Zack, 2019)
      • †Machaeroidinae sp. (FMNH PM 1506) (Tomiya, 2021)
      • †Machaeroidinae sp. (USNM 173514) (Zack, 2019)

Phylogeny

The phylogenetic relationships of the subfamily Machaeroidinae are shown in the following cladogram:[8][9][10][5]

 Pan-Carnivora 
 †Hyaenodonta 

†Altacreodus

†Tinerhodon

 †Altacreodus/Tinerhodon clade
 ? 

†Wyolestidae

 ? 

†Simidectes

†Hyaenodonta (sensu stricto)

 sensu lato 

Carnivoramorpha

 †Oxyaenodonta 
 †Oxyaenidae 

†Tytthaeninae 

†Oxyaeninae

†Palaeonictinae

 †Machaeroidinae 
 †Machaeroides 

†Machaeroides eothen

†Machaeroides simpsoni

 †Isphanatherium 

†Isphanatherium ferganensis

 ? 
 †Diegoaelurus 

†Diegoaelurus vanvalkenburghae

†Machaeroidinae sp. (CM 2386)

†Machaeroidinae sp. (FMNH PM 1506)

†Machaeroidinae sp. (USNM 173514)

 †Apataelurus 

†Apataelurus kayi

†Apataelurus pishigouensis

See also

References
  1. W. D. Matthew (1909.) "The Carnivora and Insectivora of the Bridger Basin, middle Eocene." Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History 9:289-567
  2. L. Van Valen (1967.) "New Paleocene insectivores and insectivore classification." Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 135(5):217-284
  3. Malcolm C. McKenna, Susan K. Bell: Classification of Mammals: Above the Species Level in Columbia University Press, New York (1997), 631 Seiten. Machaeroidinae
  4. Zack, S. (2014). "Saber-tooth origins: a new skeletal association and the affinities of Machaeroidinae (Mammalia, Creodonta)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, Program and Abstracts: 259–260.
  5. Shawn P. Zack (2019). "A skeleton of a Uintan machaeroidine 'creodont' and the phylogeny of carnivorous eutherian mammals". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 17 (8): 653–689. doi:10.1080/14772019.2018.1466374. S2CID 89934728.
  6. Shawn P. Zack (2019). "The first North American Propterodon (Hyaenodonta: Hyaenodontidae), a new species from the late Uintan of Utah". PeerJ. 7: e8136. doi:10.7717/peerj.8136. PMC 6876642. PMID 31772846.
  7. Zack, Shawn P.; Poust, Ashley W.; Wagner, Hugh (2022-03-15). "Diegoaelurus, a new machaeroidine (Oxyaenidae) from the Santiago Formation (late Uintan) of southern California and the relationships of Machaeroidinae, the oldest group of sabertooth mammals". PeerJ. 10: e13032. doi:10.7717/peerj.13032. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 8932314. PMID 35310159.
  8. Gunnel, Gregg F.; Gingerich, Philip D. (1991). "Systematics and evolution of late Paleocene and early Eocene Oxyaenidae (Mammalia, Creodonta) in the Clarks Fork Basin, Wyoming" (PDF). Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology. The University of Michigan. 28 (7): 141–180.
  9. Solé, F. & Ladevèze, S. (2017.) "Evolution of the hypercarnivorous dentition in mammals (Metatheria, Eutheria) and its bearing on the development of tribosphenic molars." Evolution & Development, 19(2), 56–68.
  10. Prevosti, F. J. & Forasiepi, A. M. (2018.) "Introduction. Evolution of South American Mammalian Predators During the Cenozoic: Paleobiogeographic and Paleoenvironmental Contingencies"
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