Sadaejuui

Sadaejuui (lit. "thing-big-ism", meaning: "serving-the-Great ideology"; Hangul: 사대주의, Hanja: 事大主義, Chinese: 事大主義) is a largely pejorative Korean term which evolved in the mid-20th century from a more widely used historical concept.[1]

Sadaejuui
Hangul
사대주의
Hanja
Revised RomanizationSadaejuui
McCune–ReischauerSataechuŭi

The contemporary term sadaejuui was derived from the Chinese shi da (Korean, sadae) as used by the philosopher, Mencius.

  • Sadae literally means "dealing with the great" or "serving the great"[2] and interpreted as "Loving and admiring the great and powerful".[3]
  • Juui means "ideology" and it is conventionally translated as "-ism."[4]

In other words, sadaejuui is a compound-word composed of sadae + juui.

Etymology

The term "sadaejuui" was invented by early 20th century Korean nationalists.[5] The antecedents of this modern term is the historic term "sadae" (事大), which comes from the word 以小事大 in Mencius's (孟子) book, which means "service to the great by the small" or "a small kingdom accommodates a large."[1]

  • 梁惠王下
齊宣王問曰：交鄰國，有道乎


孟子對曰：有。惟仁者為能以大事小。是故，湯事葛，文王事昆夷。惟智者為能以小事大。故大王事獯鬻，句踐事吳。以大事小者，樂天者也。以小事大者，畏天者也。樂天者保天下，畏天者保其國。《詩》云：『畏天之威，于時保之。』
  • Mencius - Liang Hui Wang II

The King Xuan of Qi asked, saying, 'Is there any way to regulate one's maintenance of intercourse with neighboring kingdoms?'

Mencius replied, 'Yes, there is. But it requires a perfectly virtuous prince to be able, with a great country, to serve a small one - as, for instance, Tang served Ge, and king Wen served the Kun barbarians. And it requires a wise prince to be able, with a small country, to serve a large one - as the king Tai served the Xun Yu, and Gou Jian served Wu. He who with a great State serves a small one, delights in Heaven. He who with a small State serves a large one, stands in awe of Heaven. He who delights in Heaven, will affect with his love and protection the whole kingdom. He who stands in awe of Heaven, will affect with his love and protection his own kingdom. It is said in the Book of Poetry, "I fear the Majesty of Heaven, and will thus preserve its favouring decree." '

[6]

Overview

Sadaejuui conflates an attitude of subservience with the political realism which accompanies the prudent recognition of greater power.[1] Sadae describes a foreign policy characterized by the various ways a weaker nation-state such as Korea acknowledges the strength of a greater power such as China. Sadae is made manifest in the actions of the weaker nation-state as it conveys goodwill and respect through its envoys.

The utility of the sadae concept in Korea was recognized from the period of Three Kingdoms of Korea to 1897;[2] and it is demonstrated in the relationship of mid-Joseon Korea towards the Ming dynasty of China.[7] Joseon made every effort to maintain a friendly relationship with Beijing for reasons having to do with both realpolitik and an idealized Confucian worldview in which China is perceived as the center of a Confucian moral universe.[8]

The kingdom of Joseon accepted its place in a Sinocentristic world order. The Joseon foreign policy was organized around maintaining stable Joseon–Chinese relations in the period from 1392 through 1910. It contrasts with limited trade relationships or kyorin diplomacy (교린정책/交隣政策; lit. "neighborly relations") in regard to Joseon-Japanese relations in this period.[9]

The concept of sadaejuui was central in the writings of polemicist Shin Chaeho. His ideas and voice became prominent features of Korean nationalism.[10] Sin is known for having argued that the sadaejuui inherent in Confucian historiography served

  • to devalue the ethnic origins of the Korean people and state [11]
  • to subjugate Korean history within a Confucian interpretive framework [11]

His revisionist writings sought to deny the relevance of sadae as an important element of Korean history.[12]

In modern politics

In Korea, the term sadaejuui is a derogatory term criticizing those who do not support Korean resistance-nationalism that resists neighboring powers (mainly the United States,[13] China[14][15] and Japan[16]) and show a 'conservative' (보수)[15] or 'obedience' (굴종)[17] attitude of conformity.

Sadaejuui can be seen as a conservative form of anti-nationalism. So, the left-wing "minjokjuui" (민족주의, lit. 'nationalism') are opposed to right-wing "sadaejuui" (사대주의).[18]

South Korean conservatives argue that the reason why Korea enjoyed diplomatic pacifism and economic prosperity is because of its sadaejuui (mainly pro-American, pro-Japan and historically pro-China) diplomacy policy. According to them, sadaejuui is the wisdom of ancestors.[19] Indeed, North Korea's radical diplomatic egalitarian foreign policy of absolutely rejecting the feudal tradition of sadaejuui and trying to equal or superior to the powers of the world intensified economic difficulties as it isolated itself from all the powers around the U.S., China, Japan, and Russia. (North Korea's nuclear weapons development was also carried out in this context.)[20]

Korean conservatism
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Sadae ideology is the traditional conservatism of pre-modern Koreans based on Confucianism,[19] but it also has a certain influence on modern conservatives' diplomats in modern South Korean politics.

Sojunghwa
Main article: Little China (ideology) § Korea

Sojunghwa can be seen as a pro-Chinese sadae ideology.[21]

It stood out in traditional Korean conservatism in the 19th century, but it is not supported by modern South Korean conservatives. The reason is that modern China is now a communist country, and modern South Korean conservatives are pro-American sadaejuuija (사대주의자, "thing-big-ist").[19]

New Right movemnets
Main article: New Right (South Korea)

South Korea's pro-American and pro-Japanese conservative movement "New Right", has been criticized by experts as colonialism and sadaejuui. Some of them embrace the historical revisionism of Japanese right-wing.[22] New Right movement has often been criticized by many South Korean media and experts for being "reactionary" (반동)[23][24][25] or "far-right" (극우).[26][27][28]

Cultural sadaejuui

The term "sadaejuuija" is commonly used by liberals or leftists to attack conservatives because it is associated with Korean mainstream (non-religion) right-wing conservatism, but some far-right native Christian conservatives rather criticize LGBT rights activists or pro-Western/pro-UN cultural liberals as "cultural sadaejuuija" (문화사대주의자).[29]

Anti-sadaejuui
See also: Left-wing nationalism and Postcolonialism

In South Korea

In modern South Korean politics, liberals and progressives equate sadaejuui with 'voluntary colonialism' and view it very negatively, but conservatives view sadaejuui as a driving force for South Korea's economic development.[19] The term sadaejuui is mainly used by liberal-to-progressive nationalists to denounce conservatives' foreign and cultural policy. For example, liberals and progressives accuse conservatives of looking at the Korean language as inferior and having a sadaejuui perspective on the English language.[30]

In North Korea
Main articles: Juche and Songun

The North Korea's government abhors the feudal and anti-nationalist ideology is sadaejuui, because the North Korean government supports the far-left nationalist 'Juche ideology'.[31] The term "pro-American sadae" (친미사대) is often used when North Korea criticizes South Korea.[32] The North Korea's government also supports anti-imperialist foreign policy toward China and promotes anti-Chinese sentiment among its North Korean people.[33][34][35]

See also

Notes
  1. Armstrong, Charles K. (2007). The Koreas, p. 57-58., p. 57, at Google Books
  2. Pratt, Kieth L. et al. (1999). Korea: a historical and cultural dictionary, p. 384.
  3. Alford, C. Fred. (1999). Think no evil: Korean values in the age of globalization, p. 150., p. 150, at Google Books
  4. Duchatel, Mathieu. Nationalisme et sentiment nationaliste en Corée (Nationalism and Nationalist Sentiment in Korea). IEP Paris, DEAA comparative des Aires Politiques, p. 4 n1.
  5. Mitchell, Anthony. "Happier Economy Better Than Larger Economy," Korea Times (Seoul). October 12, 2008.
  6. Liang Hui Wang II, Chinese Text Project
  7. 구도영 (Koo Do-young). 중종대(中宗代) 사대인식(事大認識)의 변화 - 대례의(大禮議)에 대한 별행(別行) 파견 논의를 중심으로 ("Changes regarding ‘Perception of Sadae’(事大認識) that became apparent during the reign of King Jungjong - Examination of Discussions over the issue of dispatching a special envoy(別行) about the Grand ceremony(大禮議) in Ming(明) dynasty’s court"),] 역사와 현실 제62호, 2006.12 (History and Reality, No. 62,　December 2006). pp. 3-405.
  8. Mansourov, Alexandre Y. "Will Flowers Bloom without Fragrance? Korean-Chinese Relations," Archived 2008-01-08 at the Wayback Machine Harvard Asia Quarterly (Spring 2009).
  9. Kang, Etsuko H. (1997). Diplomacy and Ideology in Japanese-Korean Relations: from the Fifteenth to the Eighteenth Century, p. 49.
  10. Robinson, Michael. (1984) "National Identity and the Thought of Shin Ch'ae-ho: Sadaejuüi and Chuch'e in History and Politics," Journal of Korean Studies, Vol. 5, pp. 121–142.
  11. Robinson, p. 129.
  12. Robinson, pp. 131-132.
  13. "보수언론의 '사대주의적 안보관'". 미디어오늘 (in Korean). 1 February 2001. Retrieved 17 March 2023.
  14. "[기고] 조선조에도 자주사관과 사대사관의 대립이 있었다". 재외동포신문 (in Korean). 6 November 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2023.
  15. "사대주의 (事大主義)". 한국민족문화대백과사전 (Encyclopedia of Korean Culture) (in Korean). Retrieved 17 March 2023.
  16. ""윤 정부, 국익 위해 독배 마셨다"는 박형준에 "시장 자격 없다"". 한겨레. 9 March 2023. Retrieved 17 March 2023. 부산 160여개 단체가 모여 만든 '강제징용피해자 양금덕할머니 부산시민 평화훈장 추진위원회'는 9일 부산시청 들머리에서 기자회견을 열어 "친일·사대·매국 망언을 내뱉은 박형준은 부산시장 자격이 없다"고 성토했다.
  17. "박영순 "일본 독도 망언, 윤 정부 사대 굴종 외교 때문" 직격". 백제뉴스. 26 January 2023. Retrieved 17 March 2023.
  18. Kim,Yung-Myung ed. (2016). The Concepts and Tasks concerning Korean Nationalism. Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information.
  19. "[태평로] 사대(事大)와 사대주의(事大主義)". 조선일보. 3 August 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2023. 전통시대 동아시아의 글로벌 스탠더드는 중국이었기 때문에 중국을 섬기는 것으로 나타났고, 지금은 세계의 글로벌 스탠더드가 미국이기 때문에 미국과 함께 가고 있다는 지적이었다. ... 여전히 강대국들에 둘러싸여 있고 아직 선진국에 들어서지 못한 한국은 앞으로도 상당 기간 오코노기 교수가 말한 '사대'가 불가피할 것이다. 부끄러워할 이유는 없으며 새로운 것과 옛것을 조화시켜온 조상들의 지혜를 본받으려고 노력해야 한다.
  20. "북한 사회주의심리학의 이해". Kyungnam University's Institute for Far Eastern Studies. (in Korean)
  21. 정창수, ed. (2017). K-Potential: 한반도와 한국인의 잠재력. e퍼플. ISBN 9788969339843.
  22. Daham Chong ed. (2021). The Rise of South Korean New-Right Revisionist Historiography on King Sejong and the Issues of Post-Coloniality in the Studies of Korean History. Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information.
  23. ""민족사의 모든 반동 결딴낸 사학계 녹두장군이셨죠"" [He was the Nockdu Janggun, who defeated all reactionists to the Korean nationalist historiography.]. 한겨레. 17 March 2022. Retrieved 17 March 2023.
  24. "뉴라이트 10년… 보수혁신은 뒷전, 자리만 챙겼다". 미디어오늘. 13 September 2015. Retrieved 17 March 2023. 한홍구 성공회대 민주자료관장은 "뉴라이트는 정체성으로 유지됐던 것이 아니라 이권으로 뭉쳤다. 이념 운동이라면 이념의 전파자가 새로운 방향을 제시하고 지적인 긴장감을 가져야 하는데, 민주정권의 반동으로 일어선 그들의 철학과 지식은 빈곤했다"며 "이권이라는 깃발에 하이에나들이 모였던 것"이라고 꼬집었다.
  25. "'한국판 신반동주의'를 경계한다" [Be wary of Neo-Reactionism]. 중소기업신문. 23 September 2019. Retrieved 17 March 2023.
  26. "5.18 민주화운동도 부정하나?" [Do they deny the May 18 pro-democracy movement?]. 굿모닝충청. 4 January 2023. Retrieved 17 March 2023.
  27. "윤 당선자 '친일·독재 미화 국정교과서 주역' 이배용 '특별고문'에". 한겨레. 25 March 2022. Retrieved 17 March 2023. 특히 일부 뉴라이트 학자를 포함한 극우진영의 주장을 그대로 옮겨 1948년 8월15일을 '대한민국 정부 수립'이 아닌 '대한민국 수립'으로 고쳤다.
  28. Lee Ji-yun ed. (2021). Politics of Rhetoric of ‘Nation’ in Korean Conservative Discourse: Focusing on Anti-Japanese Tribalism(2019) and Struggle against Anti-Japanese Tribalism(2020). Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information.
  29. ""동성커플 건보 자격 인정 정치 판결한 3인 규탄"". 크리스천투데이. 24 February 2022. Retrieved 17 March 2023. 우리나라 LGBT 진영과 문화사대주의자들은 맹목적으로 UN의 권고를 당연시하듯 맹종하는 태도를 취해왔다.
  30. "윤석열 대통령의 지극한 '영어 사랑'... 이쯤되면 '사대주의'". OhmyNews. 22 July 2022. Retrieved 17 March 2023. 이래서 '영어 사대주의자'라는 비판까지 받았던 것으로 기억하는데요, 최근 추락하는 지지도의 요인 중 이런 자질 문제도 일부 포함되지 않을까요? 또 대통령의 과도한 영어 표현, 문제가 없는 것일까요?
  31. "우리민족끼리 (우리民族끼리)". 한국민족문화대백과사전 (Encyclopedia of Korean Culture) (in Korean). Retrieved 17 March 2023. 2002년 신년공동사설에서도 "온 민족은 '우리 민족끼리 조국을 통일하자'라는 자주통일의 구호를 더 높이 추켜 들고 모든 것을 민족 공동의 이익에 복종시키며 사대와 외세의존을 배격하고 민족공조를 실현하여야 한다"고 주장하였다.
  32. "남조선경제위기는 약정과 친미사대굴종의 산물이다". Uriminzokkiri (in Korean). 23 December 2022. Retrieved 17 March 2023.
  33. Kim Eung-seo , eds. (2012). Study on the Decision of North Korea`s Self-Reliance Foreign Policy in the mid-1960s. Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information.
  34. 이금희 , eds. (2012). 중국 학계의 북한 자주외교노선 수립에 대한 인식과 북 · 중 관계. DBpia.
  35. "북, 주민들에 반중감정 고취". Radio Free Asia. 4 January 2018. Retrieved 19 March 2023.

References
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