Oxyaeninae

Oxyaeninae ("sharp hyenas") is an extinct subfamily of placental mammals from extinct family Oxyaenidae, that lived in Asia, North America and Europe from the late Paleocene to middle Eocene.[2][3]

Oxyaeninae
Temporal range: late Paleocene to middle Eocene
Patriofelis ferox skeleton
Reconstruction of
Sarkastodon mongoliensis
Scientific classification e
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Clade: Pan-Carnivora
Order: †Oxyaenodonta
Family: †Oxyaenidae
Subfamily: †Oxyaeninae
Cope, 1877[1]
Type genus
†Oxyaena
Cope, 1874
Genera
Synonyms
  • Oxyaenidae (Cope, 1877)

Etymology

The name of the subfamily translates as "sharp hyaenas" (from Ancient Greek ὀξύς- (oxús-) 'sharp', name of hyena genus Hyaena and taxonomic suffix "-inae").[4]

Classification and phylogeny

Taxonomy
  • Subfamily: †Oxyaeninae (Cope, 1877)
    • Genus: †Argillotherium (Davies, 1884)
      • †Argillotherium toliapicum (Davies, 1884)
    • Genus: †Dipsalidictis(paraphyletic genus) (Matthew & Granger, 1915)
      • †Dipsalidictis aequidens (Matthew & Granger, 1915)
      • †Dipsalidictis krausei (Gunnell & Gingerich, 1991)
      • †Dipsalidictis platypus (Matthew & Granger, 1915)
      • †Dipsalidictis transiens (Matthew & Granger, 1915)
    • Genus: †Malfelis (Stucky & Hardy, 2007)
      • †Malfelis badwaterensis (Stucky & Hardy, 2007)[5]
    • Genus: †Oxyaena (Cope, 1874)
      • †Oxyaena forcipata (Cope, 1874)
      • †Oxyaena gulo (Matthew & Granger, 1915)
      • †Oxyaena intermedia (Denison, 1938)
      • †Oxyaena lupina (Cope, 1874)
      • †Oxyaena pardalis (Matthew & Granger, 1915)
      • †Oxyaena simpsoni (Van Valen, 1966)
      • †Oxyaena woutersi (Lange-Badré & Godinot, 1982)
      • †Oxyaena sp. [Europe] (Solé, 2011)
    • Genus: †Patriofelis (Leidy, 1870)
      • †Patriofelis ferox (Marsh, 1872)
      • †Patriofelis ulta (Leidy, 1870)
    • Genus: †Protopsalis (Cope, 1880)
      • †Protopsalis tigrinus (Cope, 1880)
    • Genus: †Sarkastodon (Granger, 1938)
      • †Sarkastodon henanensis (Tong & Lei, 1986)
      • †Sarkastodon mongoliensis (Granger, 1938)

Phylogeny

The phylogenetic relationships of the subfamily Oxyaeninae are shown in the following cladogram:[2][6][7][8][9]

 Pan-Carnivora 
 †Hyaenodonta 

†Altacreodus

†Tinerhodon

 ? 

†Wyolestidae

 ? 

†Simidectes

†Hyaenodonta (sensu stricto)

 sensu lato 

Carnivoramorpha

 †Oxyaenodonta 
 †Oxyaenidae 

†Tytthaeninae 

†Machaeroidinae

†Palaeonictinae

 †Oxyaeninae 

†Dipsalidictis aequidens

†Dipsalidictis krausei

†Dipsalidictis platypus

†Dipsalidictis transiens

 †Oxyaena 

†Oxyaena intermedia

†Oxyaena forcipata

†Oxyaena gulo

†Oxyaena lupina

†Oxyaena simpsoni

†Oxyaena pardalis

†Oxyaena woutersi

†Oxyaena sp. (Europe)

 †Argillotherium 

†Argillotherium toliapicum

 ? 
 †Sarkastodon 

†Sarkastodon henanensis

†Sarkastodon mongoliensis

 †Malfelis 

†Malfelis badwaterensis

 †Protopsalis 

†Protopsalis tigrinus

 †Patriofelis 

†Patriofelis ferox

†Patriofelis ulta
†Altacreodus/Tinerhodon clade
†Dipsalidictis

See also

References
  1. E. D. Cope (1877.) "Report upon the extinct Vertebrata obtained in New Mexico by parties of the expedition of 1874." Report upon United States Geographical Surveys West of the One Hundredth Meridian, in charge of First Lieut. G.M. Wheeler, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army, Vol. IV Paleontology, Part II, pp. 1-365. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
  2. Gunnel, Gregg F.; Gingerich, Philip D. (1991-09-30). "Systematics and evolution of late Paleocene and early Eocene Oxyaenidae (Mammalia, Creodonta) in the Clarks Fork Basin, Wyoming" (PDF). Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology. The University of Michigan. 28 (7): 141–180.
  3. Malcolm C. McKenna, Susan K. Bell: Classification of Mammals: Above the Species Level in Columbia University Press, New York (1997), 631 Seiten. Oxyaeninae
  4. Dixon, Dougal (2008). World Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs & Prehistoric Creatures. Lorenz Books. ISBN 978-0-7548-1730-7.
  5. Stucky, R. K.; Hardy, T. G. (2007). "A new large hypercarnivorous oxyaenid (Mammalia, Creodonta) from the Middle Eocene of the Wind River Formation, Natrona County, Wyoming" (PDF). Bulletin of Carnegie Museum of Natural History. 39: 57–65. doi:10.2992/0145-9058(2007)39[57:anlhom]2.0.co;2. S2CID 130956705.
  6. F. Solé, E. Gheerbrant and M. Godinot (2011.) "New data on the Oxyaenidae from the Early Eocene of Europe; biostratigraphic, paleobiogeographic and paleoecologic implications." Palaeontologia Electronica 14(2):13A:1-41
  7. Solé, F. & Ladevèze, S. (2017.) "Evolution of the hypercarnivorous dentition in mammals (Metatheria, Eutheria) and its bearing on the development of tribosphenic molars." Evolution & Development, 19(2), 56–68.
  8. Prevosti, F. J. & Forasiepi, A. M. (2018.) "Introduction. Evolution of South American Mammalian Predators During the Cenozoic: Paleobiogeographic and Paleoenvironmental Contingencies", Springer Geology. Springer, Cham.
  9. Shawn P. Zack (2019). "A skeleton of a Uintan machaeroidine 'creodont' and the phylogeny of carnivorous eutherian mammals". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 17 (8): 653–689. doi:10.1080/14772019.2018.1466374. S2CID 89934728.
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