List of missions to the Moon

As part of human exploration of the Moon, numerous space missions have been undertaken to study Earth's natural satellite. Of the Moon landings, Luna 2 of the Soviet Union was the first spacecraft to reach its surface successfully,[1] intentionally impacting the Moon on 13 September 1959. In 1966, Luna 9 became the first spacecraft to achieve a controlled soft landing,[2] while Luna 10 became the first mission to enter orbit.

This article is about missions to the Moon. For a list of each individual lunar probe, see List of lunar probes.

A replica of Luna 9, the first spacecraft to land on the Moon
The first image taken of the far side of the Moon, returned by Luna 3, Kodak Film, U.S.

Between 1968 and 1972, crewed missions to the Moon were conducted by the United States as part of the Apollo program. Apollo 8 was the first crewed mission to enter orbit in December 1968, and it was followed by Apollo 10 in May 1969. Six missions landed humans on the Moon, beginning with Apollo 11 in July 1969, during which Neil Armstrong became the first person to walk on the Moon. Apollo 13 was intended to land; however, it was restricted to a flyby due to a malfunction aboard the spacecraft. All nine crewed missions returned safely to the Earth.

While the United States focused on the crewed Apollo program, the Soviet Union conducted uncrewed missions that deployed rovers and returned samples to the Earth. Three rover missions were launched, of which two were successful, and eleven sample return flights were attempted with three successes.

Missions to the Moon have been conducted by the following nations and organisations (in chronological order): the Soviet Union, the United States, Japan, the European Space Agency, China, India, Luxembourg, Israel, Italy, South Korea, and the United Arab Emirates. The Moon has also been visited by five spacecraft not dedicated to studying it; four spacecraft have flown past it to gain gravity assistance, and a radio telescope, Explorer 49, was placed into selenocentric orbit in order to use the Moon to block interference from terrestrial radio sources.

Statistics
Country Flyby Orbit Impact Lander Rover Return Crewed landing
Soviet Union Soviet Union —
United States United States
Japan Japan — —
European Union ESA — — — —
China China —
India India — —
Luxembourg Luxembourg — — — — —
Israel Israel — — —
Italy Italy — — — — — —
South Korea South Korea — — — — —
United Arab Emirates United Arab Emirates — — —

Missions by date
Map of all soft landings
Mission Spacecraft Launch date Carrier rocket Operator Mission type Outcome
Pioneer 0

(Able I)[3]

 Pioneer 0 17 August 1958 Thor DM-18 Able I[3] United States USAF Orbiter Launch failure
First attempted launch beyond Earth orbit; failed to orbit due to turbopump gearbox malfunction resulting in first-stage explosion.[3] Reached apogee of 16 kilometres (9.9 mi).[4]
Luna E-1 No.1 Luna E-1 No.1 23 September 1958 Luna Soviet Union OKB-1 Impactor Launch failure
Failed to orbit; rocket disintegrated due to excessive vibration.[3][5]
Pioneer 1

(Able II)[3]

 Pioneer 1 11 October 1958 Thor DM-18 Able I[3] United States NASA Orbiter Launch failure
Failed to orbit; premature second-stage cutoff due to accelerometer failure. Later known as Pioneer 1.[3] Reached apogee of 113,800 kilometres (70,700 mi).[6]
Luna E-1 No.2 Luna E-1 No.2 11 October 1958 Luna Soviet Union OKB-1 Impactor Launch failure
Failed to orbit; carrier rocket exploded due to excessive vibration.[3][5]
Pioneer 2

(Able III)

 Pioneer 2 8 November 1958 Thor DM-18 Able I United States NASA Orbiter Launch failure
Failed to orbit; premature second-stage cutoff due to erroneous command by ground controllers; third stage failed to ignite due to broken electrical connection.[3] Reached apogee of 1,550 kilometres (960 mi).[7]
Luna E-1 No.3 Luna E-1 No.3 4 December 1958 Luna Soviet Union OKB-1 Impactor Launch failure
Failed to orbit; seal failure in hydrogen peroxide pump cooling system resulted in core-stage underperformance.[3][5]
Pioneer 3 Pioneer 3 6 December 1958 Juno II United States NASA Flyby Launch failure
Failed to orbit; premature first-stage cutoff.[3] Reached apogee of 102,360 kilometres (63,600 mi).[8]
Luna 1

(E-1 No.4)

 Luna 1 2 January 1959 Luna Soviet Union OKB-1 Impactor Partial failure
Carrier rocket guidance problem resulted in failure to impact Moon, flew past in a heliocentric orbit.[9] Closest approach 5,995 kilometres (3,725 mi) on 4 January.[10] First spacecraft to fly by the Moon.
Pioneer 4 Pioneer 4 3 March 1959 Juno II United States NASA Flyby Partial failure
Second-stage overperformance resulted in flyby at greater altitude than expected, out of instrument range, with 58,983 kilometres (36,650 mi) of distance.[9] Closest approach at 22:25 UTC on 4 March. First U.S. spacecraft to leave Earth orbit.[11]
E-1A No.1 E-1A No.1 18 June 1959 Luna Soviet Union OKB-1 Impactor Launch failure
Failed to orbit; guidance system malfunction.[9]
Luna 2

(E-1A No.2)

 Luna 2 12 September 1959 Luna Soviet Union OKB-1 Impactor Successful
Successful impact at 21:02 on 14 September 1959. First spacecraft to reach lunar surface.[12] The impact made the Soviet Union the 1st country to reach the surface of the Moon.
Luna 3

(E-2A No.1)

 Luna 3 4 October 1959 Luna Soviet Union OKB-1 Flyby Successful
Returned first images of the far side of the Moon.[13]
Pioneer P-3

Able IVB

 Pioneer P-3 26 November 1959 Atlas-D Able United States NASA Orbiter Launch failure
Failed to orbit;[14] payload fairing disintegrated due to design fault.[9]
Luna E-3 No.1 Luna E-3 No.1 15 April 1960 Luna Soviet Union OKB-1 Flyby Launch failure
Failed to orbit; premature third-stage cutoff.[15]
Luna E-3 No.2 Luna E-3 No.2 16 April 1960 Luna Soviet Union OKB-1 Flyby Launch failure
Failed to orbit; rocket disintegrated ten seconds after launch.[15]
Pioneer P-30

(Able VA)

 Pioneer P-30 25 September 1960 Atlas-D Able United States NASA Orbiter Launch failure
Failed to orbit; second-stage oxidizer system malfunction resulting in premature cutoff.[16][15]
Pioneer P-31

(Able VB)

 Pioneer P-31 15 December 1960 Atlas-D Able United States NASA Orbiter Launch failure
Failed to orbit, exploded 68 seconds after launch, at an altitude of 12.2 kilometres (7.6 mi). Second stage ignited while first stage was still attached and burning.[17][15]
Ranger 3

(P-34)

 Ranger 3 26 January 1962 Atlas LV-3 Agena-B United States NASA Impactor Spacecraft failure
Ranger 3 lander Lander Spacecraft failure
Partial launch failure due to guidance problem; attempt to correct using spacecraft's engine resulted in it missing the Moon by 36,793 kilometres (22,862 mi).[18][19]
Ranger 4

(P-35)

 Ranger 4 23 April 1962 Atlas LV-3 Agena-B United States NASA Impactor Spacecraft failure
Ranger 4 lander Lander Spacecraft failure
Failed to deploy solar panels, ran out of power ten hours after launch; incidental impact on the far side of the Moon on 26 April. First spacecraft to impact the far side of the Moon.[18][20] The impact made the United States the 2nd country to reach the surface of the Moon.
Ranger 5

(P-36)

 Ranger 5 18 October 1962 Atlas LV-3 Agena-B United States NASA Impactor Spacecraft failure
Ranger 5 lander Lander Spacecraft failure
Solar panels erroneously disengaged from power system, failed 8+3⁄4 hours after launch when batteries were depleted.[18] Missed the Moon as course correction was not completed.[21]
Luna E-6 No.2 Luna E-6 No.2 4 January 1963 Molniya-L Soviet Union OKB-1 Lander Launch failure
Failed to depart Low Earth orbit;[22] guidance system power failure prevented upper-stage ignition.[23]
Luna E-6 No.3 Luna E-6 No.3 3 February 1963 Molniya-L Soviet Union OKB-1 Lander Launch failure
Failed to orbit; guidance failure.[23]
Luna 4

(E-6 No.4)

 Luna 4 2 April 1963 Molniya-L Soviet Union OKB-1 Lander Spacecraft failure
Failed to perform mid-course correction,[23] remained in high Earth orbit until given escape velocity by orbital perturbation.[24]
Ranger 6

(P-54)

 Ranger 6 30 January 1964 Atlas LV-3 Agena-B United States NASA Impactor Spacecraft failure
Impacted on 2 February 1964, failed to return images due to power system failure.[25][26]
Luna E-6 No.6 Luna E-6 No.6 21 March 1964 Molniya-M Soviet Union OKB-1 Lander Launch failure
Failed to orbit; third stage underperformed due to oxidiser valve failure.[25]
Luna E-6 No.5 Luna E-6 No.5 20 April 1964 Molniya-M Soviet Union OKB-1 Lander Launch failure
Failed to orbit; power failure caused by broken connection resulted in premature third-stage cutoff.[25]
Ranger 7 Ranger 7 28 July 1964 Atlas LV-3 Agena-B United States NASA Impactor Successful
Impacted on 30 July 1964 at 13:25:48 UTC.[27]
Ranger 8 Ranger 8 17 February 1965 Atlas LV-3 Agena-B United States NASA Impactor Successful
Impacted on 20 February 1965 at 09:57:37 UTC.[28][29]
Kosmos 60

(E-6 No.9)

 Kosmos 60 12 March 1965 Molniya-L Soviet Union Lavochkin Lander Launch failure
Upper stage failed to restart due to guidance system short circuit,[28] Failed to depart low Earth orbit.[30]
Ranger 9 Ranger 9 21 March 1965 Atlas LV-3 Agena-B United States NASA Impactor Successful
Impacted on 24 March 1965 at 14:08:20 UTC.[28][31]
Luna E-6 No.8 Luna E-6 No.8 10 April 1965 Molniya-L Soviet Union Lavochkin Lander Spacecraft failure
Third stage failed to ignite due to loss of oxidiser pressure, failed to orbit.[28]
Luna 5

(E-6 No.10)

 Luna 5 9 May 1965 Molniya-M Soviet Union Lavochkin lander Spacecraft failure
Loss of control after gyroscope malfunction,[28] failed to decelerate for landing and impacted the Moon at 19:10 UTC on 12 May 1965.[32]
Luna 6

(E-6 No.7)

 Luna 6 8 June 1965 Molniya-M Soviet Union Lavochkin Lander Spacecraft failure
Engine failed to shut down after performing mid-course correction manoeuvre,[28] flew past the Moon in a heliocentric orbit.[33]
Zond 3

(3MV-4 No.3)

 Zond 3 18 July 1965 Molniya Soviet Union Lavochkin Flyby Successful
Flew past the Moon on 20 July 1965 at a distance of 9,200 kilometres (5,700 mi).[34] Conducted technology demonstration for future planetary missions.[28]
Luna 7

(E-6 No.11)

 Luna 7 4 October 1965 Molniya Soviet Union Lavochkin Lander Spacecraft failure
Attitude control failure shortly before landing prevented controlled descent; impacted the lunar surface 22:08:24 UTC on 7 October 1965.[28][35]
Luna 8

(E-6 No.12)

 Luna 8 3 December 1965 Molniya Soviet Union Lavochkin Lander Spacecraft failure
Landing airbag punctured, resulting in loss of attitude control shortly before planned touchdown,[28] impacted Moon on 6 December 1965 at 21:51:30 UTC.[36]
Luna 9

(E-6 No.13)

 Luna 9 31 January 1966 Molniya-M Soviet Union Lavochkin Lander Successful
First spacecraft to land successfully on the Moon. Touchdown on 3 February 1966 at 18:45:30 UTC.[37] Returned data until 6 February at 22:55 UTC.[38]
Kosmos 111

(E-6S No.204)

 Kosmos 111 1 March 1966 Molniya-M Soviet Union Lavochkin Orbiter Launch failure
Upper stage lost attitude control and failed to ignite;[38] spacecraft never left low Earth orbit.[39]
Luna 10

(E-6S No.206)

 Luna 10 31 March 1966 Molniya-M Soviet Union Lavochkin Orbiter Successful
Entered orbit at 18:44 UTC on 3 April 1966, becoming the first spacecraft to orbit the Moon.[40] Continued to return data until 30 May.[38]
Surveyor 1 Surveyor 1 30 May 1966 Atlas LV-3C Centaur-D United States NASA Lander Successful
Landed in Oceanus Procellarum on 2 June 1966 at 06:17:36 UTC.[38] Returned data until loss of power on 13 July.[41]
Explorer 33

(AIMP-D)

 Explorer 33 1 July 1966 Delta E1 United States NASA Orbiter Launch failure
Magnetospheric probe; rocket imparted greater velocity than had been planned, leaving spacecraft unable to enter orbit.[38] Repurposed for Earth orbit mission which was completed successfully.[42]
Lunar Orbiter 1 Lunar Orbiter 1 10 August 1966 Atlas SLV-3 Agena-D United States NASA Orbiter Partial failure
Orbital insertion at around 15:36 UTC on 14 August. Deorbited early due to lack of fuel and to avoid communications interference with the next mission, impacted the Moon at 13:30 UTC on 29 October 1966.[43]
Luna 11

(E-6LF No.101)

 Luna 11 21 August 1966 Molniya-M Soviet Union Lavochkin Orbiter Partial failure
Entered orbit on 28 August 1966. Failed to return images; other instruments operated correctly.[38] Conducted gamma ray and X-ray observations to study the composition of the Moon, investigated the lunar gravitational field, the presence of meteorites in the lunar environment and the radiation environment at the Moon. Ceased operations on 1 October 1966 after power was depleted.[44]
Surveyor 2 Surveyor 2 20 September 1966 Atlas LV-3C Centaur-D United States NASA Lander Spacecraft failure
One thruster failed to ignite during mid-course correction manoeuvre resulting in loss of control.[38] Impacted the Moon at 03:18 UTC on 23 September 1966.[45]
Luna 12

(E-6LF No.102)

 Luna 12 22 October 1966 Molniya-M Soviet Union Lavochkin Orbiter Successful
Entered orbit on 25 October 1966 and returned data until 19 January 1967.[46] Completed photography mission intended for Luna 11.[38]
Lunar Orbiter 2 Lunar Orbiter 2 6 November 1966 Atlas SLV-3 Agena-D United States NASA Orbiter Successful
Entered orbit at about 19:51 UTC on 10 November 1966 to begin photographic mapping mission. Impacted on the far side of the lunar surface following deorbit burn on 11 October 1967 at end of mission.[47]
Luna 13

(E-6M No.205)

 Luna 13 21 December 1966 Molniya-M Soviet Union Lavochkin Lander Successful
Successfully landed in Oceanus Procellarum at 18:01 UTC on 24 December 1966.[38] Returned images from the surface and studied the lunar soil.[48] Operated until depletion of power at 06:31 UTC on 28 December.[38]
Lunar Orbiter 3 Lunar Orbiter 3 5 February 1967 Atlas SLV-3 Agena-D United States NASA Orbiter Successful
Entered orbit at 21:54 UTC on 8 February 1967. Deorbited at end of mission and impacted the Moon on 9 October 1967.[49]
Surveyor 3 Surveyor 3 17 April 1967 Atlas LV-3C Centaur-D United States NASA Lander Successful
Landed at 00:04 UTC on 20 April 1967 and operated until 3 May.[50][51] Visited by Apollo 12 astronauts in 1969, with some parts removed for return to Earth.[52]
Lunar Orbiter 4 Lunar Orbiter 4 4 May 1967 Atlas SLV-3 Agena-D United States NASA Orbiter Successful
Entered orbit at 21:54 UTC on 8 May 1967, operated until 17 July. Decayed from orbit, with lunar impact occurring on 6 October 1967.[50][53]
Surveyor 4 Surveyor 4 14 July 1967 Atlas LV-3C Centaur-D United States NASA Lander Spacecraft failure
Contact with spacecraft lost at 02:03 UTC on 17 July, two and a half minutes before scheduled landing.[50] NASA determined that the spacecraft may have exploded, otherwise it impacted the Moon.[54]
Explorer 35

(AIMP-E)

 Explorer 35

(AIMP-E)

 19 July 1967 Delta E1 United States NASA Orbiter Successful
Magnetospheric probe, studying the Moon and interplanetary space. Deactivated on 27 June 1973.[55] Presumed to have impacted the Moon during the 1970s.[56]
Lunar Orbiter 5 Lunar Orbiter 5 1 August 1967 Atlas SLV-3 Agena-D United States NASA Orbiter Successful
Final mission in the Lunar Orbiter series, entered selenocentric orbit on 5 August at 16:48 UTC and conducted a photographic survey until 18 August. Deorbited and impacted the Moon on 31 January 1968.[57]
Surveyor 5 Surveyor 5 8 September 1967 Atlas SLV-3C Centaur-D United States NASA Lander Successful
Landed in Mare Tranquillitatis at 00:46:44 UTC on 11 September. Last signals received at 04:30 UTC on 17 December 1967.[58]
Soyuz 7K-L1 No.4L Soyuz 7K-L1 No.4L 27 September 1967 Proton-K/D Soviet Union Lavochkin Flyby Spacecraft failure
Technology demonstration for planned crewed missions. Failed to reach orbit after a blocked propellant line caused one of the first-stage engines to not ignite.[50]
Surveyor 6 Surveyor 6 7 November 1967 Atlas SLV-3C Centaur-D United States NASA Lander Successful
Landed in Sinus Medii at 01:01:04 UTC on 10 November.[50] Made brief flight from lunar surface at 10:32 UTC on 17 November, followed by second landing after travelling 2.4 metres (7 ft 10 in). Last contact at 19:14 UTC on 14 December.[59]
Soyuz 7K-L1 No.5L Soyuz 7K-L1 No.5L 22 November 1967 Proton-K/D Soviet Union Lavochkin Flyby Launch failure
Technology demonstration for planned crewed missions; unable to achieve orbit after second-stage engine failed to ignite.[50]
Surveyor 7 Surveyor 7 7 January 1968 Atlas SLV-3C Centaur-D United States NASA Lander Successful
Final Surveyor mission.[60] Landed 29 kilometres (18 mi) from Tycho crater at 01:05:36 UTC on 10 January. Operated until 21 February 1968.[61]
Luna E-6LS No.112 Luna E-6LS No.112 7 February 1968 Molniya-M Soviet Union Lavochkin Orbiter Launch failure
Failed to orbit after third stage ran out of fuel.[61]
Luna 14

(E-6LS No.113)

 Luna 14 7 April 1968 Molniya-M Soviet Union Lavochkin Orbiter Successful
Tested communications for proposed crewed missions and studied the mass concentration of the Moon. Entered orbit on 10 April at 19:25 UTC.[62]
Soyuz 7K-L1 No.7L Soyuz 7K-L1 No.7L 22 April 1968 Proton-K/D Soviet Union Lavochkin Flyby Launch failure
Technology demonstration for planned crewed missions. Failed to orbit after second-stage engine incorrectly commanded to shut down. Spacecraft was recovered using its prototype launch escape system.[61]
Zond 5

(7K-L1 No.9L)

 Zond 5 14 September 1968 Proton-K/D Soviet Union Lavochkin Flyby Successful
Two tortoises and other life forms on board a technology demonstration for planned crewed missions. Made a closest approach of 1,950 kilometres (1,210 mi) on 18 September, and circled the Moon before returning to Earth. Landed in the Indian Ocean on 21 September at 16:08 UTC, becoming the first Lunar spacecraft to be recovered successfully and carried the first Earth life to travel to and around the Moon.[63]
Zond 6

(7K-L1 No.12L)

 Zond 6 10 November 1968 Proton-K/D Soviet Union Lavochkin Flyby Spacecraft failure
Technology demonstration for planned crewed missions. Flyby occurred on 14 November, with a closest approach of 2,420 kilometres (1,500 mi).[64] Reentered Earth's atmosphere on 17 November; however, recovery was unsuccessful after parachutes were prematurely jettisoned.[61]
Apollo 8 Apollo 8 21 December 1968 Saturn V United States NASA Crewed orbiter Successful
First crewed mission to the Moon; entered orbit around the Moon with four-minute burn beginning at 09:59:52 UTC on 24 December. Completed ten orbits of the Moon before returning to Earth with an engine burn at 06:10:16 UTC on 25 December. Landed in the Pacific Ocean at 15:51 UTC on 27 December.[65]
Soyuz 7K-L1 No.13L Soyuz 7K-L1 No.13L 20 January 1969 Proton-K/D Soviet Union Lavochkin Flyby Launch failure
Technology demonstration for planned crewed missions. Failed to orbit after one of the four second-stage engines shut down prematurely. Third-stage engine also shut down prematurely. The spacecraft was recovered using its launch escape system.[66]
Luna E-8 No.201 Luna E-8 No.201 19 February 1969 Proton-K/D Soviet Union Lavochkin Lander Launch failure
Lunokhod Rover Launch failure
First launch of the Lunokhod rover. Launch vehicle disintegrated 51 seconds after launch and exploded.[67]
Soyuz 7K-L1S No.3 Soyuz 7K-L1S No.3 21 February 1969 N1 Soviet Union OKB-1 Orbiter Launch failure
First launch of N1 rocket; intended to orbit the Moon and return to Earth. First stage prematurely shut down 70 seconds after launch; launch vehicle crashed 50 kilometres (31 mi) from launch site. Spacecraft landed some 35 kilometres (22 mi) from the launch pad after successfully using its launch escape system.[67]
Apollo 10 Apollo 10 18 May 1969 Saturn V United States NASA Orbiter Successful
Apollo 10 Lunar Module Orbiter Successful
Dress rehearsal for Apollo 11. Lunar Module with two astronauts on board descended to a distance of 14.326 kilometres (8.902 mi) above the lunar surface.[68]
Luna E-8-5 No.402 Luna E-8-5 No.402 14 June 1969 Proton-K/D Soviet Union Lavochkin Lander Launch failure
Luna E-8-5 No.402 Return Craft Sample Return Launch failure
Intended to land on the Moon and return lunar soil sample. Did not reach Earth orbit after fourth stage failed to ignite.[66]
Soyuz 7K-L1S No.5 Soyuz 7K-L1S No.5 3 July 1969 N1 Soviet Union OKB-1 Orbiter Launch failure
Intended to orbit the Moon and return to Earth. All first-stage engines shut down 10 seconds after launch; launch vehicle crashed and exploded on the launch pad. Spacecraft landed safely 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) from the launch site after using launch escape sequence.[67]
Luna 15

(E-8-5 No.401)

 Luna 15 13 July 1969 Proton-K/D Soviet Union Lavochkin Lander Spacecraft failure
Luna 15 Return Craft Sample Return Launch failure
Reached lunar orbit at 10:00 UTC on 17 July. Descent retro-rocket burn started at 15:47 UTC on 21 July. Contact lost three minutes after de-orbit burn; probably crashed on the Moon.[67]
Apollo 11 Apollo 11 16 July 1969 Saturn V United States NASA Orbiter Successful
Apollo 11 Lunar Module Lander/Launch Vehicle Successful
First crewed landing on the Moon. The Lunar Module Eagle landed at 20:17 UTC on 20 July 1969.
Zond 7

(7K-L1 No.11L)

 Zond 7 7 August 1969 Proton-K/D Soviet Union Lavochkin Flyby Successful
Technology demonstration for planned crewed missions. Lunar flyby on 10 August, with a closest approach of 1,200 kilometres (750 mi); returned to Earth and landed in Kazakhstan at 18:13 UTC on 14 August.[67]
Kosmos 300

(E-8-5 No.403)

 Kosmos 300 23 September 1969 Proton-K/D Soviet Union Lavochkin Lander Launch failure
Kosmos 300 Return Craft Sample return Launch failure
Third attempt at lunar sample return. After reaching low Earth orbit, the fourth-stage engine failed to fire for trans-lunar injection due to oxidiser leak. Spacecraft re-entered Earth's atmosphere about 4 days after launch.[67]
Kosmos 305

(E-8-5 No.404)

 Kosmos 305 22 October 1969 Proton-K/D Soviet Union Lavochkin Lander Launch failure
Kosmos 305 Return Craft Sample Return Launch failure
Fourth attempt at lunar sample return. After reaching low Earth orbit, the fourth-stage engine failed to fire for trans-lunar injection due to control system malfunction. Spacecraft re-entered Earth's atmosphere within one orbit after launch.[67]
Apollo 12 Apollo 12 14 November 1969 Saturn V United States NASA Orbiter Successful
Apollo 12 Lunar Module Lander/Launch Vehicle Successful
Second crewed lunar landing.
Luna E-8-5 No.405 Luna E-8-5 No.405 6 February 1970 Proton-K/D Soviet Union Lavochkin Lander Launch failure
Luna E-8-5 No.405 Return Craft Sample return Launch failure
Failed to orbit
Apollo 13 Apollo 13 11 April 1970 Saturn V United States NASA Orbiter Spacecraft failure
Apollo 13 Lunar Module Lander/Launch Vehicle Successful
Lunar landing aborted following Service Module oxygen tank explosion en route to the Moon; flew past the Moon (free-return trajectory) and returned the crew safely to Earth.
Luna 16

(E-8-5 No.406)

 Luna 16 12 September 1970 Proton-K/D Soviet Union Lavochkin Lander Successful
Luna 16 Return Craft Sample return Successful
First robotic sampling mission.
Zond 8

(7K-L1 No.14L)

 Zond 8 20 October 1970 Proton-K/D Soviet Union Lavochkin Flyby Successful
Technology demonstration for planned crewed missions; returned to Earth successfully.
Luna 17

(E-8 No.203)

 Luna 17 10 November 1970 Proton-K/D Soviet Union Lavochkin Lander Successful
Lunokhod 1 Rover Successful
Luna 17 deployed Lunokhod 1.
Apollo 14 Apollo 14 31 January 1971 Saturn V United States NASA Orbiter Successful
Apollo 14 Lunar Module Lander/Launch Vehicle Successful
Third crewed lunar landing.
Apollo 15 Apollo 15 26 July 1971 Saturn V United States NASA Orbiter Successful
Apollo 15 Lunar Module Lander/Launch Vehicle Successful
Lunar Roving Vehicle Rover Successful
Fourth crewed lunar landing, and first to use the Lunar Roving Vehicle.
PFS-1 PFS-1 26 July 1971 Saturn V United States NASA Orbiter Successful
PFS-1 was deployed from Apollo 15.
Luna 18

(E-8-5 No.407)

 Luna 18 2 September 1971 Proton-K/D Soviet Union Lavochkin Lander Spacecraft failure
Luna 18 Return Craft Sample return Spacecraft failure
Failed during descent to lunar surface.
Luna 19

(E-8LS No.202)

 Luna 19 28 September 1971 Proton-K/D Soviet Union Lavochkin Orbiter Successful
Entered an orbit around the Moon on 2 October 1971 after two midcourse corrections on 29 September and 1 October.
Luna 20

(E-8-5 No.408)

 Luna 20 14 February 1972 Proton-K/D Soviet Union Lavochkin Lander Successful
Luna 20 Return Craft Sample return Successful
Luna 20 soft landed on the Moon in a mountainous area known as the Terra Apollonius (or Apollonius highlands) near Mare Fecunditatis (Sea of Fertility), 120 km from where Luna 16 had landed.
Apollo 16 Apollo 16 16 April 1972 Saturn V United States NASA Orbiter Successful
Apollo 16 Lunar Module Lander/Launch Vehicle Successful
Lunar Roving Vehicle Rover Successful
5th crewed lunar landing.
PFS-2 PFS-2 16 April 1972 Saturn V United States NASA Orbiter Successful
PFS-2 deployed from Apollo 16.
Soyuz 7K-LOK No.1 Soyuz 7K-LOK No.1 3 July 1972 N1 Soviet Union OKB-1 Orbiter Launch failure
Failed to orbit; intended to orbit the Moon and return to Earth.
Apollo 17 Apollo 17 7 December 1972 Saturn V United States NASA Orbiter Successful
Apollo 17 Lunar Module Lander/Launch Vehicle Successful
Lunar Roving Vehicle Rover Successful
Sixth and last crewed lunar landing and last use of the Lunar Roving Vehicle; the orbiting command module included five mice.
Luna 21

(E-8 No.204)

 Luna 21 8 January 1973 Proton-K/D Soviet Union Lavochkin Lander Successful
Lunokhod 2 Rover Successful
Deployed Lunokhod 2.
Explorer 49

(RAE-B)

 Explorer 49 10 June 1973 Delta 1913 United States NASA Orbiter Successful
Radio astronomy spacecraft, operated in selenocentric orbit to avoid interference from terrestrial radio sources.
Mariner 10 Mariner 10 3 November 1973 Atlas SLV-3D Centaur-D1A United States NASA Flyby Successful
Interplanetary spacecraft, mapped lunar north pole to test cameras.
Luna 22

(E-8LS No.206)

 Luna 22 29 May 1974 Proton-K/D Soviet Union Lavochkin Orbiter Successful
Inserted into a circular lunar orbit on 2 June 1974
Luna 23

(E-8-5M No.410)

 Luna 23 16 October 1975 Proton-K/D Soviet Union Lavochkin Lander Partial failure
Luna 23 Return Craft Sample Return Precluded
Tipped over upon landing, precluding any sample return attempt. Functioned for three days on surface.
Luna E-8-5M No.412 Luna E-8-5M No.412 16 October 1975 Proton-K/D Lander Launch failure
Luna E-8-5M No.412 Return Craft Sample Return Launch failure
Failed to orbit.
Luna 24

(E-8-5M No.413)

 Luna 24 9 August 1976 Proton-K/D Soviet Union Lavochkin Lander Successful
Luna 24 Return Craft Sample Return Successful
Final mission of the Luna programme. Entered orbit on 11 August 1976 and landed in Mare Crisium at 16:36 UTC on 18 August. Sample capsule launched at 05:25 UTC on 19 August and recovered 96+1⁄2 hours later.[69] Returned 170.1 grams (6.00 oz) of lunar regolith.[70] Final mission to the Moon from the Soviet Union.
ISEE-3

(ICE/Explorer 59)

 ISEE-3 12 August 1978 Delta 2914 United States NASA Flyby Successful
Five flybys in 1982 and 1983 en route to comet 21P/Giacobini–Zinner.
Hiten

(MUSES-A)

 Hiten 24 January 1990 Mu-3S-II Japan ISAS Orbiter Successful
Hagoromo 24 January 1990 Mu-3S-II Japan ISAS Orbiter Spacecraft failure
Designed for flyby, placed into selenocentric orbit during extended mission after failure of Hagoromo. Deorbited and impacted in USGS quadrangle LQ27 on 10 April 1993.[71] Hagoromo was deployed from Hiten. The impact made Japan the 3rd country to reach the surface of the Moon.
Geotail Geotail 24 July 1992 Delta II 6925 Japan United States ISAS/NASA Flyby Successful
Series of flybys to regulate high Earth orbit.
WIND WIND 1 November 1994 Delta II 7925-10 United States NASA Flyby Successful
Made two flybys on 1 December 1994 and 27 December 1994 to reach the Earth–Sun L1 Lagrangian point.
Clementine

(DSPSE)

 Clementine 25 January 1994 Titan II (23)G Star-37FM United States USAF/NASA Orbiter Successful
Completed Lunar objectives successfully; failed following departure from selenocentric orbit.
HGS-1 HGS-1 24 December 1997 Proton-K/DM3 United States Hughes Flyby Successful
Communications satellite; made two flybys in May and June 1998 en route to geosynchronous orbit after delivery into wrong orbit.
Lunar Prospector

(Discovery 3)

 Lunar Prospector 7 January 1998 Athena II United States NASA Orbiter Successful
The mission ended on July 31, 1999
Nozomi

(PLANET-B)

 Nozomi 3 July 1998 M-V Japan ISAS Flyby Successful
Two flybys en route to Mars.
WMAP WMAP 30 June 2001 Delta II 7425-10 United States NASA Flyby Successful
Flyby on 30 July 2001 to reach the Earth–Sun L2 Lagrangian point.
SMART-1 SMART-1 27 September 2003 Ariane 5G European Union ESA Orbiter Successful
Impacted Moon in USGS quadrangle LQ26 at end of mission on 3 September 2006. The impact made ESA member states the 4th to reach the surface of the Moon.
STEREO STEREO A 25 October 2006 Delta II 7925-10L United States NASA Flyby Successful
STEREO B Successful
Both component spacecraft entered heliocentric orbit on 15 December 2006.
ARTEMIS ARTEMIS P1 17 February 2007 Delta II 7925 United States NASA Orbiter Operational
ARTEMIS P2 Orbiter Operational
Two THEMIS spacecraft moved to selenocentric orbit for extended mission; entered orbit July 2011.
SELENE Kaguya 14 September 2007 H-IIA 2022 Japan JAXA Orbiter Successful
Okina Orbiter Successful
Ouna Orbiter Successful
Deployed Okina and Ouna satellites. Kaguya and Okina impacted the Moon at end of mission.[72] Ouna completed operations on 29 June 2009[73] but remains in selenocentric orbit.
Chang'e 1 Chang'e 1 24 October 2007 Long March 3A China CNSA Orbiter Successful
Impacted Moon in USGS quadrangle LQ21 on 1 March 2009, at end of mission. The impact made China the 6th country to reach the surface of the Moon.
Chandrayaan-1 Chandrayaan-1 22 October 2008 PSLV-XL India ISRO Orbiter Successful
Moon Impact Probe Impactor Successful
Succeeded through mission. Orbit lasted 312 days, short of intended 2 years; However mission achieved most of its intended objectives. Terminated in 2009, remains in selenocentric orbit; discovered water ice on the Moon.[74] Moon Impact Probe was deployed from the orbiter. It successfully impacted Moon's Shackleton Crater in the in USGS quadrangle LQ30 at 20:31 on 14 November 2008 releasing underground debris that could be analysed by the orbiter for presence of water/ice. With this mission, India became the first to hard land or impact on Lunar south pole and the fifth nation to reach the lunar surface.
Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter 18 June 2009 Atlas V 401 United States NASA Orbiter Operational
Entered orbit on June 23, 2009
LCROSS LCROSS 18 June 2009 Atlas V 401 United States NASA Impactor Successful
Observed impact of Centaur upper stage that launched it and LRO, then impacted itself. Impacts in USGS quadrangle LQ30.
Chang'e 2 Chang'e 2 1 October 2010 Long March 3C China CNSA Orbiter Successful
Following completion of six month Lunar mission, departed selenocentric orbit for Earth–Sun L2 Lagrangian point;[75] subsequently flew by asteroid 4179 Toutatis.[76]
GRAIL Ebb

(GRAIL-A)

 10 September 2011[77][78] Delta II 7920H United States NASA Orbiter Successful
Flow

(GRAIL-B)

 Orbiter Successful
Impacted the Moon in USGS quadrangle LQ01 on 17 December 2012 at end of mission.[79]
LADEE LADEE 7 September 2013 Minotaur V United States NASA Orbiter Successful
Mission ended on 18 April 2014, when the spacecraft's controllers intentionally crashed LADEE into the far side of the Moon.
Chang'e 3 Chang'e 3 1 December 2013 Long March 3B China CNSA Lander Operational
Yutu Rover Successful
Entered orbit on 6 December 2013 with landing at 13:12 UTC on 14 December. Yutu rover was deployed from Chang'e 3.
Chang'e 5-T1 Chang'e 5-T1 23 October 2014 Long March 3C China CNSA Orbiter Successful
Chang'e 5-T1 Return Capsule Orbiter Successful
Demonstration of re-entry capsule for Chang'e 5 sample-return mission at lunar return velocity.
Manfred Memorial Moon Mission Manfred Memorial Moon Mission 23 October 2014 Long March 3C Luxembourg LuxSpace Flyby / Impactor (post mission) Successful
Attached to third stage of CZ-3C used to launch Chang'e 5-T1. Impacted the Moon on 4 March 2022. The impact made Luxembourg the 8th country to reach the surface of the Moon.
TESS TESS 18 April 2018 Falcon 9 Full Thrust United States NASA Flyby Successful
Flyby on 17 May 2018 to designated high Earth orbit.[80]
Queqiao Queqiao 21 May 2018 Long March 4C China CNSA Orbiter Operational
Entered designated Earth–Moon L2 orbit on 14 June in preparation of Chang'e 4 far-side lunar lander in December 2018.
Longjiang Longjiang-1 21 May 2018 Long March 4C China CNSA Orbiter Spacecraft failure
Longjiang-2 Orbiter Successful
Launched on the same rocket as Queqiao. Longjiang-1 never entered Moon orbit,[81] while Longjiang-2 operated in lunar orbit until 31 July 2019, when it impacted the lunar surface.[82]
Chang'e 4 Chang'e 4 7 December 2018 Long March 3B China CNSA Lander Operational
'Yutu-2 Rover Operational
First spacecraft to soft land on the far side of the Moon (South Pole–Aitken basin). Landed 3 January 2019 and deployed the Yutu-2 rover.[83][84]
Beresheet Beresheet 22 February 2019 Falcon 9 Israel SpaceIL Lander Spacecraft failure
First Israeli and first privately funded lunar lander mission. Technology demonstration. Instrumentation included a magnetometer and laser retroreflector.[85][86] Spacecraft crashed into the lunar surface after main engine failure during descent from lunar orbit phase.[87] The impact made Israel the 7th country to reach the surface of the Moon.
Chandrayaan-2 Chandrayaan-2 Orbiter 22 July 2019 LVM3 India ISRO Orbiter Operational
Vikram Lander Spacecraft Failure
Pragyan Rover Failure lost with Lander
Entered orbit on 20 August 2019. Lander separated from orbiter but crashed during a landing attempt on 6 September 2019, attributed to a software glitch. Both lander and rover were lost. Orbiter remained operational.[88]
Chang'e 5 Chang'e 5 Orbiter 23 November 2020 Long March 5 China CNSA Orbiter Operational
Chang'e 5 Lander Lander Successful
Chang'e 5 Ascender Launch Vehicle Successful
Chang'e 5 Returner Sample Return Successful
First lunar sample return mission from China, which returned 1,731 g (61.1 oz) of lunar samples on 16 December 2020. The orbiter received a mission extension and is currently in a distant retrograde orbit (DRO) of the Moon.[89]
CAPSTONE CAPSTONE 28 June 2022[90] Electron United States NASA Orbiter Operational
Lunar orbiting CubeSat that will test and verify the calculated orbital stability planned for the Gateway space station.
Danuri

(Korea Pathfinder Lunar Orbiter)

 Danuri 4 August 2022[90] Falcon 9 South Korea KARI Orbiter[91][92] Operational
Lunar Orbiter by the Korea Aerospace Research Institute (KARI) of South Korea. The orbiter, its science payload and ground control infrastructure are technology demonstrators. The orbiter will also be tasked with surveying lunar resources such as water ice, uranium, helium-3, silicon, and aluminium, and produce a topographic map to help select future lunar landing sites.
Artemis 1 Artemis 1 Orion MPCV CM-002 16 November 2022[93] SLS Block 1 United States NASA Orbiter Successful
Uncrewed test of Orion spacecraft in lunar flyby and lunar Distant retrograde orbit.
LunaH-Map and Lunar IceCube LunaH-Map 16 November 2022 SLS Block 1 United States NASA Orbiter En route
Lunar IceCube Orbiter Operational
H-Map will search for evidence of lunar water ice inside permanently shadowed craters using its neutron detector while, IceCube will uses its infrared spectrometer to detect water and organic compounds in the lunar surface and exosphere.
ArgoMoon ArgoMoon 16 November 2022 SLS Block 1 Italy ASI Flybys Operational
It is designed to image the Interim Cryogenic Propulsion Stage and will collect telemetry validating the nanotechnology on board the platform in the hostile environment of deep space.
LunIR LunIR 16 November 2022 SLS Block 1 United States Lockheed Martin Flyby Successful
It is to flyby the Moon and collect its surface thermography.
Near-Earth Asteroid Scout Near-Earth Asteroid Scout 16 November 2022 SLS Block 1 United States NASA Flyby Spacecraft failure
It is a solar sail that will flyby a near-Earth asteroid.
EQUULEUS EQUULEUS 16 November 2022 SLS Block 1 Japan JAXA Flybys Operational
It will image the Earth's plasmasphere, impact craters on the Moon's far side, and small trajectory maneuvers near the Moon.
OMOTENASHI OMOTENASHI 16 November 2022 SLS Block 1 Japan JAXA Impactor Spacecraft failure
It was a lunar surface probe attempting to semi-hard land using solid rocket motors. Carrier and solid motor was to impact. Communication failure occurred and it's missed target to become a flyby.
BioSentinel BioSentinel 16 November 2022 SLS Block 1 United States NASA Flyby Successful
CubeSat spacecraft on a astrobiology mission that will use budding yeast to detect, measure, and compare the impact of deep space radiation on DNA repair over long time beyond low Earth orbit.
CubeSat for Solar Particles CubeSat for Solar Particles 16 November 2022 SLS Block 1 United States NASA Flyby Successful
CubeSat to orbit the Sun to study the dynamic particles and magnetic fields.
Team Miles Team Miles 16 November 2022 SLS Block 1 United States Fluid & Reason Flyby Successful
CubeSat that will demonstrate navigation in deep space using innovative plasma thrusters.
Hakuto-R Mission 1 Hakuto-R 11 December 2022 Falcon 9 Block 5 Japan ispace Lander Spacecraft failure
SORA-Q 11 December 2022 Falcon 9 Block 5 Japan Tomy/JAXA/Dodai Rover Spacecraft failure
Lunar lander technology demonstration.[94] Contact lost during final stage of landing, presumed failure.
Emirates Lunar Mission Rashid 11 December 2022 Falcon 9 Block 5 United Arab Emirates UAESA/MBRSC Rover Spacecraft failure
Lunar rover demonstration. Launched aboard ispace's Hakuto-R lander.[95] Lost with Hakuto-R. The impact made the United Arab Emirates the 9th country to reach the surface of the Moon.
Lunar Flashlight Lunar Flashlight 11 December 2022 Falcon 9 Block 5 United States NASA Flyby Spacecraft failure
Initially scheduled to be launched on the Artemis 1 mission, moved to a Falcon 9 Block 5 after not making it for the payload integration deadline. NASA announced later that it would not make its planned orbit or monthly flybys due to thruster issues.[96]
Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer 14 April 2023 Ariane 5 ECA European Union ESA Flyby En route
Will fly by the Moon in August 2024 en route to Ganymede.

Future missions

There are several future lunar missions planned or proposed by various nations or organisations.

Robotic
Agency or company Mission Name of spacecraft Launch date Launch vehicle Notes
United States Astrobotic Technology Mission One Peregrine June/July 2023[97] Vulcan Centaur Part of CLPS. Peregrine lander will deliver 25 payloads to Gruithuisen Gamma
Mexico UNAM Colmena 5 Microrovers
United States CMU Iris CubeRover, technology demonstration
Russia Roscosmos Luna 25 13 July 2023[98] Soyuz-2.1b / Fregat Lander will explore natural resources on Moon, part of Luna-Glob programme.
India ISRO Chandrayaan-3 Rover July 2023[99] LVM3[100] India's second attempt to soft land on Moon.
Relay Satellite/transfer vehicle
Lander
Japan JAXA SLIM[101]SLIM lander August 2023[102] H-IIA 202 Pinpoint landing, roving[103][104][105]
LEV-1 Hopper, carries multiple instruments
Japan Tomy, JAXA, Doshisha UniversityLEV-2 Rover in preparation for Lunar Cruiser.[106]
United States Intuitive Machines IM-1Nova-C Q3 2023[107] Falcon 9 Lander, Payloads delivery for NASA's CLPS and for private customers.[108]
Canada GEC Doge-1[109] Small commercial lunar orbiter
United States Intuitive Machines IM-2Nova-C December 2023[110][111] Falcon 9 Second Nova-C. Payloads delivery for NASA's CLPS.
Khon1 Communication Satellite
Micro-nova Hopper
United States Lunar Outpost

Finland Nokia

 MAPP Rover, communication technology demonstration
United States MIT AstroAnt[112] Micro rover, will travel on MAPP rover
Japan Dymon Yaoki[113] Small rover, mapping
United States Spaceflight Industries SHEPRA-ES mission[114] SHEPRA-ES Lunar Flyby towards Geostationary orbit, payload delivery.
United States NASA Lunar Trailblazer Orbiter, lunar ice scouting.
China CNSA Queqiao 2 Queqiao relay satellite 2 early 2024[115] Long March 8 Relay satellite to support future missions of the Chinese Lunar Exploration Program targeting south pole region.[116]
China Deep Space Exploration Laboratory Tiandu-1[117] 2 orbiters, technology demonstration of lunar constellation.
Tiandu-2[117]
China CNSA Chang'e 6 Lander May 2024[118] Long March 5 Sample-return from the south pole Aitken basin on the far side of the Moon[119]
Orbiter
Ascent Vehicle
United States Intuitive Machines IM-3Nova-C Q2 2024[111][120] Falcon 9 Third Nova-C. Lunar Vertex mission
Khon2 Communication Satellite
United States NASA CADRE 4 small rovers, mapping
Lunar vertex NASA organised rover
United States Astrobotic Technology Griffin Mission 1[121] November 2024 Falcon Heavy Will host the VIPER Rover
United States NASA VIPER rover[122] Will prospect for lunar resources in the south pole region, especially for water ice.
United States NASA

United StatesNorthrop Grumman

 PPE and HALO[123] November 2024 Falcon Heavy Key elements of Lunar Gateway.
United States SpaceX Demo mission Starship HLS[124] Q4 2024 Starship Uncrewed demo mission of Starship HLS
Japan JAXA DESTINY+ 2024[125] Epsilon S Lunar flyby toward asteroid 3200 Phaethon
United States Firefly Aerospace Blue Ghost M1Blue Ghost 2024[126] Falcon 9 Lunar lander, carrying NASA-sponsored experiments and commercial payloads to Mare Crisium.[127][128]
Japan ispace Hakuto-R Mission 2Hakuto-R 2024[129] Falcon 9 Rover for collecting lunar resources and other commercial payloads
Luxembourg Ispace europe Ispace rover
SpainGermany Plus Ultra Harmony 1[130] 2024[131] TBD Lunar communication and navigation constellation
Russia Roscosmos Luna 26 2024[132] Soyuz-2 Orbiter, part of the Luna-Glob programme.[133]
Japan ispace

United States Draper

 SERIES 2 2025[134] TBD Lunar lander part of CLPS program
Russia Roscosmos Luna 27 2025[132] Angara A5 Lander, part of Luna-Glob programme.
Israel SpaceIL Beresheet 2[135] Orbiter 2025 TBD One orbiter, Two landers.
Lander 1
Lander 2
United States Firefly Aerospace Blue Ghost M2[136] Blue Ghost lander 2026 TBD Second mission of Firefly Aerospace, part of CLPS, includes 2 stage variant of blue ghost.
transfer vehicle/relay satellite
European Union ESA Lunar Pathfinder Lunar communications satellite to support future lunar missions.
China CNSA Chang'e 7Orbiter 2026[137] Long March 5 Payloads include an orbiter, south pole lander, rover, and a mini flying probe to look for the presence of water-ice.[137]
Lander
Rover
Hopper
United States SpaceX Starship cargo mission 2026 SpaceX Starship First SpaceX lunar cargo mission, yet to be announced by SpaceX itself.
United States Astrolab FLEX[138] Large Lunar rover, can accommodate cargo and 2 astronauts.
United States Astrobotic Astrobotic mission 3[139] 2026 Falcon Heavy Third lunar mission by Astrobotic, will land at south pole, Lander will be most likely Griffin judging by the launch vehicle.
China CNSA Chang'e 8Orbiter2028[140]Long March 5 South pole lander.[141] Testing technology for using local resources and manufacturing with 3D printing.[142]
Lander
Rover
Hopper
United States SpaceX SpaceX GLS-1[143] 2028 Falcon Heavy First resupply mission to Lunar Gateway.
European Union ESA

Japan JAXA

 HERACLES[144] Lander 2030 Ariane 64 Robotic Lander system with rover, Robotic Sample Return
European Union ESA Ascent Element
Canada CSA Rover

Crewed
Agency or company Name Launch date Launch vehicle Notes
United States NASA

Canada CSA

 Artemis 2 November 2024[145] SLS Block 1 Crewed test of the Orion spacecraft on a free-return trajectory around the Moon.
United States NASA Artemis 3 December 2025[145][146] SLS Block 1 Deliver the "first woman and next man" to the Moon.
United States SpaceX dearMoon project 2020s[147] Starship Space tourism and art project; free-return trajectory and Earth re-entry of the Starship.
United States NASA Artemis 4 September 2028[145] SLS Block 1B First flight of Block 1B configuration. Deliver I-HAB and conduct second Artemis crewed lunar landing.
United States NASA Artemis 5 September

2029[148]

 SLS Block 1B Crewed Gateway and Surface expedition. Delivery of ESPRIT and Lunar Terrain Vehicle.
Russia Roscosmos M1 2029[149] Yenisei Proposed Crewed lunar flyby using the Orel spacecraft.
United States NASA Artemis 6 September

2030[148]

 SLS Block 1B Lunar Landing with delivery of Gateway Airlock Module.
China CNSA Chinese crewed lunar mission 1 2030[150] Long March 10 Two launches of the LM-10 to put a pair of astronauts on the Moon for a 6-hour stay.[116]

Robotic

The following robotic space probe missions have been proposed but their full funding is unclear or not yet been requested:

Agency or companyMission Name of spacecraftProposed launchNotes
India ISRO Lunar Polar Exploration Mission LUPEX lander 2025 Lander and rover, part of the Chandrayaan programme; a proposal under study.[151]
Japan JAXA LUPEX rover
Brazil AirvantisGaratéa-L 2025[152] Proposed lunar CubeSat, Partnership between UKSA and ESA.
Germany OHB

Israel IAI

 LSAS lander 2025 proposed commercial lander, will rideshare with a Geostationary satellite.
India ISROChandryaan-52025-30On site sampling of lunar soil. Purposed in a time frame of 2025-30.[153]
United States Parsec Parsec lunar satellites 2025 Parsec lunar communication constellation.[154]
Australia Australian Space Agency Lunar Trailblazer 2026 Under study for possible rover mission
Netherlands Delft University of Technology Lunar zebro 2026 Small swarming rover, radiation measurments
China CNSA

Russia Roscosmos

 ILRS 1-5 2026 - 2035 5 crucial missions planned for comprehensive establishment of ILRS to complete the in-orbit and surface facilities
Russia Roscosmos Luna 28 2027[132] Proposed Sample-return mission, part of Luna-Glob program, may include small rover.
Russia Roscosmos Luna 29 Luna 29 Lander 2028 Proposed Sample-return mission, part of Luna-Glob program, Will include Luna-Grunt rover.
Luna-Grunt rover
South Korea KARI Phase 2 of the Korean lunar exploration program 2030 [155] Lander and rover
Russia Roscosmos Zeus 2030 Nuclear Propelled Space Tug, might deliver payloads to the moon
India ISROChandryaan-62030-35Sample return mission, to be launch in a time frame of 2030-35.[153]
United States NASABOLAS TBD 2 tethered CubeSats on a very low lunar orbit.[156]
Canada Magellan AerospaceAutonomous Impactor for Lunar Exploration TBD Impactor for LEAP
United States NASALunar Crater Radio Telescope TBD Radio telescope made by 4 rovers
United States LiftPort GroupLunar space elevator TBD Creating a reusable, replaceable and expandable Lunar elevator to open up the resources present on the Moon
Czech Republic ESC Aerospace LVICE² TBD Measuring the concentration of micrometeorites[157]

Lunar missions by organization/company
Country Agency
or company		Successful Partial Failure Failure Operational Total Total

(for country)

 USA NASA36 2 14 3 55 57
USAF1 - 1 - 2
Soviet Union USSR Lavochkin 16 2 22 - 40 58
Energia2 - 16 - 18
 China CNSA 4 - - 4 8 8
 Japan ISAS 2 - 2 - 4 5
JAXA 1 - - - 1
 India ISRO 1 1 - 1 3 3
 EU ESA 1 - - - 1 1
 Luxembourg LuxSpace 1 - - - 1 1
 Israel SpaceIL - - 1 - 1 1
South KoreaSouth Korea KARI 1 - - 1 1 1

Unrealized concepts

2010s
  • Resource Prospector – concept by NASA of a rover that would have performed a survey expedition on a polar region of the Moon. It was canceled in April 2018.[158]

See also

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