1650s

The 1650s decade ran from January 1, 1650, to December 31, 1659.

Millennium
2nd millennium
Centuries
Decades
Years
  • 1650
  • 1651
  • 1652
  • 1653
  • 1654
Categories
  • Births
  • Deaths
  • By country
  • Establishments
  • Disestablishments
February 2, 1653: New Amsterdam is incorporated.

Events

1650

January–March

April–June

July–September

October–December
  • October 17 – The Western Remonstrance is signed by members of the Parliament of Scotland who condemn the recognition of Charles II being crowned King of Scotland, and pledging allegiance to England's General Oliver Cromwell.
  • October 20 – Queen Christina of Sweden, who has been the legal ruler of Sweden for almost 18 years, has an elaborate coronation ceremony at the castle of Jacobsdal near Stockholm. The coronation had originally been planned for her 18th birthday in 1644 but was delayed by a war with Denmark-Norway.
  • October 30 – The Commonwealth of England government passes a law prohibiting trade between English merchants and English colonies that had sided with Charles II over Oliver Cromwell. Specifically labeled as rebel colonies for purposes of the ban are the North American Colony of Virginia , as well as the Caribbean islands of Barbados, Antigua and Bermuda.
  • November 4 – William III of Orange becomes Prince of the House of Orange at the moment of his birth, succeeding his father, who had died a few days earlier. He does not become stadtholder, so the United Provinces becomes a true republic.
  • November 24 – In China, Qing dynasty forces led by Shang Kexi capture the city of Guangzhou from the Southern Ming and then carry out a massacre of the population, killing as many as 70,000 people over 11 days ending on December 5.[3]
  • December 14 – Anne Greene is hanged at Oxford Castle in England for infanticide, having concealed an illegitimate stillbirth. The following day she revives in the dissection room and, being pardoned, lives until 1659.[4][5][6]
  • December 25 – Thomas Cooper, former Usher of Gresham's School, England, is hanged as a Royalist rebel.

Date unknown

1651

January–March
  • January 1 – Charles II is crowned King of Scots at Scone (his first crowning).[8]
  • January 24 – Parliament of Boroa in Chile: Spanish and Mapuche authorities meet at Boroa, renewing the fragile peace established at the parliaments of Quillín, in 1641 and 1647.[9][10]
  • February 22 – St. Peter's Flood: A first storm tide in the North Sea strikes the coast of Germany, drowning thousands.[11].The island of Juist is split in half, and the western half of Buise is probably washed away.
  • March 4 – St. Peter's Flood: Another storm tide in the North Sea strikes the Netherlands, flooding Amsterdam.
  • March 6 – The town of Kajaani is founded by Count Per Brahe the Younger.[12]
  • March 15 – Prince Aisin Gioro Fulin attains the age of 13 and becomes the Shunzhi Emperor of China, which had been governed by a regency since the death of his father Hong Taiji in 1643.
  • March 26 – The Spanish ship San José, loaded with silver, is pushed south by strong winds; it wrecks on the coast of southern Chile, and its surviving crew is killed by indigenous Cuncos.[13][14]

April–June

July–September

October–December

Date unknown

1652

January–March
  • January 8 – Michiel de Ruyter marries the widow Anna van Gelder and plans retirement, but months later becomes a vice-commodore in the First Anglo-Dutch War.
  • February 4 – At Edinburgh, the parliamentary commissioners of the Commonwealth of England proclaim the Tender of Union to be in force in Scotland, annexing the Scottish nation with the concession that Scotland would have 30 representatives in the parliament of the English Commonwealth.
  • February 12 – Oliver Cromwell, England's Lord Protector, announces that his Council of Scotland will regulate church affairs as part of the Terms of Incorporation of Scotland into England, and eliminates Presbyterianism as Scotland's state religion.
  • March 29 (April 8 New Style) – Total solar eclipse of April 8, 1652 ("Black Monday").

April–June

July–September

October–December

1653

January–March

April–June

July–September
  • July 4 – Barebone's Parliament, named for a prominent Puritan member, Praise-God Barebone, opens its session in London with elected representatives to pass laws for the Commonwealth of England.
  • July 8 – John Thurloe becomes Cromwell's head of intelligence.
  • August 5 – Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg reaffirms the nobility's freedom from taxation, and its unlimited control over the peasants, in return for a grant to him of 530,000 silver Joachimsthalers to be paid in installments over six years.[23]
  • August 8 – The petite post, a system of postage using prepaid labels and post boxes, is inaugurated in Paris by Jean-Jacques Renouard de Villayer for the mailing of letters within the city, an event noted by Madeleine de Scudéry in her manuscript Chroniques du samedi.[24]
  • August 10 – The Battle of Scheveningen, the final naval battle of the First Anglo-Dutch War, ends after three days of fighting off the island of Texel, as the English Navy gains a tactical victory over the Dutch fleet.
  • September 13 – A violent storm off the west coast of Scotland sinks the English Navy warship Swan, and the commandeered merchantmen Speedwell and Martha and Margaret, all of which have been anchored off of Mull. Most of the crews had gone ashore, but 23 of the men on the ship Speedwell are killed.
  • September 29 – In India, the third and final attempt by the Mughal Empire, to recapture the city of Kandahar from the Safavid Empire, ends in failure after almost six months despite the presence of 70,000 Mughal soldiers under the command of Prince Dara Shukoh.

October–December

Date unknown
  • Marcello Malpighi, an Italian pioneer of microscopical anatomy becomes a doctor of medicine.
  • Stephen Bachiler, a clergyman and early advocate for the separation of church and state returns to England after having spent more than 20 years overseas in the Massachusetts Bay Colony.
  • The gardens surrounding the Taj Mahal mausoleum are completed at Agra.

1654

January–March

April–June

July–September

October –December

1655

January–March

April–June

July–September

October –December

Date unknown
  • Stephan Farffler, a 22-year-old paraplegic watchmaker, builds the world's first self-propelling chair on a three-wheel chassis using a system of cranks and cogwheels.[56][57] However, the device has the appearance of a hand bike more than a wheelchair since the design includes hand cranks mounted at the front wheel.[58]
  • The Bibliotheca Thysiana is erected,[59] the only surviving 17th century example in the Netherlands, of a building designed as a library.[60]
  • 1655 Malta plague outbreak kills 20 people.[61]
  • Frederick III of Denmark-Norway gives control of the Faroe Islands to Christoffer Gabel and his son, which will last until 1709.[62]

1656

January–March
  • January 5 – The First War of Villmergen, a civil war in the Confederation of Switzerland pitting its Protestant and Roman Catholic cantons against each other, breaks out but is resolved by March 7. The Lutheran cantons of the larger cities of Zurich, Bern and Schaffhausen battle against seven Catholic cantons of Lucerne, Schwyz, Uri, Zug, Baden Unterwalden (now Obwalden and Nidwalden) and St. Gallen.
  • January 17 – The Treaty of Königsberg is signed, establishing an alliance between Charles X Gustav of Sweden and Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg.
  • January 24 – The first Jewish doctor in the Thirteen Colonies of America, Jacob Lumbrozo, arrives in Maryland.
  • January 20 – Reinforced by soldiers dispatched by the Viceroy of Peru, Spanish Chilean troops defeat the indigenous Mapuche warriors in a battle at San Fabián de Conuco in what is now central Chile, turning the tide in the Spanish colonists favor in the Mapuche uprising after more than a year.
  • February 18 (February 8 O.S.) – Swedish Empire troops led by King Carl X Gustav defeat troops of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth commanded by General Stefan Czarniecki in the first major engagement of the Swedish Deluge, meeting in the Battle of Golab.
  • February 23 – London's Lord Mayor Christopher Packe suggests to Oliver Cromwell, the Lord Protector and chief executive of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland, that the monarchy should be restored with Cromwell as its King. Cromwell declines to become King Oliver, but his right to name his successor becomes effective on May 25, 1657 with the commencement of the Humble Petition and Advice.
  • February 26 – A rebellion of Turkish soldiers, leading to the "Çınar incident", takes place after a palace guard for Ottoman Sultan Mehmet IV turns away a representative group who had come for payment for their services during the war in Crete. The rebellion ends with the mass killing 30 men identified by the rebels as being responsible for the non-payment.
  • March 3 – Fyodor Baykov, the Russian Empire's first envoy to China, is admitted to the Forbidden City within Beijing, after being sent by Tsar Alexis to negotiate a trade agreement with the Emperor Shunzi.
  • March 4 – The "Çınar incident", named for the Turkish word for the sycamore tree takes place after Ottoman Sultan Mehmet IV declines the request of soldiers to have 30 named government officials put to death. When Mehmet agrees only to dismiss the people from office, the rebels seek out the men on the list and publicly hang most of them from the cinar trees.
  • March 5 – Zurnazen Mustafa Pasha is appointed as the Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire after persuading Mehmet IV to rescind the February 28 selection of Gazi Hüseyin Pasha. Zurnazen Mustafa's rule lasts only four hours and he is sent into exile the same day.
  • March 7 – The First War of Villmergen in the Confederation of Switzerland ends with a peace agreement, mediated by France and the Duchy of Savoy, between the Protestant and Roman Catholic cantons
  • March 15 – Almost a month after their defeat by Sweden at the battle of Golab, Polish and Lithuanian troops commanded by Stefan Czarniecki defeat King Karl X Gustav's Swedish Army at the Battle of Jaroslaw.
  • March 23 – Roman Catholic Pope Alexander VII issues a decree ending the Chinese Rites controversy between Jesuit missionaries (who tolerate the rites as compatible with Catholicism) and Dominican and Franciscan missionaries (who consider the Chinese rituals incompatible). The Pope rules that practices ""favorable to Chinese customs", including Confucianism and ancestor worship, can be accepted as compatible with Catholic rites.

April–June
  • April 1 – John II Casimir Vasa, King of Poland, crowns the Black Madonna of Częstochowa as Queen and Protector of Poland in the cathedral of Lwów, after the miraculous saving of the Jasna Góra Monastery during the Deluge, an event which changed the course of the Second Northern War. The King swears a vow, the Lwów Oath, pledging to protect Poland's people from being conquered again.
  • April 2 – The Treaty of Brussels is signed, creating an alliance between Philip IV of Spain and the exiled Royalists of the British Isles, led by Charles II.
  • April 28 – The Dutch East India Company ship Vergulde Draeck, with 193 crew aboard and a valuable cargo is wrecked off Ledge Point, Western Australia, with the loss of 118 members. Another 75 make it to shore, with limited provisions. The ship had been bound from the Cape of Good Hope to Batavia in the Dutch East Indies (now Jakarta in Indonesia).
  • May 7 – Nine days after the wreck of the Vergulde Draeck, a steersman and six crew members are dispatched to Batavia to get help. The other 68 survivors remain at Ledge Point and await rescue but are not seen again.
  • May 12 – The Dutch capture the city of Colombo, Sri Lanka, marking the start of Netherlands colonial rule of Dutch Ceylon.
  • May 17 – In elections by the nobility of Venice for the Leader of the Venetian Republic, Francesco Cornaro defeats Bertuccio Valier. Cornaro dies less than three weeks later, on June 5.
  • June 15 – Bertuccio Valier is elected as the new Doge of the Venetian Republic in Venice.
  • June 16 – After a 41-day voyage, the seven-member team dispatched from the Vergulde Draeck reaches Batavia and alerts Dutch East India Company officials that the ship was wrecked on April 28. Two rescue ships, the Goede Hoop and the Witte Valck are sent to rescue the men marooned in Western Australia. By the time the Goede Hoop arrives, the crew find no sign of the wreckage of the Vergulde Draeck.
  • June 21 – Poland's capital, Warsaw, is recaptured by Poland's John II Casimir Vasa 11 months after the capital had fallen on July 25, 1655 to Sweden.
  • June 27 – The Navy of the Ottoman Empire suffers a major defeat after two days of fighting against the navies of the Republic of Venice and of Malta in the Battle of the Dardanelles, one of the Turkish straits that connects the Black Sea to the Mediterranean Sea. Out of 98 Ottoman Turkish ships under the command of Kenan Pasha, 82 are either captured or destroyed. Venice loses only three of its ships, but its commander, Admiral Lorenzo Marcello, is killed by a direct cannon hit to his flagship.
  • June 29 – The Treaty of Marienburg is signed by representatives of Sweden and of Brandenburg and Prussia to create a military alliance during the Second Northern War. King Karl X Gustav signs for Sweden and the Elector Friedrich Wilhelm signs for Brandenburg and Prussia.

July–September
  • July 18 – In an attempt to find survivors of the Vergulde Draeck, a search party is sent ashore by the rescue ship Goede Hoop; eleven men from two search parties while in the forests around the wreckage site. No trace of the Vergulde Draeck will be found for more than three centuries, until its wreckage is discovered by skin divers on April 13, 1963.
  • July 27 – A Writ of Excommunication is issued against Baruch Spinoza.
  • July 30 – After a battle of three days, Swedish and Brandenburger troops led by King Charles X Gustav of Sweden, defeat the forces of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, near Warsaw and recapture the recently liberated capital.
  • August 8 – In the Ayutthaya Kingdom, comprising most of the territory now occupied by Thailand, King Prasat Thong dies after a reign of more than 25 years. His eldest son, Prince Chao Fa Chai, is crowned as King Sanpet VI but Prasat's brother plots the new king's overthrow.
  • August 9 – King Sanpet's uncle, Prince Si Suthammaracha, stages a coup d'etat and becomes the new King of Ayutthaya, now Thailand. Suthammaracha appoints another nephew, Prince Narai, as his chief minister and former King Sanpet is executed two days later on August 11. Suthammaracha's reign lasts less than three months.
  • August 14 – In one of the first battles of the Russo-Swedish War, Russian troops capture the Swedish-controlled city of Kokenhusen in Swedish Livonia (Latvia). Tsar Alexis, ruler of the Russian Empire and the leader of the Russian troops in battle, renames Kokenhausen "Tsarevich-Dmitriev" in honor of his late first-born son. Russia holds the city for more than 30 years before it is ceded back to Sweden. Kokenhusen is now the Latvian town of Koknese.
  • August 27 – The Treaty of Butre is signed in West Africa by representatives of the Dutch West India Company and of the Ahanta Kingdom and allows the Netherlands to have a protectorate over the Dutch Gold Coast. The area is now part of the Republic of Ghana.
  • September 15 – Köprülü Mehmed Pasha becomes Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire.

October–December

Undated

1657

January–March

April–June

July–September

October–December

Date unknown

1658

January–March

April–June

July–September

October–December
  • October 7 – The Netherlands enters the Dano-Swedish War to come to the rescue of Denmark, sending a 45-ship fleet from Vlie.
  • October 29 – The 45-ship fleet of the Netherlands arrives at Denmark and begins its counterattack on Sweden's army and navy with three squadrons.
  • November 6 – The Mexican Inquisition carries out the execution, by public burning, of 14 men convicted of homosexuality, while another 109 arrested are either released or given less harsh sentences.
  • November 8 (October 29 old style) – The Battle of the Sound takes place between the navies of the Dutch Republic (with 41 warships) and of Sweden (with 45) at the Øresund, a strait between Denmark and Sweden's newly-acquired territory, the former Danish island of Scania. The Dutch Republic is successful at breaking the Swedish Navy's blockade of Copenhagen, and Sweden is forced to retreat, bringing an end to the attempted conquest of Denmark.
  • November 23 – The elaborate funeral of Lord Protector of England Oliver Cromwell (who had died on September 3 and was buried at Westminster Abbey two weeks later) is carried out in London. A little more than two years later (in January 1661), his body will be disinterred and his head severed and placed on a spike.
  • December 11 – Abaza Hasan Pasha, an Ottoman provincial governor who is attempting to depose the Grand Vizier, wins a battle at the Turkish city of Ilgin, defeating loyalist forces led by Murtaza Pasha. The victory is the last for the rebels. Two months later (February 16, 1659) Abaza Hasan is assassinated after being invited to peace negotiations by the loyalists.
  • December 20 – Representatives of the Russian Empire and the Swedish Empire sign the Treaty of Valiesar at the Valiesar Estate near Narva, part of modern-day Estonia. In return for ceasing hostilities between the two empires in the Second Northern War, Russia is allowed to keep captured territories in Livonia (part of modern-day Latvia) for a term of three years.
  • December 25 – Polish and Danish forces defeat a Swedish Army in the Battle of Kolding in Denmark.
  • December 30 – The Siege of Toruń ends almost six months after it started, with Poland recapturing the city from Sweden.

Date unknown
  • Portuguese traders are expelled from Ceylon by Dutch invaders.
  • The Dutch in the Cape Colony start to import slaves from India and South-East Asia (later from Madagascar).

1659

January–March
  • January 14 – In the Battle of the Lines of Elvas, fought near the small city of Elvas in Portugal during the Portuguese Restoration War, the Spanish Army under the command of Luis Méndez de Haro suffers heavy casualties, with over 11,000 of its nearly 16,000 soldiers killed, wounded or taken prisoner; the smaller Portuguese force of 10,500 troops, commanded by André de Albuquerque Ribafria (who is killed in the battle) suffers less than 900 casualties.[78]
  • January 24 – Pierre Corneille's Oedipe premieres in Paris.
  • January 27 – The third and final session of the Parliament of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland is opened by Lord Protector Richard Cromwell, with Chaloner Chute as the Speaker of the House of Commons, with 567 members. "Cromwell's Other House", which replaces the House of Lords during the last years of the Protectorate, opens on the same day, with Richard Cromwell as its speaker.
  • January 31 – Giovanna De Grandis is arrested in Rome and charged with trafficking the lethal Aqua Tofana poison. On February 2, she implicates the mastermind of the poisoners, Gironima Spana, starting the case of the Spana Prosecution that eventually leads to the arrest and trial of 40 people.[79]
  • February 2 – Jan van Riebeeck produces the first South African wine, at the Cape of Good Hope.
  • February 11 – The Assault on Copenhagen by Swedish forces is beaten back, with heavy losses.
  • February 16 – The first known cheque (400 pounds) is written.[80]
  • March 1 – In exile in the Netherlands while plotting the restoration of the monarchy to England, Scotland and Ireland, Charles, son of the late King Charles I appoints seven royalists (including six from the "Sealed Knot" group) to a "Great Trust and Commission" to make plans for a post-restoration government. The Great Trust is led by Charles's trusted advisor, Edward Hyde.
  • March 9 – Sir Lislebone Long is elected as the Speaker of the House of Commons by the Third Protectorate Parliament after Chaloner Chute becomes seriously ill. Long serves only six days before dying on March 16. Chute remains Speaker but dies on April 14 and is replaced by Thomas Bampfield.
  • March 11 – Prince Dara Shikoh, who had been the heir apparent to the throne of the Mughal Empire in India until the overthrow of his father, Shah Jahan, makes a stand near Ajmer to fight the armies sent by Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb, but loses and is forced to flee.
  • March 28 – The Danish Africa Company (Dansk afrikanske kompagni) is chartered to Hendrik Carloff for the purpose of capturing Africa slaves from the area around Denmark's colony on the Danish Gold Coast for use in the West Indies.

April–June
  • April 22 – Under pressure from the English Army in London, which has assembled troops outside of Westminster, Richard Cromwell, Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland, dissolves the Third Protectorate Parliament, the last for the Commonwealth.[81]
  • May 6 – English Army General Hezekiah Haynes, joined by officers Charles Fleetwood, John Lambert, James Berry, Robert Lilburne, Thomas Kelsey, William Goffe and William Packer, presents the manifesto A Declaration of the Officers of the Army, advocating that Lord Protector Cromwell step down after restoring the "Rump Parliament" to administer England. Cromwell restores the parliament rule the next day and decides to step down.[82]
  • May 21 – The Kingdom of France, the Commonwealth of England and the Dutch Republic sign the Concert of The Hague, agreeing a common stance on the Second Northern War.
  • May 25 – Richard Cromwell resigns as English Lord Protector, submitting "a letter that may have been dictated to him."[83] In the letter, signed by Cromwell in front of Sir Gilbert Pickering and Lord Chief-Justice St. John, "I have perused the Resolve and Declaration, which you were pleased to deliver to me the other Night," and after listing his personal debts to be paid in return for stepping down, "As to that Part of the Resolve, whereby the Committee are to inform themselves, How far I do acquiesce in the Government of this Commonwealth, as it is declared by this Parliament; I trust, my past Carriage hitherto hath manifested my Acquiescence in the Will and Disposition of God; and that I love and value the Peace of this Commonwealth much above my own Concernments: And I desire, that by this, a Measure of my future Deportment may be taken; which, thro' the Assistance of God, shall be such as shall bear the same Witness; having, I hope, in some degree, learned rather to reverence and submit to the Hand of God, than to be unquiet under it: And, as to the late Providences that have fallen out amongst us, however, in respect of the particular Engagements that lay upon me, I could not be active in making a Change in the Government of these Nations, yet through the Goodness of God, I can freely acquiesce in it, being made; and do hold myself obliged."[84] The executive government is replaced by the restored Council of State, dominated by Generals John Lambert, Charles Fleetwood and John Desborough. The Council of State is dismissed by the Rump Parliament on October 13 and replaced by the "Committee of Safety" on October 25.[85]
  • June 10 – Dara Shikoh, at one time the heir apparent for the Mughal Empire, is betrayed by an Afghan chieftain, Junaid Khan Barozai, who had initially given him refuge from pursuit from the new emperor, Aurangzeb. Turned over to Aurangzeb's men, Dara Shikoh is killed on August 30.
  • June 29 – In the Battle of Konotop, fought near the Ukrainian city of Konotop during the Russo-Polish War, Polish Cossack hetman Ivan Vyhovsky and his allies defeat the armies of the Tsardom of Russia, led by Aleksey Trubetskoy.

July–September
  • July 5 – Five women are executed by hanging at Rome after being convicted of murder in the Spana Prosecution by distributing the powerful Aqua Tofana poison, sold primarily to women wishing to get rid of their husbands. Put to death on the same day are Gironima Spana, Giovanna De Grandis, Maria Spinola, Graziosa Farina and Laura Crispoldi, in the public square at the Campo de' Fiori.[79]
  • July 16 – Princess Henriette Catherine of Nassau marries John George II, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau, in Groningen.
  • July 31 – Dodda Kempadevaraja (Devaraja Wodeyar I) becomes the new maharaja of the Kingdom of Mysore (part of modern-day India's Karnataka state) upon the death of his cousin, Kanthirava Narasaraja I. He is crowned on August 19.
  • July – Christiaan Huygens's important work on astronomy, Systema Saturnium, is published.[86]
  • August 3 – Booth's Uprising, led by George Booth, begins in the city of Chester as 3,000 royalists attempt a revolt against the military government of England. English Army troops begin marching on August 5 to suppress the rebellion.
  • August 7 – As Booth's Uprising spreads to Liverpool, Thomas Myddelton, Randolph Egerton and fellow royalists take control of the town of Wrexham in Wales and proclaim Charles II to be King.
  • August 15 – Two English warships block the entrance to the River Dee to prevent supplies from reaching Booth's rebels in Chester, while Major General John Lambert of the English Army advances into Cheshire at Nantwich.
  • August 19 – At the Battle of Winnington Bridge, the Protectorate Army of 5,000 troops, dispatched by Parliament and under the command of Major General Lambert, routs the 4,000 anti-government rebels commanded by George Booth of England and Edward Broughton of Wales. Lambert and his forces, exhausted from their rapid march and the battle, elect not to pursue the fleeing rebels and less than 30 rebels are killed.[87]
  • August 30 – Poland's army of over 12,000 troops under the command of Jerzy Sebastian Lubomirski and Krzysztof Grodzicki, takes back the city of Grudziadz, which has been under Sweden's control since the end of 1655, after a siege of seven days. Much of the town is left in ruins after a fire and bombardment from Polish cannons.
  • September 20 – War between Dutch settlers and the native Lenape Indians, of the Esopus tribe, in modern-day Ulster County, New York, in the U.S., as a group of Dutch settlers from the village of Wiltwijck, New Netherland fires their guns at a group of Esopus men who have been sitting around a campfire. For the next ten months, the Esopus warriors, commanded by Chief Papequanaehen, fight a war with the Dutch that is finally settled with a peace treaty on July 15, 1660.
  • September 22 – The Ottoman-ruled island of Kizilhisar (called Castelrosso by Italy and in modern times the island of Kastellorizo in Greece) is captured from the Ottoman Empire by the navy of the Republic of Venice after nearly 150 years of Ottoman rule that had started in 1512.
  • September 30 – Peter Stuyvesant of New Netherland forbids tennis playing during religious services, marking the first mention of tennis in what will become the United States.

October–December

Date unknown
  • First British colonists arrive on Saint Helena.
  • Spanish Infanta Maria Theresa brings cocoa to Paris.
  • Diego Velázquez's portrait of Infanta Maria Theresa is first exhibited.
  • Thomas Hobbes publishes De Homine.
  • Parisian police raid a monastery, sending monks to prison for eating meat and drinking wine during Lent.
  • Drought occurs in India.[88]
  • Peter Swink, the first known non-white settler to own land in Massachusetts, and first known African to live in Springfield, Massachusetts, arrives. He holds a seat in the town meetings.

Births

1650

John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough
William III of England
  • January 1 – George Rooke, Royal Navy admiral (d. 1709)
  • January 10 – Countess Sophie Amalie of Nassau-Siegen, Duchess consort of Courland (1682-1688) (d. 1688)
  • February 2 – Nell Gwyn, English actress and royal mistress (d. 1687)[89]
  • February 5 – Anne-Jules, 2nd duc de Noailles, French general (d. 1708)
  • February 26 – Tomás Marín de Poveda, 1st Marquis of Cañada Hermosa, Royal Governor of Chile (d. 1703)
  • February 27 – Jan Verkolje, Dutch painter (d. 1693)
  • March 6 – John Conyers (MP born 1650), English politician (d. 1725)
  • March 24 – Sir Jonathan Trelawny, 3rd Baronet, British bishop (d. 1721)
  • March 25
    • Sir Richard Cox, 1st Baronet, England (d. 1733)
    • Ernest, Count of Stolberg-Ilsenburg, German nobleman (d. 1710)
  • April 10 – Sebastiano Antonio Tanara, Spanish Catholic cardinal (d. 1724)
  • April 15 – Hedwig of the Palatinate-Sulzbach, Archduchess of Austria, Duchess of Saxe-Lauenburg (d. 1681)
  • April 18 – Sir Edward Dering, 3rd Baronet, English politician (d. 1689)
  • April 20
    • Felice Boselli, Italian painter (d. 1732)
    • William Bedloe, English fraudster and informer (d. 1680)
  • April 27 – Charlotte Amalie of Hesse-Kassel, Queen Consort of Denmark (1670-1699) (d. 1714)
  • May 19 – Cornelis HrR Ridder de Graeff, Dutch nobleman and chief landholder of the Zijpe and Haze Polder (d. 1678)
  • May 26 – John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough, English general (d. 1722)[90]
  • June 5 – Ogasawara Nagashige, Japanese daimyō (d. 1732)
  • June 14 – Carlo Alessandro Guidi, Italian lyric poet (d. 1712)
  • June 25 – Joseph Sherman (Massachusetts Bay Colony), American politician (d. 1731)
  • July 1 – Maria Anna Vasa, Polish princess (d. 1651)
  • July 6 – Frederick Casimir Kettler, Duke of Courland and Semigallia (d. 1698)
  • July 25 – William Burkitt, English biblical expositor, vicar in Dedham (d. 1703)
  • July 30 – Edward Lewis (Devizes MP), English politician (d. 1674)
  • August 7 – Louis Joseph, Duke of Guise (d. 1671)
  • August 16 – Vincenzo Coronelli, Franciscan friar, Italian cartographer, encyclopedist (d. 1718)
  • August 17 – Jean Gaston, Duke of Valois (d. 1652)
  • August 27 – Carl Philipp, Reichsgraf von Wylich und Lottum, Prussian field marshal (d. 1719)
  • August 30 – Ludovico Sabbatini, Italian priest (d. 1724)
  • September 7 – Juan Manuel María de la Aurora, 8th duke of Escalona, Spanish aristocrat (d. 1725)
  • September 20 – Adrian Beverland, Dutch philosopher and jurist who settled in England (d. 1716)
  • September 23 – Jeremy Collier, English theatre critic, non-juror bishop and theologian (d. 1726)
  • October 9 – René Auguste Constantin de Renneville, French writer (d. 1723)
  • October 10
    • Jane Rolfe, granddaughter of Pocahontas (d. 1676)
    • Ulisse Giuseppe Gozzadini, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1728)
  • October 19 – Charles Erskine, Earl of Mar (d. 1689)
  • October 20 – Robert Shirley, 1st Earl Ferrers, English peer and courtier (d. 1717)
  • October 21 – Jean Bart, French admiral (d. 1702)
  • October 24 – Steven Blankaart, Dutch entomologist (d. 1704)
  • November 4 – King William III of England, Scotland, and Ireland (d. 1702)[91]
  • November 7 – John Robinson, English diplomat (d. 1723)
  • November 17 – Joanna Koerten, Dutch painter (d. 1715)
  • November 18 – Robert Walpole (1650–1700), English politician (d. 1700)
  • November 19 – Henry, Duke of Saxe-Römhild (d. 1710)
  • November 23 – Joseph Oriol, Spanish Catholic priest, saint (d. 1702)
  • November 28 – Jan Palfijn, Flemish surgeon and obstetrician (d. 1730)
  • November 30 – Domenico Martinelli, Italian architect (d. 1718)
  • December 3 – August of Saxe-Weissenfels (1650–1674), Prince of Saxe-Weissenfels and provost of Magdeburg (d. 1674)
  • December 6 – Johann Friedrich Mayer (theologian), German Lutheran theologian (d. 1712)
  • December 10 – Theophilus Hastings, 7th Earl of Huntingdon (d. 1701)
  • December 16
    • Alexander Hermann, Count of Wartensleben, Prussian field marshal (d. 1734)
    • Sir Robert Marsham, 4th Baronet, English politician (d. 1703)
  • December 17 – Christoph Arnold, German astronomer (d. 1695)
  • December 25 – Claude Aveneau, French missionary (d. 1711)
  • date unknown
    • Thomas Savery, English engineer and inventor (d. 1715)
    • Jan Antonín Losy, Czech lutist (d. 1721)

1651

William Phips
Margaret Theresa of Spain

1652

Samuel Sewall
Princess Elisabeth Charlotte

1653

Prince George of Denmark
Abraham van Riebeeck

1654

Kangxi Emperor
Bernard Nieuwentyt

1655

Pope Innocent XIII
Charles XI of Sweden
Isaac van Hoornbeek

1656

Duchess Johanna Magdalena of Saxe-Altenburg
Jan Frans van Douven
Ulrika Eleonora of Denmark
Edmond Halley

1657

Frederick I of Prussia
Wigerus Vitringa
  • January 1 – Charles FitzCharles, 1st Earl of Plymouth, illegitimate son of King Charles II of England (d. 1680)
  • January 4 – Sébastien Rale, French missionary (d. 1724)
  • January 6 – William Bowes, English politician (d. 1707)
  • January 11 – Elizabeth van der Woude, Dutch writer (d. 1694)
  • January 17 – Pieter van Bloemen, Flemish painter (d. 1720)
  • January 18 – Henry Casimir II, Prince of Nassau-Dietz, Stadholder of Friesland and Groningen (d. 1696)
  • January 21 – Francesco Cupani, Italian naturalist (d. 1710)
  • January 26 – William Wake, Archbishop of Canterbury (d. 1737)
  • January 29 – Francis Moore, English physician and astrologer (d. 1715)[154]
  • February 10 – George Carpenter, 1st Baron Carpenter, English Army general (d. 1731)
  • February 11 – Bernard Le Bovier de Fontenelle, French scientist and man of letters (d. 1757)
  • February 21 – Blaise Gisbert, French Jesuit rhetorician and critic (d. 1731)
  • February 24 – Clopton Havers, English physician (d. 1702)
  • February 25 – Agathe de Saint-Père, French-Canadian business entrepreneur and inventor (d. 1748)
  • March 1 – Samuel Werenfels, Swiss theologian (d. 1740)
  • March 6 – Auguste Magdalene of Hessen-Darmstadt, German noblewoman and poet (d. 1674)
  • March 18 – Giuseppe Ottavio Pitoni, Italian composer (d. 1743)
  • March 19 – Jean Leclerc, Swiss theologian and biblical scholar (d. 1736)
  • March 20 – Luigi Omodei (1607–1685), Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1706)
  • March 24 – Arai Hakuseki, Japanese politician and writer (d. 1725)
  • April 16
    • Thomas Fairfax, 5th Lord Fairfax of Cameron, English politician (d. 1710)
    • Otto Friedrich von der Groeben, Prussian traveller, soldier and author (d. 1728)
  • May 8 – Martino Altomonte, Italian painter (d. 1745)
  • May 14 – Sambhaji, Maratha ruler (d. 1689)
  • May 25 – Henri-Pons de Thiard de Bissy, French Catholic priest, bishop and cardinal (d. 1737)
  • June 10 – James Craggs the Elder, English politician (d. 1721)
  • June 14 – Sir William Blackett, 1st Baronet, of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, English politician (d. 1705)
  • June 17 – Louis Ellies Dupin, French ecclesiastical historian (d. 1719)
  • July 8 – Abraham de Peyster, New Amsterdam/New York politician (d. 1728)
  • July 11 – King Frederick I of Prussia (d. 1713)
  • July 12 – Friedrich Wilhelm III, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg (d. 1672)
  • July 14 – William Cheyne, 2nd Viscount Newhaven, English politician (d. 1728)
  • July 18 – Simon Digby, 4th Baron Digby, English politician (d. 1686)
  • July 24
    • Theodorus Janssonius van Almeloveen, Dutch classical scholar (d. 1712)
    • Jean Mathieu de Chazelles, French hydrographer (d. 1710)
  • July 25 – Philipp Heinrich Erlebach, German composer (d. 1714)
  • August 7 – Henri Basnage de Beauval, French historian and lexicographer (d. 1710)
  • August 9 – Pierre-Étienne Monnot, French sculptor (d. 1733)
  • August 18
    • Ferdinando Galli-Bibiena, Italian architect and painter (d. 1743)
    • Antonio Margil, Spanish Franciscan missionary in North and Central America (d. 1726)
  • September 14 – Sir Charles Blois, 1st Baronet, English politician (d. 1738)
  • September 17
    • Dudley Cullum, English politician and baronet (d. 1720)
    • Pieter Schuyler, acting governor of the province of New York and army colonel (d. 1724)
  • September 21 – Sultan Muhammad Akbar, Mughal prince (d. 1706)
  • September 27 – Sofia Alekseyevna of Russia, Russian regent (d. 1704)
  • September 29 – Heinrich of Saxe-Weissenfels, Count of Barby, German prince (d. 1728)
  • October 2 – Guillaume Baudry, gunsmith and gold and silversmith in Lower Canada (d. 1732)
  • October 4 – Francesco Solimena, Italian painter (d. 1747)
  • October 8 – Wigerus Vitringa, Dutch painter (d. 1725)
  • October 26 – Philipp, Duke of Saxe-Merseburg-Lauchstädt, German nobleman (d. 1690)
  • November 6 – Joseph Denis, Canadian Rėcollet priest (d. 1736)
  • November 12 – Anna Dorothea, Abbess of Quedlinburg (d. 1704)
  • November 16 – Juliane Louise of East Frisia, Princess of East Frisia (d. 1715)
  • November 26
    • William Derham, English clergyman and natural philosopher (d. 1735)
    • Michael Bernhard Valentini, German naturalist (d. 1729)
  • November 28 – Philip Prospero, Prince of Asturias, heir apparent to the Spanish throne (d. 1661)
  • December 2 – Franz Anton, Count of Hohenzollern-Haigerloch (d. 1702)
  • December 8 – Changning, prince of the Qing dynasty (d. 1703)
  • December 14 – Edmund Dunch, English Whig politician (d. 1719)
  • December 15
  • December 23
    • Hannah Duston, Massachusetts Puritan mother of 8, taken captive during King William's War (d. 1736)
    • Josiah Franklin, English-born American businessman, father of Benjamin Franklin (d. 1745)
  • December 28 – Domenico Rossi, Swiss-Italian architect (d. 1737)

1658

Mary of Modena

1659

Adriaen van der Werff
Henry Every
Henry Purcell
  • January 1 – Margaret Wemyss, 3rd Countess of Wemyss, Scottish noble (d. 1705)
  • January 4 – James Pierpont, Connecticut Congregationalist minister, a founder of Yale University (d. 1714)
  • January 11 – Ambrose Browne, English politician (d. 1688)
  • January 13 – Johann Arnold Nering, German architect (d. 1695)
  • January 17
    • Takatsukasa Kanehiro, Japanese court noble of the Edo period (d. 1725)
    • Antonio Veracini, Italian composer (d. 1745)
  • January 18 – Damaris Cudworth Masham, English philosopher (d. 1708)
  • January 21 – Adriaen van der Werff, Dutch painter (d. 1722)
  • January 28 – Sir Samuel Barnardiston, 2nd Baronet, English politician (d. 1709)
  • February 1 – Jacob Roggeveen, Dutch Pacific Ocean explorer (d. 1729)
  • February 14 – Theodore Eustace, Count Palatine of Sulzbach (d. 1732)
  • February 27 – William Sherard, English botanist (d. 1728)
  • March 4 – Pierre Lepautre (1659–1744), French sculptor (d. 1744)
  • March 6 – Salomon Franck, German lawyer, scientist and poet (d. 1725)
  • March 8 – Isaac de Beausobre, French Protestant pastor (d. 1738)
  • March 25 – John Asgill, Irish politician (d. 1738)
  • March 26 – William Wollaston, English philosopher (d. 1724)
  • April 8 – Christopher Tancred, English politician (d. 1705)
  • April 14
    • Albrecht of Saxe-Weissenfels, German prince (d. 1692)
    • William Delaune, English academic administrator and clergyman (d. 1728)
  • April 15 – Adam Ludwig Lewenhaupt, Swedish general (d. 1719)
  • April 16 – Jacques le Moyne de Sainte-Hélène, Canadian soldier (d. 1690)
  • April 29
    • Sophia Elisabet Brenner, Swedish writer (d. 1730)
    • Date Tsunamura, Japanese daimyō at the center of the Date Sōdō (d. 1719)
  • May 4 – John Dunton, English bookseller and author (d. 1733)
  • June 3 – David Gregory, Scottish mathematician and astronomer (d. 1708)
  • June 5 – Wolfgang George Frederick von Pfalz-Neuburg, German bishop (d. 1683)
  • June 7 – Henry Thompson (1659–1700), English politician and landowner (d. 1700)
  • June 11 – Yamamoto Tsunetomo, Japanese samurai (d. 1719)
  • June 15 – Claude de Ramezay, Canadian politician (d. 1724)
  • June 22 – Simon-Pierre Denys de Bonaventure, French officer and governor of Acadia (d. 1711)
  • June 26 – Sir John Brownlow, 3rd Baronet, English politician (d. 1697)
  • July 3 – Franz Beer, Austrian architect (d. 1726)
  • July 6 – Albert Wolfgang, Count of Hohenlohe-Langenburg (d. 1715)
  • July 8 – Justus van Huysum, Dutch painter (d. 1716)
  • July 14 – John Hutton (1659–1731), English politician (d. 1731)
  • July 16 – Anne Wharton, English poet (d. 1685)
  • July 18 – Hyacinthe Rigaud, French painter (d. 1743)
  • July 22 – Noadiah Russell, American colonial clergyman, a founder of Yale University (d. 1713)
  • July 28
    • Asano Tsunanaga, Japanese daimyō, ruler of the Hiroshima Domain (d. 1708)
    • Charles Ancillon, French Protestant pastor (d. 1715)
  • August 1 – Sebastiano Ricci, Italian painter (d. 1734)
  • August 2 – Andrew Archer, English politician (d. 1741)
  • August 17 – Robert Challe, French colonialist (d. 1721)
  • August 20 – Henry Every, English pirate (d. after 1696)
  • September 1 – Domenico Egidio Rossi, Italian architect (d. 1715)
  • September 5 – Michel Sarrazin, Canadian scientist (d. 1734)
  • September 10 – Henry Purcell, English composer (d. 1695)
  • September 12
    • Dirk Maas, Dutch painter (d. 1717)
    • Ferdinand Willem, Duke of Württemberg-Neuenstadt, Dutch general and noble (d. 1701)
  • September 13 – Claud Hamilton, 4th Earl of Abercorn, Scottish and Irish peer (k. in action 1691)
  • September 18 – Caleb Banks, English politician (d. 1696)
  • October 13 – George Verney, 12th Baron Willoughby de Broke, English peer and clergyman (d. 1728)
  • October 22 – Georg Ernst Stahl, German chemist (d. 1734)
  • October 28 – Nicholas Brady (poet), English poet and Anglican clergyman (d. 1726)
  • November 3 – Hui-bin Jang, Korean royal consort (d. 1701)
  • November 10 – Albert Borgard, Danish artillery and engineer officer (d. 1751)
  • November 19 – Jacques-Louis de Valon, French poet (d. 1719)
  • December 2 – John Brereton, 4th Baron Brereton, Irish peer (d. 1718)
  • December 12 – Francesco Galli Bibiena, Italian architect/designer (d. 1739)
  • December 18 – Matthieu Petit-Didier, French Benedictine theologian (d. 1728)
  • December 28 – François Catrou, French historian and Jesuit priest (d. 1737)

Deaths

1650

René Descartes
Prince Dorgon

1651

Tokugawa Iemitsu
Philippus Rovenius

1652

Eva Ment
John Cotton

1653

Johan van Galen
Maarten Tromp
  • January 14 – George Rudolf of Liegnitz, Polish noble (b. 1595)
  • January 21 – John Digby, 1st Earl of Bristol, English diplomat (b. 1580)
  • February 13 – Georg Rudolf Weckherlin, German poet (b. 1584)
  • February 16 – Johannes Schultz, German composer (b. 1582)
  • February 20 – Luigi Rossi, Italian composer (b. 1597)
  • February 21 – Adriaan Pauw, Grand Pensionary of Holland (b. 1585)
  • February 27 – Diego López Pacheco, 7th Duke of Escalona, Spanish noble (b. 1599)
  • March 6 – Juan de Dicastillo, Spanish theologian (b. 1584)
  • March 23 – Johan van Galen, Dutch naval officer (b. 1604)
  • May 13 – Teodósio, Prince of Brazil, Portuguese prince (b. 1634)
  • May 26 – Robert Filmer, English writer (b. 1588)
  • March 10 – Count John Louis of Nassau-Hadamar (b. 1590)
  • March 25 – Nicholas Martyn, English politician (b. 1593)
  • March 30 – Mikołaj Łęczycki, Polish Jesuit (b. 1574)
  • April 20 – Celestyn Myślenta, Polish theologian (b. 1588)
  • April 26 – Matthias Faber, German Jesuit priest and writer (b. 1586)
  • May 11 – Petronio Veroni, Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Boiano (1652–1653) (b. 1600)
  • May 19 – Elizabeth Lucretia, Duchess of Cieszyn, Duchess suo jure of Cieszyn (b. 1599)
  • June 5 – Federico Baldissera Bartolomeo Cornaro, Italian Catholic cardinal (b. 1579)
  • June 26 – Juliana Morell, Spanish-French scholar (b. 1594)
  • July 10 – Gabriel Naudé, French librarian and scholar (b. 1600)
  • July 31 – Thomas Dudley, Governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony (b. 1576)
  • August 10 – Maarten Tromp, Dutch admiral (b. 1598)
  • August 22 – Augustus, Prince of Anhalt-Plötzkau, German prince (b. 1575)
  • September 3 – Claudius Salmasius, French classical scholar (b. 1588)
  • September 14 – Wolfgang Wilhelm, Count Palatine of Neuburg, Duke of Jülich and Berg (b. 1578)
  • September 26 – Charles de l'Aubespine, marquis de Châteauneuf, French diplomat and government official (b. 1580)
  • October 3 – Marcus Zuerius van Boxhorn, Dutch scholar (b. 1612)
  • October 7 – Fausto Poli, Italian Catholic prelate and cardinal (b. 1581)
  • October 22 – Thomas de Critz, British artist (b. 1607)
  • October 25 – Gustav, Count of Vasaborg, illegitimate son of King Gustavus Adolphus and his mistress Margareta Slots (b. 1616)
  • November 17 – Joana, Princess of Beira, Portuguese infanta (princess) (b. 1635)
  • December 7 – Ludwig Crocius, German Calvinist minister (b. 1586)
  • December 21 – Elisabeth of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg, Duchess consort of Pomerania (b. 1580)
  • December 28 – Giovanni Battista Rinuccini, archbishop of Fermo (b. 1592)
  • date unknown
    • Lucrezia Marinella, Italian poet and author (b. 1571)
    • Jusepa Vaca, Spanish stage actress (b. 1589)
    • Constantia Zierenberg, German-Polish singer (b. 1605)
    • George Skutt, English merchant and politician

1654

Paulus Potter
Emperor Go-Kōmyō

1655

Pope Innocent X
Eustache Le Sueur
Ukita Hideie

1656

Jan van Goyen
John IV of Portugal

1657

Robert Blake
Jacob van Campen

1658

John Cleveland
Witte Corneliszoon de With

1659

Willem Drost
Abel Tasman
  • January 2 – Richard Pepys, English politician (b. 1589)
  • January 15 – Juliana of Hesse-Darmstadt, Countess of East Frisia (b. 1606)
  • January 16 – Charles Annibal Fabrot, French lawyer (b. 1580)
  • February – Willem Drost, Dutch painter and printmaker (b. 1633)
  • February 4 – Francis Osborne, English writer (b. 1593)
  • February 11 – Guillaume Colletet, French writer (b. 1598)
  • February 12 – Duchess Magdalene Sibylle of Prussia, Electress of Saxony (b. 1586)
  • February 15 – John Arrowsmith, English theologian and academic (b. 1602)
  • February 17 – Abel Servien, French diplomat (b. 1593)
  • February 27 – Henry Dunster, first president of Harvard College (b. 1609)
  • March 9 – Peter Bulkley, English and later American Puritan (b. 1583)
  • March 29 – Juan Bautista de Lezana, Spanish theologian (b. 1586)
  • April 15 – Simon Dach, German poet (b. 1605)
  • May 6 – Anne Eleonore of Hesse-Darmstadt, Duchess of Brunswick-Lüneburg by marriage (b. 1601)
  • May 20 – Étienne de Courcelles, French scholar (b. 1586)
  • May 29 – Robert Rich, 3rd Earl of Warwick (b. 1611)
  • June 3 – Morgan Llwyd, Welsh Puritan preacher and writer (b. 1619)
  • June 6 – Nadira Banu Begum, Mughal princess (b. 1618)
  • June 21 – Afonso Mendes, Patriarch of Ethiopia (b. 1579)
  • June 23 – Hyojong of Joseon, 17th king of the Joseon dynasty of Korea (1649-1659) (b. 1619)
  • July 5 – Gironima Spana, Italian poisoner and central figure of the Spana Prosecution (executed) (b. 1615)
  • August 7 – Jonathan Brewster, American settler (b. 1593)
  • August 10
  • August 30
    • Alexander Lindsay, 1st Earl of Balcarres, Scottish politician and noble (b. 1618)
    • Dara Shikoh, Indian prince (b. 1615)
  • September 8 – Frederick V, Margrave of Baden-Durlach (1622–1659) (b. 1594)
  • September 27 – Andreas Tscherning, German poet (b. 1611)
  • September 30 – Giovanni Pesaro, Doge of Venice (b. 1589)
  • October 1 – Juan de Palafox y Mendoza, Spanish politician, clergyman (b. 1600)
  • October 8
    • Jean de Quen, French Jesuit missionary and historian (b. c. 1603)
    • Robert Cholmondeley, 1st Earl of Leinster, English politician (b. 1584)
  • October 10 – Abel Tasman, Dutch explorer (b. 1603)
  • October 27 – Giovanni Francesco Busenello, Italian librettist (b. 1598)
  • October 31 – John Bradshaw, English judge (b. 1602)
  • November 6 – Jérôme le Royer de la Dauversière, French nobleman, founder of Montreal and an order of nursing Sisters (b. 1597)
  • November 7 – Jens Bjelke, Norwegian noble (b. 1580)
  • November 10 – Afzal Khan, Indian commander of the Bijapur Adilshahi forces
  • December 5 – Fra Bonaventura Bisi, Italian painter (b. 1601)
  • December 31
    • János Apáczai Csere, Hungarian mathematician (b. 1625)
    • Alain de Solminihac, French bishop and beatified person (b. 1593)
  • date unknown – Anne Greene, English domestic servant and execution survivor (b. c. 1628)

Notes
  1. Arnold Houbraken mentioned erroneously 1656 as his birth in the book De groote schouburgh der Nederlantsche konstschilders en schilderessen, but the correct date is 1655.[110]

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