Detailed logarithmic timeline

Big Bang occurs when ordinary space and time develop from a primeval state (possibly a virtual particle or false vacuum) described by a quantum theory of gravity or "theory of everything". Infant universe cools as it begins growing outward. The universe is almost completely smooth, as quantum variations begin to cause slight variations in density. The universe's expansion decelerates at a faster rate. Recombination; electrons merge with nuclei to form atoms, mostly hydrogen and helium. Hydrogen and helium distributions at this time remain constant as electron baryon plasma thins. Ordinary matter particles decouple from radiation. Formation of galaxies. Formation of HD 140283, the "Methuselah star", seemingly more than 14 Ga ago. Earliest quasars, habitable epoch.[1][2] Galaxy HCM-6A, the most distant normal galaxy observed, forms. Visual limit of Hubble Deep Field. Since universe still small in size, galaxy interactions become common as larger and larger galaxies form out of galaxy merger process. The celestial body PSR B1620-26 b forms. It is a gas giant aka "Genesis Planet" or "Methuselah." As its oldest observed exoplanet in the Universe, it orbits pulsar and white dwarf. First stars. Due to many being Population III stars (some Population II stars at this time); they are much bigger and hotter, and their lifespans are fairly short. Unlike later generations of stars, these stars are metal-free. Terzan 5 forms as a small dwarf galaxy on a collision course against the Milky Way. The dwarf galaxy carrying the Methusaleh Star is consumed by the Milky Way as the Methusaleh Star, which is the oldest known star in the universe, is now one of many population II stars of the Milky Way. Reionization begins, with certain wavelengths of light absorption by neutral hydrogen making Gunn–Peterson troughs. The resulting ionized gas (mainly free electrons) in the intergalactic medium causes some light scattering, but with much lower opacity than before recombination due to cosmic expansion and gas clumping into galaxies. SN 1000+0216, oldest observed supernova occurs. Formation of the star SMSS J031300.36−670839.3 and the star clusters NGC 6522 and Omega Centauri.

Formation of the Gliese 581 planetary system, BX442 (oldest grand design spiral galaxy observed), globular cluster NGC 2808, red giant star Mu Cephei, and the Andromeda Galaxy. Barnard's Star (nearby red dwarf star) may have formed.

Formation of the earliest Population I stars and planetary nebulae, followed by rocky terrestrial planets, moons, asteroids and icy comets. Formation of the exoplanets 55 Cancri B, Kepler 11 c and 51 Pegasi b. A galaxy collides with the Milky Way, giving rise to the so-called Gaia Sausage population of stars. Formation of Gliese 876 and its planets.[3]

Formation of the exoplanets Kepler 452b and GJ 1214 b and the stars Alpha Centauri and Tau Ceti.

Hadean eon

Pre-Noachian era (Mars)

Pre-Tolstojan period (Mercury)

Pre-Nectarian period (Moon)

The dark-energy dominated era starts after the matter-dominated era. Formation of the open star cluster Messier 67. A primal supernova possibly triggers the formation of the Solar System. Formation of the Sun, Earth and Moon. Due to accretion, many smaller planets form orbits around the proto-Sun, some with conflicting orbits, causing the Early Heavy Bombardment to begin. A large planetoid strikes Mercury, removing its original crust and mantle outer envelope, leaving the planet's core exposed, which may explain why Mercury's iron content is notably high. Many Galilean moons may have been made at this time, including Europa and Titan, which may presently be hospitable to some life forms. The Earth-Moon system is formed after a giant impact by the hypothetical planetoid Theia. The Moon's gravitational pull helps calm Earth's changing axis of rotation. A major collision with a Pluto-sized planetoid causes Martian dichotomy, forming Mars' North Polar Basin. The Sun enters main sequence: solar wind sweeps Earth Moon system clear of debris (mainly dust and gas).

Hadean eon

beginning of Archaean eon

Eoarchean era

Basin Groups era.

Nectarian era

Imbrian period

Formation of Kepler 438 b. Huge meteorite impact makes South Pole Aitken Basin on Moon, then huge mountain chain on lunar south limb forms. After moon formed, Oldest lunar crust, formed of lunar anorthosite, differentiates from lower magmas. earliest Earth crust probably made similarly out of similar material. Earth's crust cools enough to let oceans form. Oldest known mineral, found at Jack Hills, Australia. Detrital zircons show presence of solid crust and liquid water. Resonance at Jupiter and Saturn's orbits moves Neptune into the Kuiper belt, causing disruption among asteroids and comets there, so the Late Heavy Bombardment batters the inner Solar System (possibly). Origin of life. Earliest known life forms: unusually high amounts of light isotopes of carbon, a common sign of life, found in mineral deposits aged 4.25 Ga located in the Jack Hills of Western Australia.[4][5] Herschel Crater is formed on Mimas. A meteorite impact on Mars makes Hellas Planitia, the largest unambiguous structure on planet. Acasta Gneiss of Northwest Territories, Canada, earliest known oldest rock. Anseris Mons, lonely massif in Mars southern highlands, at the northeast edge of Hellas Planitia uplifted in the wake of a meteorite impact. Nectaris Basin forms from a large impact event causing ejecta from Nectaris to form the upper part of a densely cratered Lunar Highlands. Tolstoj (crater) forms on Mercury. Caloris Basin forms on Mercury, leading to the formation of "Weird Terraine" when seismic activity triggers volcanic activity across Mercury. Rembrandt (crater) forms on Mercury. Evidence for hydrothermal vent microbes.[6][7] Biogenic graphite in metasedimentary rocks aged 3.7 Ga discovered in Western Greenland.[8] Weathering of land affects ocean chemistry.[9][10] Alba Mons forms on Mars, largest volcano by area. Possible formation of Vaalbara supercontinent; oldest cratons on Earth (like the Canadian Shield, East European Craton and Kaapval) begin growing due to crustal disturbances along continents coalescing into Vaalbara – Pilbara Craton stabilizes. Makhonjwa Mountains uplifts on east edge of Kaapval craton, as these are the first mountains in Africa – area aka "genesis of life" for exceptional preservation of fossils. Narryer Gneiss Terrane stabilizes: gneisses are "bedrock" for the formation of Yilgarn Craton in Australia – noted for survival of Jack Hills where the oldest mineral, a zircon, was found. Lifetime of Last universal ancestor Bacteria and Archaea split. Varieties of Eubacteria begin to radiate out globally.

Paleoarchean era

Mesoarchean era

Amazonian period

Eratosthenian period

Microbial mat fossils[11][12] and signs of life on land.[13] in Western Australia. Stromatolites. Martian climate thins to its present density when groundwater at its upper crust (megaregolith) begins to freeze, forming a thick cryosphere above a deeper liquid water zone. Impact cratering becomes the main geological force on the Moon. Onverwacht series form, containing some of the oldest microfossils which are mostly spheroidal and carbonaceous algae-like. Formation of the continent Ur, covering between 12 and 16% of current continental crust. Formation of the Limpopo Belt. Gneiss and greenstone belts at the Baltic Shield laid down in the Kola Peninsula, Karelia, and northeast Finland. Formation of Kenorland, based upon Baltic shield core. Breakup of the continents Vaalbara and Ur as the latter becomes part of the supercontinent Kenorland. Possible Cyanobacteria (photosynthesis).[14] Photosynthesizing cyanobacteria evolve; they use water as reducing agent, thereby making oxygen as waste. oxygen initially oxidizes dissolved iron in the oceans, creating iron ore – over time, oxygen concentration in the sky slowly rises, acting as a poison for many bacteria. As the Moon is still very close to Earth and causes tides 1,000 feet (305 m) high, Earth is continually wracked by hurricane force winds – these extreme mixing influences are thought to stimulate evolutionary processes. Microbial mats successfully form the first reef building communities on Earth at shallow warm tidal pool zones. Stabilization of cratons. Sterane biomarkers possibly indicate the first eukaryotes. Possible largest crater on earth near Maniitsoq, Greenland.[15]

End of Archaean eon

Beginning of Proterozoic eon

Paleoproterozoic era

Siderian period

Rhyacian period

Saturation of oxygen in ocean sediments reached as oxygen begins to dramatically appear in Earth's atmosphere. Without oxygen sink, Earth's sky becomes highly oxygenic. Great Oxygenation Event led by cyanobacteria's oxygenic photosynthesis – various forms of Archaea and anoxic bacteria become extinct in the first major extinction event on Earth. Beginning of Huronian glaciation. Grypania fossils. Bushveld Igneous Complex. Transvaal Basin begins to form. Continents form.[16][17] Last great tectonic period in Martian geologic history: Valles Marineris, largest canyon complex in the Solar System, forms but through several suggestions of thermokarst activity or water erosion, it's suggested Valles Marineris is rift fault.

Orosirian period

End of Huronian glaciation. First unambiguous Cyanobacteria fossils, in Belcher Islands.[14] First known eukaryotic acritarchs (probably).[18] Earliest known eukaryote fossils. First known multicellular organisms collectively known as "Gabonionta" (Francevillian Group Fossil); Wopmay orogen along west border of the Canadian Shield. Bolide over 10 km in size creates Vredefort impact structure. Milky Way perturbed by collision.[19] lesser supercontinent Atlantica forms. Oklo natural nuclear reactor of Gabon made by uranium precipitant bacteria. Formation of Olympus Mons, the largest volcano in the Solar System. Oxygen levels briefly plummet (possibly).[14] 10-km diameter bolide creates Sudbury Basin. Bacteriophages emerge by around the time of the divergence of the prokaryotic and eukaryotic lineages. Columbia supercontinent. Possible traces of 24-isopropylcholestane from sponges.[20]

beginning of Mesoproterozoic era, Calymmian period

Supercontinent Columbia forms, one of whose fragments being Nena. Sagittarius Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy captured into orbit around Milky Way. Possibly multicellular red algae (eukaryotic).[21] Erosion of granite introduces copper, zinc, and molybdenum into surface waters.[22] Supercontinent Columbia splits apart: linked to continental rifting along west margin of Laurentia, east India, south Baltica, southeast Siberia, northwest South Africa and North China Block, formation of Ghats Province at India. First structurally complex eukaryotes (Horodyskia, colonial formamiferian).

Ectasian period, beginning of Stenian period

Major increase in Stromatolite diversity as common bluegreen algae colonies and reefs dominating tidal zones of oceans and seas. Eukaryotes found in lakes.[23] Supercontinent of Rodinia done: consisting of North American, East European, Amazonian, West African, East Antarctica, Australia and China blocks, largest global system yet made – surrounded by superocean Mirovia

beginning of Neoproterozoic era. Tonian period Copernican period.

First dinoflagellates evolve; photosynthetic, several develop mixotrophic ways of ingesting prey. Thus, they are the first predators, forcing acritarchs to defensive strategies. Formation of the Gamburtsev mountain range and the Vostok Subglacial Highlands. The Keweenawan Rift buckles at south central part of the North American plate – leaves behind big layers of rock that are exposed at Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa and Nebraska, and makes a rift valley where Lake Superior develops. On the moon, the emergence of impact craters possessing bright optically immature ray systems. Coming together of Rodinia supercontinent. Mercury changes into, and is still a desolate cold planet influenced by space erosion and solar wind extremes. Titan begins evolving recognizable surface features including rivers, lakes and deltas. Fossils of organisms with two kinds of cells (cellular differentiation).[24][25] First radiation of dinoflagellates and acritarchs – increase in defensive systems indicate acritarchs are responding to carnivorous habits of dinoflagellates – decline in stromatolite reef populations begins. Rodinia starts to split. First vaucherian algae. Trace fossils of colonial Horodyskia (to c. 900 Ma).

Traces of sponge-like animals.[26][27][28][29] Rift develops on Rodinia between continental masses of Australia, east Antarctica, Indian subcontinent, Congo and Kalahari on one side and Laurentia, Baltica, Amazonia, West African and Rio de la Plata cratons on other – formation of Adamastor Ocean. Terrestrial fungi.[30][31] First Protozoa appears: as creatures like Paramecium, Amoeba and Melanocyrillium evolve, first animal like cells become distinctive from plants – rise of herbivores in the food chain. First sponge-like animal: similar to early colonial foraminiferan Horodyskia, earliest ancestors of Sponges were colonial cells circulating food using flagella to their gullet to be eaten. Kaigas formation occurs and was nonglacial. Breakup of Rodinia, Sturtian glaciation begins, Snowball Earth happens at least 3 times; Sturtian glaciation continues process begun during Kaigas – great ice sheets cover most of planet stunting evolution of animal and plant life – survival based on small pockets of heat under ice, volcanism on Venus practically stops

Complex metazoans amoeba introduce new complex body plan structure allowing for making complex internal and external structures. Worm trail impressions at China: since putative "burrows" under stromatolite mounds are of uneven width and tapering makes biological origin difficult to defend – structures imply simple eating behaviours. Rifting of Rodinia is done: formation of new superocean Panthalassa as the previous Mirovia ocean bed closes. First Demosponges appear: form the first skeletons of spicules made from spongin and silica – brightly coloured these colonial creatures filter feed since they lack nervous, digestive or circulatory systems. Pannotia supercontinent forms, * bordered by Iapetus and Panthalassa oceans, then breaks up into Laurentia, Gondwana, Angaraland and Baltica. Accumulation of sky oxygen allows for formation of ozone layer: prior to this, land based life would have required other chemicals to attenuate ultraviolet radiation enough to allow colonization of land. Marinoan glaciation. First non-microscopic life (Ediacaran biota). Rangeomorphs. HD 189733 b forms around parent HD 189733 and its first planet, revealing climate, organic parts, and even the colour (blue) of its atmosphere. End of Marinoan Glaciation: last major "snowball Earth" event as future ice ages will feature less overall ice coverage of planet. First Ediacaran type fossils. First evolution of Charnia, a frond-like organism. Worm burrows and bilaterally symmetrical animals exist. Earliest arthropods and fungi.  – Dickinsonia, a slow moving disc like creature, first appears – finding of fat molecules in tissues make that animal the first confirmed true metazoan animal. mollusk Kimberella appears. Shuram excursion of δ13C, possibly connected to rise of first Cambrian-like animals such as arthropod-like Yilingia.[32] First possible comb jellies, sponges, corals, and anemones. Ayers Rock begins forming.

End of Ediacaran. Beginning of Phanerozoic Eon (lasting till now) and Palaeozoic Era. Cambrian period (541–485 Ma) – Ordovician (485–443 Ma)

Small shelly fauna appear. Cambrian explosion. Fish-like Myllokunmingia, Haikouichthys, and Pikaia. First conodonts. First graptolites. Trilobites. Radiodonts, including earliest large predators known. All modern mineralized phyla present.[33] Bivalves. Arthropods dominant until arrival of chambered nautili.[34] Stifling hot "Dead Interval".[35] End-Botomian mass extinction. Paradoxides trilobites appear, largest members of Cambrian Trilobites. Earliest crustaceans. First great apex predator Anomalocaris dominates. Mountain building at the northern parts of Ireland and Britain, Scandinavian Mountains, Svalbard, east Greenland and north central Europe. Earliest brittle stars. First jawless fish – radiation of Thelodont fish into Silurian. Appalachian Mountains form. First fossils of plants on land.[36] Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event. First eurypterids or "sea scorpions". Collision of asteroids gives rise to L chondrite group of meteoroids and several craters ca. 470 Ma ago (Ordovician meteor event).[37] First crinoids evolve. Andean-Saharan glaciation. First starfish, jawed fish or Gnathostomata, horseshoe crabs sea urchins, placoderms, cartilaginous fish (such as sharks) and bony fish. Plants and arthropods colonize land.

Silurian (443–419 Ma) – Devonian (416–359 Ma)

Ordovician-Silurian extinction events. Great Glen Fault begins shaping Scottish Highlands. Earliest appearance of Cooksonia, the oldest known plant to have stems with vascular tissue and is thus the transitional form between primitive nonvascular bryophytes and vascular plants. First creature took a breath of air. First ray-finned fish and land scorpions. Prototaxites, tree-like organism, probably a fungus or lichen. First clear evidence of land animals (millipedes or scorpions).[36] First wood.[38][39] Cephalaspis, an iconic member of Osteostraci, appears, the most advanced of jawless fish. Its boney armor serves as a shield against Placoderms and as away to live at calcium-poor fresh water. First toothed fish and nautiloids. First of many modern groups, including tetrapods. Jaekelopterus, giant "sea scorpion". First amphibians, the Labyrinthodontia, the group that now includes reptiles and mammals. Archaeopteris (fern-like trees), Tiktaalik (lungfish) walks on land. Ichthyostega. Cladoselache, an early shark, first appears. First seeds., coelacanths. Kellwasser event. Vascular plants begin to make earliest stable soils on land. First crabs and ferns. large predatory lobe finned fish Hyneria evolves. Hangenberg event with atmospheric oxygen falling to 13%. Few arthropods left on land.[36] Beginning of Karoo Ice Age. Romer's gap in the tetrapod record.

Carboniferous (359–299 Ma), beginning of Permian period (299–252 Ma)

First large sharks, ratfish and hagfish. Karoo Ice Age. Formation of Pangaea supercontinent. Oxygen levels rise and animals colonize the land a second time.[36] Agaricocrinus americanus a representative of Crinoids appears as part of successful radiation of echinoderms. First amniotes evolve. Millipedes up to 2.6 metres in length. First winged insects and reptiliomorphs such as Solenodonsaurus and Eogyrinus. Synapsids and then pelycosaurs (forerunners of mammals). First beetles. Reptiles. Hylonomus makes its first appearance as one of the oldest reptiles. Diplocaulus evolves at swamp regions having unusual boomerang like skull. First diapsids evolve; Meganeura giant dragonfly dominates skies. Carboniferous Rainforest Collapse. Last great period of mountain building sequences at Europe and North America because of the final suturing of Pangaea – Ural mountains are uplifted. Oldest known octopus. Dimetrodon evolves. Prionosuchus, a large carnivorous amphibian. Sirius, brightest star at Earth's sky, forms.

beginning of Mesozoic era, Triassic period (252–201 Ma)

Cycads, seed ferns. First therapsids evolve. Oxygen in atmosphere peaks, around 30%.[36] Gorgonopsians and other therapsids (forerunners of mammals) displace pelycosaurs as dominant land animals. First gorgonopsia, apex predators of the Late Permian, evolve. End-Capitanian extinction event.[40] Cynodonts (forerunners of mammals). First warm-blooded animals.[41] Siberian Traps eruption and Permian-Triassic extinction event. Dinosaur tracks.[42][43] 40 °C sea temperatures during Smithian-Spathian extinction. Turtles. Archosaurs: dominance of Suchians (forerunners of crocodilians). First pterosaurs, ichthyosaurs. Cynodonts and rhynchosaurs diversify. First dinosaurs and teleosti evolve. First crocodilians and flies.. Gymnosperms dominant. Dicroidium flora common on land. Manicouagan impact structure formed. First lizards.

Triassic, Jurassic (201–145 Ma)

First redwoods. Long necked sauropods and Coelophysis, one of the earliest theropods, evolve. Plateosaurus, evolves at Central and North Europe, Greenland and North America. Earliest elasmosauridae. Central Atlantic eruption and Triassic–Jurassic extinction event. Oxygen in atmosphere hits low of about 12%.[36] First squamata evolve. Pliosaurs evolve, along with many groups of sea invertebrates. Breakup of Pangaea into Gondwana at south and Laurasia at north. Mammals. Gymnosperms (especially conifers, Bennettitales, and cycads) and ferns common. Sauropods, carnosaurs, stegosaurs. Toarcian turnover (extinction). Gondwana breaks up.

First stegosaurs. First salamanders and newts evolve. Cynodonts go extinct. First rays and Glycymerididae bivalves. The first gliding mammal, volaticotherium, appears. First ceratopsians. Possible true polar wander moves east Asia south, leading to aridification.[44] Indian subcontinent splits from East Gondwana. First triconodonts. Stegosaurs and theropods diversify. First pine trees. Juramaia sinensis, the first known eutherian mammal. First birds (Archaeopteryx). Dinosaurs are dominant terrestrial animal. The Small Magellanic Cloud passes through the Large Magellanic Cloud.[45][46] First mantises. First orb weaver spiders evolve.

Laurasia and Gondwana begin to split as the Atlantic Ocean forms. First anglerfish. Flowering plants. First Enantiornithes or "backward birds". Sinodelphys szalayi, the first known marsupial, evolves in China. First ankylosauridae. Ontong Java eruption. Earliest known snakes. Early-Aptian anoxic event. Seas cool by 5 °C during 2 million years.[47] Earliest known monotremes. Eomaia, similar to placental mammals. First hesperornithes.

Spinosaurus evolves. A supervolcano in east Australia sends particles to the west coast.[48][49] Bees. Mammals diversify into many forms.[50] The earliest modern species of palm trees appear. Cenomanian-Turonian boundary event (oceans anoxic for half a million years),[51] extinction of ichthyosaurs. ticks evolve.

First hadrosauridae. Dominance of angiosperm rosids. Australia splits from Antarctica. First ants. Rocky Mountains begin forming. First velociraptors. Multituberculates diversify. Mosasaurus evolves. Zealandia breaks away from Australia. Mosasaurs are dominant marine predator. Polaris forms.

start of the Cenozoic era and the Paleogene period, Paleocene epoch (66–56 Ma)

Evidence for grasses in dinosaur dung (coprolites). Tyrannosaurus rex evolves. Earliest species of Triceratops. Quetzalcoatlus, one of the largest flying animals ever, appears. Crocodiles. Madagascar breaks away from India. Bolide makes Chicxulub Crater. Deccan Traps. Possible Shiva crater. Cretaceous-Tertiary Extinction Event, (non-avian) dinosaurs die out. First creodonts. First penguins. Evolution of the first primates and miacids. Flightless birds diversify. Mammals dominate. Titanoboa, largest known snake. Eritherium, the earliest known proboscid. Lemurs. Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum. Gastornis evolves. The Indian subcontinent crashes into Asia, thrusting up the Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau. Many modern bird groups appear. Earliest whale ancestors. Earliest rodents, lagomorphs, armadillos, sirenians, proboscideans, perissodactyls, artiodactyls and mako sharks. Angiosperms diversify.

First creodonts. Earliest equid, Eohippus or Hyracotherium. First perching birds. First bats. The Andes begin to rise. Africa crashes to Eurasia, closing Tethys Sea. Divergence of the ancestors of cats and dogs. Primates diversify. Brontotheres, tapirs and rhinos evolve. Azolla event shrinks carbon dioxide in the sky. India crashes Asia, giving rise to Himalayas. First cetaceans, (whales) and simians. Whales return to water. Camels evolve in North America.

Age of Catarrhini parvorder; the earliest canines evolve. Lepidoptera insects are now recognizable. The Gastornis goes extinct. The Basilosaurus evolves. Primates cross the Atlantic to South America and now New World monkeys. First Nimravids. Earliest elephant-like animal, the Moeritherium. Grasses common. 100 km Popigai impact structure in Siberia. The Grasslands appear. Glyptodonts, ground sloths, peccaries, dogs, eagles and hawks evolve. 2-mile (3.2 km) diameter bolide creates 90 km Chesapeake Bay impact crater.

The Tasmanian Seaway and the Drake Passage open, allowing the Antarctic Circumpolar Current to be made. The earliest thylacinid marsupials evolve. Brontotheres go extinct. Pigs evolve. South America splits from Antarctica. Baleen whales appear. Gould Belt of stars created.[52] Alps begin to rise. Earliest indricotheria, "hornless rhinoceros" about 6 meters high. Paraceratherium evolves. First pelicans. Eruption of La Garita Caldera in Colorado, one of the largest in Earth's history.

First deer. Proailurus cats evolve. Pelagornis sandersi, largest known flying bird with wingspan of 6 or 7 meters. First hyenas. Puijila darwini, early pinniped. Daeodon shoshonensis ("terminator pig"). Nimravids, "false sabretoothed cats", die out in America.

Dawn bear which is ancestor of bears. Giraffes and giant anteaters evolve. Sharp decrease in water exchange between the Indian Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea due to partial closure of Mesopotamian Seaway.[53] Cooling and drying of the climate in North America.[53] Pseudaelurus felid comes to America. Divergence of Hominidae (great apes) and Hylobatidae (gibbons).

Hippopotamus evolves. First mastodons, bovids and kangaroos. Australian megafauna diversify. Antarctica now mostly ice covered. Africa and Arabia crash into Eurasia, end of the Tethys Sea. Columbia River basalts. First deinotheres, similar to elephants but with tusks on their lower jaw. Nördlinger Ries impact crater. Mid-Miocene Climatic Optimum, Middle Miocene disruption. Hominidae split from gibbons.

Last of Adapiformes. Final closure of Mesopotamian Seaway.[53] Anoiapithecus, one of the earliest hominids, in Spain. date for origin of Yangtze.

Olympic Mountains reach present height. Insects diversify. First large horses. Camels cross from North America to Asia. Rudapithecus, which was great ape probably bipedal.[54][55]

Earliest Gigantopithecus, ape almost 10 feet (3.0 m) tall. C4 grasses now common. Betelgeuse forms. Crocodiles cross Atlantic to America.[56]

Red pandas diversify. Greek ape, possibly ancestor of hominins. "Toumaï", of species Sahelanthropus tchadensis, shows several human traits. Earliest Thylacosmilus, sabre-toothed marsupial of South America. Australopithecines diversify. Orrorin tugenensis, possible hominin. Apparent hominin footprints near Trachilos, on Crete.[57][58] Mediterranean Sea dries up (Messinian Event). age of Homo/Pan (genus) (human vs. chimp) split. Appearance of genus Ardipithecus.

Zanclean Deluge. Ardipithecus ramidus, Australopithecus anamensis. The Colorado Plateau reaches its present height, and the course of Colorado River is now close to present one. Divergence of polar bears and brown bears.[59] Possible date of 52 km Karakul crater in Tajikistan. mammoths appear.

Earliest Australopithecus afarensis, bipedal great ape. First zebras. Hominin fossil footprints in Laetoli, Tanzania.

Evidence of use of stone tools by A. afarensis.[60][61] Carbon dioxide levels like today for long period, giving Mid-Pliocene Warm Period temperatures 2° to 3°C higher than today, and sea level 20 meters higher.[62] Human line loses fur.[63] The Isthmus of Panama connects South and Central America. Great American Interchange. Cats, condors, raccoons and camelids move south; armadillos, hummingbirds, and opossums move north. Lucy. First Megatherium americanum, giant sloth.

Homo habilis appears. Pliocene-Pleistocene boundary extinction of marine megafauna, including megalodon,[64] possibly caused by supernova or supernovas of Scorpius–Centaurus association, which put ⁶⁰Fe on Earth.[65][66] Paranthropus evolves. Oldowan tools used near Gona, Ethiopia. Possible tool use at Sivalik Hills, India.[67][68][69] Start of ice age, aka Quaternary glaciation, impact of Eltanin asteroid (1 to 4 km in diameter) in the Pacific. Stone artifacts in Longgupo (Dragon Bone Slope) in China.[70] (see also Wushan Man) Amazon River takes present shape.

Island Park Caldera in Wyoming and Idaho. basin of Congo River acquires present shape. Homo erectus appears. Dmanisi Man (Homo erectus georgicus) in Dmanisi, Georgia and in Xiaochangliang, China. Human like Australopithecus sediba. Homo ergaster in Africa. First signs of the Acheulian culture in Kenya. Last known terror birds.

Australopithecines go extinct. Out of Africa I travel by Homo erectus. First true hand axes. Homo erectus found in Europe.

The Henry's Fork Caldera in Idaho erupts. Homo antecessor evolves. Paranthropus dies out.

Stone artifacts on Flores, Indonesia, made by hominins.[71] This required crossing seas at least 19 km wide.[72] Possible evidence of cooking by fire.[73][74] 14 km Zhamanshin Crater made in Kazakhstan. Hominin footprints and tools in England.

Species of early humans found in Yun County, Hubei, sharing features of Homo erectus and Homo sapiens.[75][76] Australasian strewnfield. Evidence of use of fire[77] and olives, acorns, and other plant based foods,[78][79] at Daughters of Jacob Bridge, Palestine. Brunhes–Matuyama reversal. Hominins present in Luzon, Philippines, possible ancestors of the Flores man.[80][81] oldest archaic hominins splitting from modern human lineage found to have inserted into SubSaharan population genome Homo floresiensis like humans on Flores, Indonesia.[82][83]

Yellowstone Caldera supervolcano spreads ash over North America. Homo antecessor in Spain. Homo heidelbergensis evolves. Cut marks on human bones indicate cannibalism.[84]

Stone points possibly for spears used by Homo heidelbergensis in South Africa. First brown bears. Etching on a shell in Trinil in East Java, done by Homo erectus.[85] Homo heidelbergensis in Germany, France, and Greece. Oldest known spear in Clacton-on-Sea.[86]

Venus of Tan-Tan (300 to 500 ka ago) and Venus of Berekhat Ram (231 to 800 ka BC). Earliest appearance of proto-Neanderthal traits. Sima de los Huesos hominins in Spain, related to Neanderthals.[87] The first known homicide victim was dropped into a cave.[88] Weald–Artois Anticline is burst by a big glacial lake outburst flood, making a valley under the Strait of Dover.[89] Hominin footprints in Italy (Ciampate del Diavolo).

Oldest known Middle Stone Age tools. Long distance movement of obsidian.[90][91][92] Several in Olorgesailie in south Kenya undergo technological improvements in tool-making and engage in long distance trade. Date of the appearance of Homo sapiens in Jebel Irhoud, Morocco. Schöningen Spears[93] in an area soon covered by ice.[92] Evidence for use of fire to pre treat stone for making blades, in the Qesem cave in Palestine.[94][95] Earliest known Homo sapiens at Adrar Ighud in Morocco. Stone tools at Ḥaʼil Province of Arabia.[96]>[97] Geminga supernova.

Jinniushan woman near Korea, her traits between Homo erectus and Homo sapiens. Dali Man in China, with several features of Homo sapiens.[98][99] Homo naledi skeletons in the Rising Star cave system, South Africa, and evidence of deliberate entombing of the dead.[100][101] time of Y-chromosomal Adam.[102][103] Earliest appearance of Homo neanderthalensis based on evidence of Saccopastore skulls. Homo sapiens Omo remains in Ethiopia. Primitive beds made of ash and grass.[104] Strait of Dover made. Great Britain (possibly) now an island for the first time.[89] Apparent date of stone tools at Hueyatlaco site in Mexico.

Homo sapiens in Greece.[105][106] Homo sapiens at the Misliya cave in Palestine.[107][108]

Underground circular piles of stalagmites built by Neanderthals.[109][110] humans are wearing clothes by this date. Use of ochre, fine lithic blades and seafood in Pinnacle Point, SA.[111] Clear evidence of roasting of plant-based food (rhizomes of Hypoxis).[112][113] humans diet grows to include marine resources Homo sapiens idaltu. Denisovans in Tibet.[114][115] Start of Mousterian culture. Peopling of Africa: Khoisan split, age of mtDNA haplogroup L0. time of Mitochondrial Eve.

Oldest evidence of seafaring, based on human artifacts in Crete. Appearance of fullblown Neanderthal traits. Stone tools on Crete (40 km from nearest neighboring land).[116] Signs of early humans in California.[117][118] Sangoan culture. Neanderthals make ornaments from eagle claws.[119][120] usually hotter during Eemian interglacial than Holocene. Sea levels 5 to 10 meters above current level.[121] Evidence of humans in southwest Victoria, Australia.[122] Oldest evidence of Symbolic culture etched onto bone. Late Eemian Aridity Pulse.[123] Tools, including bone point probably made from sperm whale tooth, used in Morocco for changing leather and fur.[124][125] Tools used at Talepu site in Sulawesi.[126][127] Shell jewelry in Spain, apparently made by Neanderthals.[128][129] Jawbone with modern human chin in Guangxi Province.[99]

Last evidence of Homo erectus.[130] Shells with holes, probably used as beads, in Es Skhul cave on Mount Carmel. Abbassia Pluvial. Denisovan art that's parallel lines.[131][132] Humans with modern teeth in China Fuyan Cave, between 80 and 120 ka ago.[133][99] Paint made in Blombos Cave.[134] Khoisanid backmigration from Southern Africa to East Africa. First structures in the world, sandstone blocks set at semicircle with oval foundation, built in Egypt near Wadi Halfa near Egypt–Sudan border. Meter high Flores Man on island of Flores, Indonesia. Human burial at Jebel al-Qafzeh in Israel.

Homo sapiens by lake in the Nafūd desert of Arabia.[135][136][97] Shell beads in Taforalt Caves, Morocco. Recent African origin: Southern Dispersal of Sub-Saharan Africans and non-Africans. Use of insecticide Cape laurel on beds in the Sibudu Cave in South Africa.[137] Tools made in Kota Tampan, Malaysia, probably by Homo sapiens. Abstract designs put on ochre and pressure flaking, at Blombos Cave in South Africa. Use of glue at Sibudu Cave. Arrowhead-like projectile points[138] and possibly poisoned arrows.[139][140]

Supervolcano Toba eruption in Indonesia, covering south Asia with ash and starting an ice age lasting approximately 1,000 years. Evidence of Aboriginal Australians Culture. Cave art in Spain, by either Neanderthals or Homo sapiens.[105][128][141] Humans in Northern Territory, Australia.[142][143] Neanderthal admixture to Eurasians. Homo luzonensis in the Philippines.[144][145] Sewing needle like implement used in Sibudu Cave, South Africa.[138] Painted ostrich eggs in Diepkloof Rock Shelter. Circular structure of posts near Poitiers, built by Neanderthals.[146] Neanderthals reenter Britain.[89]

Skeleton of a neanderthal in Iraq who lived 10 to 15 years after losing their forearm.[92] Remains of string in France.[147][148] Oldest sewing needle found; made and used by Denisovans. Mousterian Pluvial in North Africa. The Sahara desert is wet and fertile. The Late Stone Age starts in Africa. Australia starts to become largely desert, maybe due to man.[149] Oldest known depiction of animals (warty pigs, in Sulawesi).[150][151] Early European modern humans. Châtelperronian cultures in France.

Mungo Man in Australia. Homo sapiens at Bacho Kiro cave in Bulgaria.[152][153] Oldest painted story in Sulawesi.[154][155] Needles and sewing. Cro-Magnons in France, Britain, and Italy. Neanderthal Divje Babe flute part of prehistoric music. Mining of hematite at Lion Cave in Swaziland. Deep sea fishing of tuna.[156][157] Brief geomagnetic Laschamp Excursion. 50 meter diameter asteroid makes 1.2 km Meteor Crater in Arizona. Humans in Tianyuan Cave, China.[158][159] Denisova hominin lives in the Altai Mountains. Aterian tool making Tools made from animal bone, hematite, and other stones. Foot bones seem to indicate wearing of shoes. Ash from big Campanian Ignimbrite eruption splits Middle Paleolithic from Upper Paleolithic cultures. Neanderthals disappear. Start of Aurignacian culture. Paleolithic flutes and Venus of Hohler Fels, Dyed flax fibers in Georgia.

Exchange of ostrich eggshell beads over hundreds of kilometers.[160][92] Oldest known skull of dog (Siberia), having wolf like teeth.[161] Earliest evidence of humanoids in Ireland. Oats made into flour.[162][163] Human presence in Japan. Löwenmensch figurine ivory sculpture. Chauvet Cave paintings. Successful surgical amputation (Borneo).[164][165] Last Glacial Maximum (peak at 24490 BC). Stone mortar and pestle used to grind fern and cattail tubers.[166][167] Boomerang made from mammoth tusk in Poland.[168] Avian figurine in ivory and stone phallus of Hohler Fels.[169] Oldest settlements made by Aboriginal Australians in Sydney, Perth and Melbourne. Earliest known ritual cremation, Mungo Lady, at Lake Mungo, Australia. rock paintings tradition start at Bhimbetka rock shelters in India, which presently as collection is densest known concentration of rock art. In area around 10 km², approximately 800 rock shelters where about 500 have paintings. Venus of Dolní Věstonice (oldest known ceramic). Earliest ovens. New Guinea is populated by colonists from Asia or Australia. Impression of rope on fired clay.[170] End of Aurignacian culture, beginning of Gravettian.

Earliest known twisted rope. Harpoons and saws made. Imprint of woven cloth on clay (Czech Republic). Venus of Lespugue (ivory sculpture). First known spear thrower or atlatl. Humans present in Mexico.[171][172][173] Oruanui eruption in New Zealand. people use natural fiber to make baby carriers, clothes, bags, baskets, and nets. Venus of Brassempouy (carving of face). Hamlet having huts built of rocks and mammoth bones made at Dolní Věstonice in Moravia. Dolní Věstonice (archaeological site) is the oldest human permanent settlement that has been found by archaeologists. Lapedo child having mixture of Neanderthal and sapiens features at Abrigo do Lagar Velho, Portugal. cave bear is maybe now extinct. Evidence suggests humans living in Alaska and Yukon, North America.

End of Gravettian culture, start of Solutrean. Artifacts suggest early humans did live in Canberra. Ishango Bone, thought by several to be a tally stick which intentionally or unintentionally may give prime number sequence. 1.9 km Tenoumer crater in Mauritania. Human footprints in New Mexico (White Sands National Park).[174] Apparent stone tools used in Brazil (Toca da Tira Peia).[175][176] Oldest clear evidence of building (homes),[177] Kebaran culture in the Levant: start of Epipalaeolithic in the Levant. Theorized first date of the making of traditional Inuit clothing. Khoisanid travel to Central Africa. Remains of mud huts in Ohalo, by the Sea of Galilee. Pottery sherds in Xianren Cave. Date of artifacts found on Cactus Hill in Virginia.[178]

Though guesses vary widely, it is believed by scholars that Afro-Asiatic was spoken as a single language by around this time. Vanishing of Solutrean. Start of Magdalenian culture. Clay figurines of animals.[179] Lascaux cave paintings and 7mm diameter rope. Wisent (European bison) sculpted in clay inside the Le Tuc d'Audoubert cave on the French Pyrenees near France–Spain border. Minatogawa Man at Okinawa. Stone tools at Buttermilk Creek Complex in Texas. Earliest supposed date for domestication of pig. Earliest known burial of dog alongside humans.[180][181] Evidence of massacre at Cemetery 117. Older Dryas cold spell. Most recent glaciation slowly ends. Sea level rises 30 meters in few hundred years (Meltwater pulse 1A). Start of African humid period. Start of Natufian culture in the Levant. Flatbread (at Jordan).[182][183]

Earliest evidence for prehistoric warfare (Jebel Sahaba, Natufian culture). Clovis culture in the Americas. Tooth drilling and dental filling in Italy.[184][185] Earliest date given for domestication of sheep. Outburst of water from Lake Agassiz or Younger Dryas impact event causes Younger Dryas cold spell. Grain harvesting along the Nile, grain grinding culture makes the first ever stone sickle Australian aborigine type people in Brazil (Serra da Capivara National Park).[186] Meltwater pulse 1B causes 7.5 meter rise in sea level. Quaternary extinction event of large animals. Many ice age megafauna go extinct, i.e. megatherium, woolly rhinoceros, Irish elk, cave bear, cave lion, and the last of sabre-toothed cats. mammoth goes extinct in Eurasia and North America, but is preserved in small island populations until ~1650 BC. Natufian Shaman burial[187] and earliest known banquet.[188] Vela Supernova Remnant only 800 light-years away. Spartel flooded. Arrow shaft straighteners used by Natufian culture in the Levant. Eruptions at Virunga Mountains blocked Lake Kivu outflow into Lake Edward and the Nile, diverting water to Lake Tanganyika, The Nile's total length is shortened and Lake Tanganyika's surface is grown. Earliest date given for domestication of goat. Göbekli Tepe (temple like site of megalithic monuments and art). Lime. Earliest known mummy, Spirit Cave mummy in Nevada. Neolithic Revolution (agriculture start, domestication of animals). First layers of Jericho; first known monument building (stone tower 8 meters high). First naturalistic life-sized sculpture of a human in Upper Mesopotamia. Domestication allows humans to live in one place, civilization.

Copper pendant in Iraq. Toothpicks and birch bark chewing gum. Giant short faced bears and giant ground sloths go extinct. Equidae goes extinct in North America. native Americans in the Southwestern United States, begin their Archaic–Early Basketmaker Era. Leading to art styles for pottery and basketmaking still used in the region. And early structures in the Pueblo architecture style, i.e. several of those at Chaco Culture National Historical Park. Byblos appears to be settled during PPNB. Neolithic remains of several buildings at the site. Sea rises about 20 m in the 9th millennium BCE. Start of inex series of solar eclipses every 29 years, unbroken till present. Cannabis on Oki Islands.[189][190] Bas relief of dancing at Nevalı Çori.[191] Possible lunar time reckoner at Warren Field at Aberdeenshire.[192] Migration of people to the Nile, making a more centralized society and civilized farm economy. Earliest supposed date for domestication of cattle. In north Mesopotamia, barley and wheat farming begin; they are first used for beer, gruel, and soup, and eventually for bread. In agriculture at that time, the planting stick is used, but is replaced by the plow in later centuries. By around that time, a round stone tower, now preserved at approximately 8.5 metres (28 ft) high and 8.5 metres (28 ft) in diameter is built in Jericho. post-glacial sea level rise decelerates, slowing submersion of landmasses taking place over previous 10,000 years. Identical ancestors point: then lived latest subgroup of human population having those that were all common ancestors of all present day humans, rest having no present day descendants. Dog sleds used in the Arctic.[193][194] Earliest given date for domestication of the cat. First human settlement at Amman; ʿAin Ghazal Neolithic settlement was built as it's over 15 hectares (37 acres). Oldest cloth found (Çayönü). Dentistry. Alcoholic beverage (at China).[195] Mead. Small stone circle in Atlit Yam, Palestine. Farming of animals and cereal in the eastern Sahara. At Nabta Playa, deep year round water wells are dug and big organized settlements are made at planned arrangements.

Emergence of the Jiahu culture. First large scale fish fermentation in south Sweden. Human settlement of Mehrgarh, one of the oldest sites with evidence of farming in South Asia. On April 2006, researchers found the earliest evidence for drilling of human teeth in vivo at Mehrgarh. 8.2-kiloyear event: sudden fall of global temperatures, maybe caused by final downing of Laurentide Ice Sheet, causing drier conditions in East Africa and Mesopotamia. Trepanation. Lake Agassiz largely empties into Hudson Bay. Tell Ramad suburb of Damascus maybe occupied. Finse event, 300 year cold spell. Storegga tsunami. Doggerland flooded, cutting off Great Britain. Meltwater pulse 1C causes 6.5 meter rise at sea level. Mount Etna causes tsunami, maybe ending Atlit Yam settlement (Palestine). Possible evidence of beer brewing at Göbekli Tepe.[191] Lead smelting, pottery and finger rings at Çatalhöyük. Rock painting of collecting honey (Spain). Opium. Wine[196] and beer. Rudimentary ships (rowed, single sailed) painted at Egyptian rock art Cheesemaking (Poland). Sea rises 15 to 20 m in the 6th millennium BCE. Holocene thermal maximum brings temperatures slightly warmer than in the recent past. Older Peron "transgression" (high sea level). Sahara region not desert (Neolithic Subpluvial). Domestication of the horse. Pottery changed by potter's wheel. Evidence of homes in Aleppo. Vinča culture. Għar Dalam phase on Malta; first farm settlements on the island. First known smelting of copper (Serbia). Stone roofed subterranean chambers and other subterranean complexes at Nabta Playa having buried sacrificed cattle. First ritual landscapes, mustatils in Arabia. Alleged Archaeoastronomy stone megalith at Nabta Playa.

First wrought gold known, at Varna necropolis. First bronze. Megaliths spread through Europe. Last mastodons. Arsenical bronze. Copper Age. Continuation of Holocene thermal maximum. Akahoya eruption makes Kikai Caldera and ends the first homogeneous Jomon culture. When the Jomon culture recovers, they shows regional differences. Towns having thousands of houses in the region of the Tripolye culture (Moldova and Ukraine). 5.9 kiloyear event. Żebbuġ, Malta. Susa is a center of pottery making. Beaker (archaeology) from Susa is made. First neolithic settlers in (Santorini). Funnelbeaker culture. Vietnam Bronze Age culture. Đồng Đậu Culture, made many wealthy bronze objects. "People and animals", detail of rock shelter paintings at El Cogul, Lleida, Spain are painted. Civilizations develop in Mesopotamia. First given dates for domestication of the horse and domestication of the chicken, invention of potter's wheel. Creation according to John Lightfoot based on the Old Testament and often linked with Ussher chronology. Post Track and Sweet Track roadways. Mġarr phase transitional period in Malta. labelled by pottery having mainly curved lines. Since Middle Ages (12th century), Hebrew calendar has been based on rabbinic calculations of year of creation from Hebrew Masoretic text of bible. calendar is used within Jewish communities. calendar's epoch, corresponding to calculated date of world's creation, is equivalent to sunset on October 6, 3761 BC. The Maykop culture of Caucasus is a candidate for the origin of bronze production and thus the Bronze Age. Mass graves at Tell Brak in Syria. Silver mining. Neolithic Chinese settlements. They made silk and pottery (chiefly Yangshao culture and Longshan culture), wore hemp clothing and domesticated pigs and dogs. Gerzean tomb making, i.e. underground rooms and burial of furniture and amulets. Invention of wheel. In Colombia, first rupestrian art at Chiribiquete Caquetá Department. Evidence of maize domestication appear at the Valley of Tehuacán. Construction of the first temple within the Mnajdra solar temple complex, having furniture such as stone benches and tables, that set it apart from other European megalith constructions. Construction of the Ta' Ħaġrat Temples and Kordin III temples. Ġgantija in Malta. Labelled by change in the way people of Malta lived. Large city of Hamoukar, destroyed in war, maybe by Uruk. Figures of a man and a woman from Cernavodă, Romania are made.

Mound building starts in North America. Senet, the world's oldest confirmed board game. Uruk period. Earliest evidence of mummification in Egypt. Oldest known depiction of wheeled vehicle (Bronocice pot). Predynastic Egypt pharaohs Tiu (pharaoh), Thesh, Hsekiu, Wazner, Ro (pharaoh), King Scorpion, Narmer. Earliest conjectured date for the still-undeciphered Indus script. Jar having boat designs, from Hierakonpolis is made. Afanasevo culture: Siberia, Mongolia, Xinjiang, Kazakhstan in the late Copper Age and early Bronze Age. Wheeled carts and White Temple ziggurat.

Waun Mawn is built in west Wales. Donkey domestication and (meteoric) iron works in Egypt. Ötzi the Iceman. Newgrange is built in Ireland. Ness of Brodgar is built in Orkney, Scotland. The Hakra Phase of the Indus Valley civilisation starts. 1st to 4th dynasty of Kish (Sumer). Sumerian temple of Janna in Eridu made. Temple at Al Ubaidi and tomb of Meskalamdug built near Ur. Dams, canals and stone sculptures made using inclined plane and lever in Sumer. Urkesh in north Syria probably founded by the Hurrians. Courtyard is introduced to Mesopotamia. Garth tsunami at the Northern Isles. Ochre Coloured Pottery culture. Enoch (ancestor of Noah) lived at this time, if he was real.

Double reed instruments and lyres. (see Music of Egypt) Harappan script is written in the Indus Valley. Pictographs in Uruk. Red Temple, first phase of Monte d'Accoddi sanctuary in Northwest Sardinia, is built. Mask of Warka made in Uruk. Evidence of proto-Thracians or proto-Dacians during this period. Proto-Dacian or Proto-Thracian people came from a mix of indigenous peoples and Indo-Europeans from the time of Proto-Indo-European expansion.

Krishna was born in Mathura, if he was real. Liangzhu culture. Norte Chico civilization, first known civilization in the Americas. Cycladic culture on the Aegean islands of Greece. Piora Oscillation causing redesertification of Sahara. Helladic period on mainland Greece. Saflieni phase on Malta. Construction of three megalithic temples at Tarxien. Ozieri culture. Construction of the Ħaġar Qim megalithic temple complex, having both solar and lunar alignments. Yamna culture, made by Proto-Indo-Europeans.

Reign of Double Falcon of Lower Egypt. There is a strong chance that he appears on the Palermo stone, but half of his name is chipped away. At Upper Egypt, Thinis annexes Naqada. Iry-Hor reigns from Abydos, Egypt over most of Egypt. The lesser Tollmann's hypothetical bolide event may have occurred. Reign of the pharaoh Ka. Ljubljana Marshes Wheel; a wooden wheel found at Ljubljana Marsh in Slovenia. A version of the Mayan calendar aka. the Mesoamerican Long Count, uses the epoch of August 11 or 13, 3114 BC. The Mayan Long Count calendar is first used c. 236 BC. Beginning of the reign of Narmer, first pharaoh to unify Egypt and founder of the First Dynasty of Egypt. According to calculations of Aryabhata, Hinduism Kali Yuga began at midnight on February 18, 3102 BC. Oldest chairs.[197] (Egypt) Narmer Palette. Sails used on the Nile. Mastabas, the predecessors of Egyptian pyramids. Harps and flutes played in Egypt. Early Dynastic Period of Egypt. Neolithic homes at Skara Brae on Orkney Islands, Scotland, inhabited. Horus was the main god worshiped in Upper Egypt, Neith was the main god worshiped in Lower Egypt. Polo was first played in Manipur. The Anu Ziggurat and White Temple are built in Uruk. Unification of Upper and Lower Egypt by Menes as he rules new country from Memphis.

Oldest currently living nonclonal organism germinates at the Grove of Ancients. Old Dilmun period. Image of deity Cong (jade) from Tomb 12 in Fanshan, Cangnan County made during Neolithic period by Liangzhu culture. Oldest remains from Aniba (Nubia). Intense phase of burial at Duma na nGiall on Hill of Tara, the seat of High King of Ireland. Jawa, Jordan is founded along with the world's earliest known dam. Phonetic writing starts in Sumer (Cuneiform), Egypt (Egyptian hieroglyphs), and Elam, triggering start of recorded history. Invention of the toilet and sewerage (Indus civilization and Skara Brae). Copper used both as tools and weapons. Oldest pottery in Colombia at Puerto Hormiga archaeological site, Magdalena Department, thought to be some of the oldest pottery in New World. Earliest settlement at Puerto Badel, Bolívar Department). Sydney rock engravings. Knowledge of Near East grains appears in China. Tin used in Mesopotamia. Watercraft from Denmark are made.

Growth of advanced, urbanized civilizations, new bronze metallurgy increasing output of farms work and highly developed ways of communication through writing, as all 3 trends both intellectually and physically, now a source of contention on political stage. Along came the oldest monuments, imperialism, organized absolutism and internal revolutions. Reign of 1st Dynasty of Egypt pharaoh, Semerkhet, whose name marks the earliest definitive use of Nebty name. Troy is founded on date (assuming interpretation of Manfred Korfmann is followed). The first Mariote Kingdom is founded. Wire. Votive statues from Square Temple of Abu, Tell Ashmar, Iraq were made. Early Dynastic Period of Mesopotamia. Wars of Early Dynastic period of Mesopotamia.

2nd Dynasty of Egypt, reign of Hotepsekhemwy. Akkadian language names are recorded around this time period. Estimated germination of Prometheus (tree), previously thought to be the world's oldest living organism until it was cut down. Rise of Văn Lang Kingdom and Hồng Bàng dynasty in north Vietnam. 365-day calendar year was made in Egypt, with fixed lunar months of 30 days and 5 epagomenal days. Lifetime of Raneb, prince of the Egyptian 2nd Dynasty. The construction Saqqara Tomb A starts. Start of Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors. Extinction of the Balearic cave goat. Maybe asteroid/comet impact occurred between Africa and Antarctica around solar eclipse, based on analysis of flood stories, maybe causing Burckle crater & Fenambosy Chevron. Soap like thing made in Babylon.[198] Founding of Mari, Syria. A harp player from Keros, Cyclades was made. Bell Beaker culture.

2nd Dynasty wars in Egypt. Cucuteni-Trypillian culture in Romania, Moldova and southwest Ukraine. The city of Tyre is founded according to Herodotus. Old Elamite.

Supposed start of the mythical reign of the Yellow Emperor. Pyramids of Egypt. Indus civilization. Ur. 3rd Dynasty of Egypt, consisting of the reigns of Djoser, Sekhemkhet, Sanakht (Nebka), Khaba and Huni. Start of the Old Kingdom of Egypt. Reign of pharaoh Sneferu and his vizier Nefermaat. Sneferu leads a campaign in Nubia and returns with roughly 7,000 prisoners, who would be servants at royal estates. Sneferu then goes to Libya which brings roughly 11,000 prisoners and roughly 13,100 heads of cattle. Sneferu sends 40 ships to Byblos for retrieval of cedar wood for shipbuilding. Under the reigns of Sneferu and his son Khufu, copper mines and turquoise quarries were made at Sinai Peninsula. The tomb of Hetepheres I, the wife of Sneferu and mother of Khufu, shows cabinetry and jewelry are well developed. A depiction of plowing painted at the tomb of Itet and Nefermaat at Meidum is the first evidence of the technique in Africa. Reservoirs, script, metals and pottery used at the city of Dholavira in the Indus Valley. 4th Dynasty of Egypt. Founding of Chalcolithic Iberian societies of Los Millares and Vila Nova de São Pedro. Unified Indus Valley civilisation. Reign of Akalamdug, king of Ur. Instructions of Shuruppak, the oldest known literary books, are written in Adab (city), Shuruppak and Abu Salabikh. Dominion of the 1st Dynasty of Ur. Royal Cemetery at Ur is made.

Statues of known persons. Reigns of Uhub, king of Kish (Sumer) and En-hegal, king of Lagash. Reign of Mesannepada, king of Ur. The city, which had only 4,000 citizens at the time, would become a large capital during 40 years of Mesannepada's reign. Opulence was brought about by commercial activity: Ur's south river port directed Mesopotamian trade along Persian Gulf shores. Reign of Khufu. The peak of the Old Kingdom happens under the reigns of Khufu, Khafre and Menkaure. Khufu has the Great Pyramid of Giza built. During his reign,the solar religion of Ra prevails, as evidenced by Khufu ship. His successor, Djedefre, is the first pharaoh to call himself by the epithet "Son of Ra". Pharaoh's divine filiation asserts itself during the 4th Dynasty: royal title is definitively fixed having the 5th royal name preceded by the title "Son of Ra". Reign of Mesilim, king of Kish. He was apparently suzerain over Lagash king Luga-shag-engur and Adab king Nin-kisalsi. A conflict between Lagash and neighboring Umma begins over fields claimed by each party. The initial crisis is settled by the king of Kish having bias to Lagash. Mesannepada, who already dominated the city of Nippur, takes advantage of trouble in Kish (caused by incursion by Elamites of Awan) to seize the city. Now ruler of all of Lower Mesopotamia as he is king of Kish and his name appears on pearl in Mari. Reign of A'annepada, king of Ur. Reign of Khafre. Pyramid of Khafre and Great Sphinx of Giza, monument of either Khafre or Khufu with lion's body are built. Stonehenge. Camel domesticated in Bactria and Arabia. Austronesians from Formosa colonize Luzon in north Philippines. Assyria is founded. Cylinder seal from Sumer and impression are made. Hypogeum of Ħal-Saflieni in Paola, Malta, subterranean temples later used as necropolis. sculpture Khafre Enthroned is made. People in Peru rely on fish and mussels for food. Ebla tablets are sorted in the city of Ebla, Syria; thought to be the earliest, inactive library. Incised panel frying pan (NAMA 4974) from Syros, Cyclades is made. 2 figures of women from Cyclades are made.

World's last existing mammoth population on Wrangel Island goes extinct.

5th Dynasty of Egypt, reign of Userkaf. "Sculptors at work", relief from Saqqara. The Seated Scribe, sculpture at Saqqara. Armenian patriarch Hayk defeats Babylonian king Bel (legend). Traditional date for legendary creation of Armenia by Hayk. Golden age of Ur. Kish (Sumer) is lost to Hamazi tribes of Kurdistan; Elam under the Awan dynasty occupies parts of Sumer. Kings in Sumer cease to be immediately high priests of the city deity. Infiltration and conquest of Mesopotamia by Semitic speakers starts. Large painted jar with birds at the border made at the Indus River Valley civilization.

Hekla 4 eruption. 2350 BC Middle East Anomaly (apparent Impact event) happens. End of the Early Dynastic period in Mesopotamia. In Jewish and Christian books, the (known) world was flooded, covering mountaintops and destroying the human and land animal populations. Only Noah's family and one breeding pair of each animal type survived by floating on a large wooden boat for several months. First destruction of Mari, Syria. End of the 5th Dynasty of Egypt. Pharaoh Unas died. Beginning of the 6th Dynasty of Egypt. The reign of Teti begins by around this time. Dangun founds Gojoseon, the first Korean kingdom; this is presented as history rather than myth in Korea. Sargon of Akkad conquers Sumer, Mari and Ebla. Courier services in Egypt. Akkadian Empire. Unetice culture emerges in Czech Republic. Reigns of Pepi I Meryre and Merenre Nemtyemsaf I, start of Pepi II Neferkares' rule, lasting through all of the 6th Dynasty of Egypt. "Head of man from Nineveh" is made. Disk of Enheduanna, from Ur is made.

"Queen Ankhesenpepi II and her son Pepy II" is sculpted during the 6th dynasty of Egypt. Enheduanna, high priestess of moon god Nanna in Ur, is born. The stela of Naram-Sin of Akkad, maybe from Sippar, but found in Susa is made. Start of the Meghalayan age, the last of the three stages of the Holocene. Maize farms in Mexico. Akkad (city), now the largest city in world, surpasses Memphis, Egypt. The dromedary camel is domesticated. Scord of Brouster farmstead is made in Shetland, Scotland. The volcano on Mount Edgecumbe (Alaska) erupts. Nomad invasions of Akkad (city). Comet Hale-Bopp visits the inner solar system and would not return until 1997 AD. Akkad sacked by Gutians. Austronesian peoples reached the Batanes Islands in the Philippines as part of the Austronesian Expansion. The Sintashta-Petrovka-Arkaim culture emerges from Catacomb culture, likely locus of Proto-Indo-Iranian.

Argaric culture. Possible date for the death of Pepi II Neferkare, longest reigning monarch of history, having spent 94 years on the throne. Ephemeral rule of Merenre Nemtyemsaf II in Egypt. Reign of Netjerkare Siptah, the last pharaoh of 6th dynasty of Egypt, who would later give rise to legend Nitocris. First Intermediate Period of Egypt. 7th Dynasty and 8th Dynasty of Egypt. 9th Dynasty of Egypt, reign of Akhtoy Meryibtowe. 10th Dynasty of Egypt, reign of Meryhathor. 4.2 kiloyear event, a drought probably causing the fall of the Old Kingdom of Egypt and the Akkadian Empire. Fall of Akkad. Gilgamesh. Gudea, ruler (Ensí) of Lagash, starts reign. solar eclipse on May 9, 2138 BC and lunar eclipse on May 24, 2138 BC are believed to be double eclipse taking place 23 years after the crowning of Shulgi as king of Babylon. 11th Dynasty of Egypt, reign of Mentuhotep I. "Model of house and garden, from Thebes" is made. Gudea, ruler (Ensí) of Lagash, died. Votive statue of Gudea ruler of Lagash was made. Utu-hengal, first king of the 3rd dynasty of Ur, aka Neo Sumerian Empire. Uruk Gutian war. Sumer campaigns of Ur-Nammu. 3rd Dynasty of Ur. Administrative power in Ur is strained, with Ensi, a chosen civil servant, as leader. meticulous and finicky bureaucracy manages, counts and controls whole administration, which is as concerned with economy as war or their polytheism religion. weight of administration arguably helped collapse empire.

Code of Ur-Nammu. Shahr-e Sukhteh, "Burnt City", is abandoned. Bronze metallurgy, potter's wheel and Cretan hieroglyphs are introduced to greek region. Possible time of Great Flood (China) and Yu the Great. Xia dynasty. Mentuhotep II, ruler of 11th Dynasty of Egypt, done reunifying Egypt following victory over the pharaohs of Heracleopolis Magna, start of Middle Kingdom. chariot emerges on Eurasian steppe which is important since warrior tribes at or near steppe would use chariots to defeat civilizations like the Indus Valley.

Oldest bronze age artifacts in Southeast Asia found in Ban Chiang site in Thailand indicate absence of militaristic or urban state. Seima-Turbino Phenomenon. Dawn of Capacha Culture in Colima, Mexico. Arrival of ancestors of Latins in Italy. Town of Mantua was founded. First Minoan palaces on Crete. Harappa Torso was sculpted by member of Indus Valley culture. Vessel from Asahi Mound, Toyama Prefecture, was made. Dogū, from Kurokoma, Yamanashi Prefecture, was made. Dawn of Lal-lo and Gattaran Shell Middens pilings in Philippines. Glass appears. In Old Assyrian Empire, Sumerian cuneiform evolved into Old Assyrian cuneiform, via many modifications to Sumerian orthography. "Priestking torso" was sculpted at Mohenjo Daro. Minoan Crete. Avellino eruption of Vesuvius. Pharaoh Mentuhotep II dies. Pharaoh Amenemhat I started to rule. Start of 12th Dynasty of Egypt. Bahr Yussef canal. Political authority now less centralized in Egypt. Rock cut tombs were made at Beni Hasan. "William the Faience Hippopotamus", from tomb of Senbi (Tomb B.3) was made in Meir, Egypt. Erishum I now 33rd ruler of Assyria. very close alignment of naked-eye planets when planets are together in span of 4.3 degrees. calculated alignment of naked-eye planets occurred in new moon and in spring and is believed by researchers from NASA, to be start event for Chinese calendar, as they followed passage "Hong Fan Zhuan" by 'Liu Xiang', to find astronomical event being described to have happened at Pegasus. copper bar cubit of Nippur defines Sumerian cubit (roughly 51.72 cm). so called king of Leubingen buried in large barrow inside 66-foot-wide (20 m) stone cairn inside ring ditch. Amorite conquest of Ur. "Harvest scene", wall painting in tomb of Khnumhotep II, Beni Hasan. Egyptian Nubian war. Shalim-ahum and son Ilu-shuma began to rule Assur. Cacao is domesticated by Mokaya in Guatemala. Transition from Early Helladic III to Middle Helladic culture in Greece. Minoan Old Palace period starts in Crete. Fall of last Sumerian dynasty. Mokaya along Pacific coast of Chiapas, Mexico prepare cacao drinks. Port of Lothal is abandoned.

Senwosret II, 12th dynasty of Egypt, starts rule. built Kahun near his pyramid tomb complex at el-Lahun. "Pectoral of Senwosret II", from tomb of princess Sithathoryunet at el-Lahun was made. Senwosret II dies. Senwosret III starts to rule. Senusret III inspects Nubian frontier; leads 4 punitive campaigns against Nubians. Senwosret III dies. Head of Senusret III is made. Farming starts in Kentucky, Eastern Agricultural Complex [199] Currently undeciphered Minoan script Linear A and Cypro-Minoan script on Crete and Cyprus. Plimpton 322 tablet linking to Pythagorean triples. Hyksos start to settle in Nile Delta. They had a capital at Avaris in the northeast Nile Delta. Adichanallur urn burial site in Tirunelveli district in Tamil Nadu. Start of Indo Aryan migrations.

Decline of Indus Valley civilisation Hammurabi rules Babylonia. Stela of Hammurabi, from Susa (Shush, Iran) is made. Amorites conquer Uruk and Isin. Queen Sobekneferu dies. start of 13th dynasty of Egypt and 14th dynasty of Egypt simultaneously. Zimrilim, king of Mari, starts to rule. Babylon, capital of Babylonia now largest city of world, taking lead from Thebes, Egypt. Yarim Lim 1 Great King of Yamhad dies. Mari sacked by Hammurabi. Zimrilim's Royal palace of Mari is destroyed. Zimrilim, King of Mari, dies. Hyksos occupy North Egypt. big volcanic eruption at Mount Veniaminof, Alaska. Vedic period starts at Indian subcontinent. Investiture of Zimrilim (Zimrilim, King of Mari, before Goddess Ishtar), facsimile of wall painting on mud plaster from Royal palace of Mari, Court 106, is made. Hammurabi dies. Mesopotamian Rebellions. reigns of pharaoh Neferhotep I & brother Sobekhotep IV, at apex of Egyptian 13th Dynasty. Merneferre Ay, Pharaoh of Egypt, starts rule. Abi-eshuh, King of Babylon, starts rule. Agum I, King of Kassites, starts rule

Indus Valley settlements are continued by Cemetery H culture. Minoan Old Palace period ends and Minoan 2nd Palace (Neopalatial) period starts in Crete. Aegean civilization metalworkers make jeweled objects rivaling those of Near East jewelers, whose techniques they seem to borrow. Lila-Ir-Tash starts to rule Elamite Empire. Median date for building Phaistos Disc. Its purpose, meaning, & even its 1st place of making remains unknown, making it 1 of the most famous mysteries of archaeology. Calculation of square root of 2 in Babylon.[200] Belu-bani now King of Assyria. start of Late Minoan period on Crete. Itti-Ili-Nibi, Babylonian king, starts rule. Hurrian conquests. Young girl gathering saffron crocus flowers, wall painting, Room 3, House Xeste 3, Akrotiri, Santorini, is made. Palace complex in Knossos, Crete, was built. Lila-Ir-Tash ruler of Elamite Empire died. Temti-Agun I starts to rule Elamite Empire. Jie of Xia kills his minister Guan Longfeng per Chinese legend. Death of Sarah, wife of Abraham, per Hebrew Calendar Belu-bani, King of Assyria died. Merneferre Ay, Pharaoh of Egypt, ends rule. Merhotepre Ini, Pharaoh of Egypt, starts rule. Lunar eclipse Saros 32 starts. Temti-Agun I, ruler of Elamite Empire, died. Tan-Uli starts to rule Elamite Empire. Libaia now King of Assyria. Agum I, King of Kassites, ends rule. Kashtiliash I, King of Kassites, starts rule. Merhotepre Ini, Pharaoh of Egypt, ends rule. Heremon, Irish legend dies. Abi-eshuh, King of Babylon, ends rule Ammi-Ditana, King of Babylonia, starts rule. Itti-Ili-Nibi, Babylonian king, ends rule. Egypt has Development of leavened bread. Death of Terah, father of Abraham, per Hebrew Calendar. Kashtiliash I, King of Kassites, ends rule. Death of Niqmi-Epuh, Great King of Yamhad. Libaia, King of Assyria ends rule. End of Middle Kingdom of Egypt. Start of 2nd intermediate period. Sharma-Adad I now King of Assyria. Death of Arpachshad, son of Shem & grandson of Noah, per Hebrew calendar. Gravitational interactions with Saturn cause Chiron to be forced into different orbit. Lunar eclipse Saros 33 starts. Iptar-Sin now King of Assyria. Tan-Uli, ruler of Elamite Empire, died. "Flotilla" fresco, from Room 5 of West House, Akrotiri, Santorini, is made. Collapse of 14th Dynasty of Egypt. Conquest of Memphis, Egypt by Hyksos and downing of 13th Dynasty of Egypt. Start of 15th Dynasty of Egypt (Hyksos) and 16th Dynasty of Egypt. Maybe start of Abydos Dynasty in Upper Egypt. Rhind Mathematical Papyrus, guessing pi (as ${\displaystyle 3{\tfrac {13}{81}}}$). Last mammoths. Between Rapperswil & Hurden, on Seedamm, 1st wood bridge was made on Lake Zürich. Start of making of 900 acre Poverty Point settlement earthworks (now north Louisiana) by Poverty Point culture. Bazaia now King of Assyria. Ammi-Ditana, King of Babylonia, ends rule. Jie of Xia is overthrown by Tang of Shang in Battle of Mingtiao. Lunar eclipse Saros 34 starts. Start of cooling of world climate for several years recorded in tree rings globally. Maybe caused by 1 or more volcanic eruptions e.g. Minoan eruption of Santorini, Avellino eruption of Mount Vesuvius &/or eruption of Mount Aniakchak in Alaska. Samsu-Ditana now King of Babylon. Bazaia, King of Assyria, ends rule Lullaia now King of Assyria. Mursili I now King of Hittite Empire. Shu-Ninua now King of Assyria. Minoan eruption.

Earliest attested Indo European, the Hittite language, first appears in Hittite cuneiform via Anitta text. Hittite is the best known and most studied language of the extinct Anatolian branch of the Indo-European languages. Egyptian domination over Canaan and Syria. Ugarit gold age. Shang dynasty. Hollow glassware.[201] Cannabis found at Turkmens shrine.[202] Kassite dynasty. Nubia Kingdom of Kerma sacks Egypt. Egypt conquers Nubia.

Surgical and medical papyri in Egypt. Hittites. Volcanic eruption at Thera. Meteorite impact forms Kaali crater in Estonia. Bantu travels across central, east and southern Africa. Akhenaten. Thebas capital of Egypt. Rigveda and Bhagavad Gita written.

Battle of Megiddo (15th century BC) between Egyptians and Canaanites. Mycenaean Greece, has the oldest deciphered writing in Europe. The first Northwest Semitic language, Ugaritic, is attested. Olmec civilization.

The first attested Indo-European language, the Hittite language, disappears from records. Battle of Kadesh between Egyptians and Hittites. Ramses II and Hattusilis III sign peace treaty. Egyptian-Hittite peace treaty. Ramesses II. Babylonian-Assyrian War of 1235 BC. Late Bronze Age collapse. Oracle bone script, which has the oldest written records in Old Chinese. Phrygia formed.

Diamond drills: Indians not only innovated use of diamond tipped drills but also invented double diamond tipped drills for bead making.

Trojan war. Pyongyang founded.

Phoenician alphabet spreads around Mediterranean. Start of Zhou Dynasty. Hekla 3 eruption. David and Solomon. Shalmaneser III. Apiculture. Tamil Brahmi script invented.

Neo-Assyrian Empire. Zarathustra (Zoroaster), Homer, Carthage founded, first recorded solar eclipse. Spring and Autumn period. Hesiod. Rome founded. King Uzziah makes weapon like ballista or trebuchet. Fall of Kingdom of Israel (Samaria) and Kingdom of Judah. Battle of Nineveh (612 BC). First coins. Greek alphabet and Demotic scripts invented. Library of Ashurbanipal Solon's reforms. Printing paper in China, Temple of Zeus, Olympia, Siege of Tyre (586-573 BC). Cyrus the Great, Kǒng Fūzǐ (Confucius). High THC cannabis used in Xinjiang.[203] Gautama Buddha, Theory of the 4 humors. Pythagoras. Rudimentary Athenian democracy. Greco-Persian Wars, Twelve tables of roman law. Mo Tzu (Micius). First Olympiad. Peloponnesian War. Kao Gong Ji, first known technical encyclopedia. Etruscan civilization, Socrates, Hippocrates, Plato, Aristotle. Helike sinks beneath waves. Alexander the Great, Euclid. Greco-Bactrian kingdom, Indo-Greek Kingdom. Gallic invasion of the Balkans. Library of Alexandria. Ashoka the Great. Archimedes screw. Maya script only known full writing system grown in Americas emerges. Punic Wars end with razing of Carthage. Oldest deciphered written records in South Asia (Middle Indo-Aryan). Qin Dynasty.

Roman Warm Period. Han Dynasty. Shunga Empire in Pataliputra. Mithridates the Great massacres approximately 100,000 Romans, sparking Mithridatic Wars. Paper money in China. Sulla. Cicero. Pompey. Julius Caesar. First and Second Triumvirate. Tigranes. Gaul conquest. Egypt is absorbed by the Roman Empire. Roman Empire, Yeshua (Jesus). Paul of Tarsus. 0 is invented in Mesoamerican calculus. The steam engine is invented by Egyptians. Boudican revolt. The Nerva-Antonine dynasty rules the Roman Empire. First Jewish–Roman War and destruction of Jerusalem. Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in Pompeii. Trajan's Dacian Wars. Spread of Buddhism. Lions go extinct in west Europe. Invention of seismometer. 115 Antioch earthquake. Second Jewish–Roman War. Hadrian's Wall. Kanishka the Great and the Kushan Empire. Antonine Plague. Christianity. Gnosticism. Mithraism. Yellow Turban Rebellion.

Reign of Roman emperor Caracalla. Constitutio Antoniniana grants citizenship to all free Roman men. Han Dynasty ends with the Three Kingdoms being formed in China. Ardashir I of the Sassanid dynasty conquers the Parthian empire in the Battle of Hormozdgan. Zhuge Liang dies of illness during the Battle of Wuzhang Plains. Crisis of the Third Century in Roman Empire due to Emperor Severus Alexander being assassinated. Kingdom of Hatra dissolved after Fall of Hatra to Persia. Manichaeism Plague of Cyprian. Jin Dynasty. Diocletian. Constantine. Axumite Empire adopts Christianity, conquers Meroë and the Kingdom of Kush. 365 Crete earthquake. Roman Empire splits. Tiwanaku. Classic Maya civilization. Byzantine Empire, East frontier of Western Roman Empire collapses as waves of Suebi, Alans and Vandals cross the frozen Rhine and enter Gaul. Attila the Hun, Constantine III leads many Roman military units from Britain to Gaul and occupies Arles (Arelate). generally seen as Rome's withdrawal from Great Britain. Rome ransacked by Visigoths under King Alaric I. Suebi form first independent Christian kingdom of western Europe in Gallaecia. Augustine of Hippo begins to write The City of God. Jin dynasty ended by Liu Yu of Song. Northern and Southern dynasties in China. First Council of Ephesus, 3rd ecumenical council upholds title Theotokos or "mother of God", for Mary. Battle of Nedao. Germanic tribes destroy the main Hunnic army and do away with Hunnic domination . Vandals sack Rome. Chichen Itza founded in Mexico. Saint Patrick, King Arthur (debatable). Teotihuacán. Dengizich, last Khan rules Hunnic Empire. Riothamus, King of Britons, helps the Romans against the Visigoths. Roman Empire falls due to deposition of Romulus Augustulus by Odoacer. Chan Buddhists found the Shaolin Monastery on Mount Song in Henan, China. Clovis I now King of Western Franks upon the death of Childeric I. King Clovis I defeats and subjugates the Kingdom of Thuringia in Germany. King Kaleb of Axum conquers Jewish Himyarite Kingdom for persecuting Christians. Nika riots. Climate changes of 535-536. Plague of Justinian. Beginning of Late Antique Little Ice Age.

Tang dynasty. Sasanids temporarily conquer Egypt. Muhammad. Muslims capture Ctesiphon, the largest city in world. Alexandria falls to the Muslims. Khazar khaganate. Beginning of Turkic expansion. Greek fire invented. Venice is founded. Taihō Code. Arabs invade Hispania. Siege of Constantinople (717–718). Battle of Poitiers. Tang Census. Paper is introduced to the Arabs. Donation of Pepin. 774–775 carbon-14 spike.[204] Charlemagne. Gunpowder invented. Treaty of Verdun. Al-Kindi. Kievan Rus'. Byzantine-Bulgarian wars. Hungary. Vikings.

Beowulf composed. Gujarat conquers Bengal. Saeculum obscurum, or "Rule of the Harlots" period of the papacy. Byzantine Empire conquers Aleppo. Otto the Great. Ghaznavids rebellion. Harald Bluetooth unites much of Scandinavia. Bjarni Herjólfsson sights North America. Leifr Eiriksson goes there (Vinland). Medieval Warm Period. Song Dynasty. Ibn Sina. Canon medicine by avicenna. Reform of Pope Gregory VII. East-West Schism. Height of Kievan Rus' and Fatimid Caliphate, decline of Byzantine Empire. Norman Conquest. Battle of Manzikert. University of Bologne founded. First Crusade.

Crusades. Purgatory theory. Height of Khmer Empire. Bombard invented in China. Genghis Khan. Magna Carta. Codex Gigas. Francis of Assisi. Mount Rinjani on Lombok erupts, causing global cooling and failed harvests. Siege of Baghdad (1258) by the Mongols. Mamluks defeat Mongol army of Hulagu Khan (under Kitbuqa) in the Battle of Ain Jalut — first known use of hand cannon. Golden Horde. Thomas Aquinas. Cannon. Dante Alighieri. Yuan Dynasty. Marco Polo. Ottoman Empire. Islam arrives to Indonesia. Petrarch. Eyeglasses invented. Great Famine of 1315–1317 and beginning of the crisis of the Late Middle Ages. Chola dynasty

Tenochtitlan founded. Beginning of Hundred Years' War. Black Death marks the beginning of the Second plague pandemic. Red Turban Rebellions. Nagarakretagama written. Papal Schism of the Catholic Church. Chaucer. Beginning of Ming Dynasty. Hwacha multiple rocket launcher. Zheng He. Ming treasure voyages. Forbidden City. Beginning of the Renaissance. Battle of Grunwald. Battle of Agincourt. Portuguese conquest of Ceuta. Voynich manuscript. Joan of Arc. 1452/1453 mystery eruption.Inca empire.Machu Picchu. Public Bank.Fall of Constantinople. Gutenberg. Beginning of Wars of the Roses.

Fall of Novgorod. French-Breton War. Fall of Granada. Columbus rediscovers the New World. Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars (1492 to 1537). Vasco da Gama reaches India by sea. Columbian Exchange. Sikhism. First mobile clocks. Da Vinci, Michelangelo. Goa established. Aragon and Castille unify. Luther and the Reformation. Sack of Rome (1527). Siege of Vienna. Spain conquest Aztecs and Incans. Beginning of the Franco-Ottoman alliance and Siege of Nice. Copernicus, Scientific Revolution. 1556 Shaanxi earthquake.Complex number theory.Macau established. French Wars of Religion. Rebellion of the Alpujarras (1568-1571).

Eighty Years' War. First of about 11 Russo-Turkish Wars (1568 to 1878). Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Battle of Lepanto. Iberian Union. Gregorian Calendar. Spanish Armada. Microscope. Thermometer. Rise of the Moghul Empire. Russian Time of Troubles and Russian famine of 1601–1603, Russian Siberian conquestprobably connected to eruption of Huaynaputina. Beginning of Little Ice Age (ca. 1550 to 1850). Beginning of Northern Wars (1554 to 1721). St. Bartholomew's Day massacre and the French Wars of Religion, ending with the Edict of Nantes. William Shakespeare. King James Bible. Jamestown settlement. Moons of Jupiter first observed. Thirty Years' War. Galileo. English Civil War. Descartes. Fermat. Pascal. First of four Anglo-Dutch Wars from 1652 to 1784. Taj Mahal. Louis XIV. Manchu conquer China. Great Plague of London. Great Fire of London. Reflecting telescope. Isaac Newton.

Franco-Dutch War. Battle of Vienna and Great Turkish War. Louis XIV revokes the Edict of Nantes and begins persecuting Protestants. Glorious Revolution of 1688. Nine Years' War. Seven ill years in Scotland, failure of the Darién scheme. War of the Spanish Succession. Great Northern War. Kingdoms of England and Scotland unite to form the Kingdom of Great Britain. Battle of Poltava in Ukraine – beginning of decline of Swedish power. South Sea Bubble. Defoe, Swift, Bach, Number theory.Maratha Empire.Steam engine invented.first copyright laws.

A spell of very cold weather in Europe causes the Irish Famine (1740–1741). Lightning rod invented. Voltaire. Age of Enlightenment. Lisbon destroyed by earthquake, tsunami, and fire. Seven Years' War. Rousseau. American Revolution. Watt engine. Dismantlement of Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Eruption of Laki. First manned flying machine: a Hot air balloon. Mozart. French Revolution, Haitian Revolution.first vaccine: Smallpox. Quasi-War between US and France. Rossetta Stone found.

Barbary Wars between US and Barbary states. First locomotive. Ludwig van Beethoven. Napoleon I of France.Louisiana Purchase. New Madrid earthquakes. War of 1812. Eruption of Mount Tambora. Battle of Waterloo. Simón Bolívar. José de San Martín. Year Without a Summer. Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829). Wars between the British Empire and the Asante Empire. Photography, July Revolution.electric motor. France conquest of Algeria.Babbage. Telegraph.

Victorian period. First Opium War. Hong Kong established as a british colony. Spread of anaesthesia use (Diethyl ether). Neptune discovered. Mexican–American War. modern petroleum industry. Revolutions of 1848. Undeciphered Rongorongo script on Easter Island may mark latest independent making of writing. Crimean War. Taiping Civil War kills over 20 million. John Snow (physician). Start of Third Plague Pandemic. Second Opium War. Charles Darwin. Solar storm of 1859. American Civil War. President Abraham Lincoln assassinated. Paraguayan War. Austro-Prussian War. Meiji Restoration. German Empire formed. Famine of 1866–68 in Finland and Sweden. Joseph Lister, 1st Baron Lister. Karl Marx. Franco-Prussian War. Scramble for Africa. Great Famine of 1876–78 in India and China.[205] Bone wars. Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878). Long Depression. Alexander Graham Bell, Telephone.

Tower Bridge. Eiffel Tower. Louis Pasteur. Gramophone invented. War of the Pacific. First Boer War. Invention of automobile. Krakatoa. 1887 Yellow River flood. Mark Twain. Franco-Russian Alliance. 1896 Summer Olympics. Henry George. Electron discovered. Spanish–American War. First Zeppelin. Boxer Rebellion. Second Boer War. Philippine–American War. Wright brothers. Russo-Japanese War. Herero atrocities by Germans in German South West Africa. Albert Einstein's papers on special relativity and quantization of light (photons). 1906 San Francisco earthquake. Panic of 1907. Bakelite (phenol formaldehyde resin). Tunguska event. 1st Model T.

Sigmund Freud, Cubism, 1911 Revolution. Republic of China, RMS Titanic. Novarupta volcano, biggest eruption of 20th century. Assembly line. Atomic nucleus discovered. Panama Canal open. World War I. Russian Revolution of 1917(March and October). Poland wins the Polish–Ukrainian War and the Polish–Soviet War. Irish War of Independence. Turkey. Russian famine of 1921. Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922). 1921 Tulsa race massacre. 1923 Tokyo earthquake, fires, and massacre of Koreans. Chinese famine of 1928–30 kills millions. Crash of 1929. Joseph Stalin. Walt Disney.

Pluto and the Neutrons discovered. 1931 Yellow River flood. Soviet famine of 1932–1933 kills around 8 million. Great Depression. Adolf Hitler. Franklin Roosevelt, New Deal. Sulfa drugs. Kurt Gödel. Mahatma Gandhi. Second Sino-Japanese War, Spanish Civil War. 1938 Yellow River flood. LSD discovered. Polyethylene, rise of polymers, plastic. Winter War. World War II. Ballistic missiles, radar, jet aircraft. Penicillin. Chinese famine of 1942–43. Bengal famine of 1943. Nuclear weapons, Bretton Woods system. The Railway Series. United Nations. Start of the Cold War. Soviet famine of 1946–47. Founding of Pakistan and India. ENIAC, Sound barrier Broken. Formation of Israel. 1948 Arab–Israeli War.

NATO, Mao Zedong. Korean War. Egyptian revolution of 1952. Structure of DNA found. Nuclear power. McCarthyism, Elvis Presley. Suez War. Start of Vietnam War. Sputnik. ARPA. Approximately 20 million to 30 million die during the Great Chinese Famine. Cuban Revolution., invention of laser. Year of Africa. Great Chilean Earthquake, most powerful recorded earthquake. Berlin Wall. Cuban Missile Crisis, The Beatles. Martin Luther King "I have a dream". John F. Kennedy. American Civil Rights Movement. Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966. Decolonisation. Space Race. Cultural Revolution. Six-Day War.

ARPANET. Cultural Revolution (1966–1976). 2001 (film). Vietnam War. Counterculture. Greenpeace. Stonewall riots. Sino-Soviet border conflict. First Moon landing. Woodstock. Unix. Bhola cyclone kills 500,000. Bangladesh Liberation War. 1972 massacre of Burundian Hutus. Yom Kippur War. Lucy (Australopithecus) is found. Turkish invasion of Cyprus. Richard Nixon resigns. Banqiao Dam and 61 other dams break in China. 1977 Angolan coup d'état attempt and subsequent killings. Khmer Rouge. Tangshan earthquake. Downfall of Gang of Four.

Microcomputers. Jimmy Carter. Three Mile Island. Margaret Thatcher comes to power. Usenet. Artificial insulin invented. 1979 South Korean coup d'état, Gwangju Uprising. Eruption of Mount St. Helens. Pac-Man. CNN. Colonial Africa ends. First Space shuttle flight. MTV. AIDS discovered. First IBM PC. Beginning of presidency of Ronald Reagan. Falklands War. Black July pogrom against Tamils in Sri Lanka. 1.2 million die in 1983–1985 famine in Ethiopia. Macintosh. Bhopal disaster. Soviet–Afghan War. Discovery of ozone hole. Challenger disaster. Chernobyl. First 80386. Iran–Contra affair.

BSE, perestroika, Black Monday, 1988 Burmese uprising. End of Iran–Iraq War, George H. W. Bush presidency. March 1989 geomagnetic storm cuts power in Quebec. Tiananmen protests. Communists lose power in Poland, fall of Berlin Wall. US invades Panama. Launch of Hubble Space Telescope. First Gulf War. AOL. Eruption of Mount Pinatubo. 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt, End of USSR. Black Wednesday attack on British pound. Halloween massacre (Angola). Beginning of Clinton presidency. First Pentium.

Bosnian War. End of apartheid. 1994 Los Angeles earthquake. Rwandan Massacre. Channel Tunnel opens. Israeli-Jordanian Peace Treaty. Rising use of the Internet and the World Wide Web. Start of World Trade Organization. Kobe earthquake. Windows 95, Java programming language. First cloned mammal: Dolly. Rwanda invades Zaire — First Congo War. Tony Blair becomes PM of the UK. North Korean famine. Asian financial crisis. Eritrean–Ethiopian War. Good Friday Agreement. Discovery of the acceleration of the universe. Beginning of Second Congo War. ISS begins operating. Kosovo War. 1999 Izmit, Turkey earthquake. Beginning of Second Chechen War. Vladimir Putin becomes president of Russia. end of Indonesian occupation of East Timor. Y2K scare.

Human genome sequenced. Start of al-Aqsa Intifada (Second Intifada). Introduction of Wikipedia. George W. Bush is inaugurated as president of the United States. 2001 Gujarat earthquake. Mac OS X. Windows XP. September 11 attacks. US invasion of Afghanistan. The Euro enters circulation. Columbia disaster. The Darfur conflict begins. 2003 Iraq War. European heat wave of 2003. Bam earthquake. Mars Exploration Rovers Spirit and Opportunity land on Mars.

Yassir Arafat dies. 11M. 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami. Assassination of Rafic Hariri and Cedar Revolution. John Paul II dies. 7/7. Gaza pullout by Israel, Great Flood of New Orleans (Hurricane Katrina), Kashmir earthquake. 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict, 2006 North Korean nuclear test. Nicolas Sarkozy becomes president of France. Battle of Gaza (2007). iPhone. Gordon Brown becomes PM of UK. World population becomes more than 50% urban. Cyclone Sidr,

Cyclone Nargis. 2008 Sichuan earthquake. 2008 Russo-Georgian War. Financial crisis of 2007–2008. 2008 Mumbai attacks. Android (operating system). 2008-2009 Israel-Gaza conflict. Barack Obama president of US. Introduction of Bitcoin and cryptocurrency. Northwest Passage opens for first time in recorded history. 2009 swine flu pandemic. 2010 Haiti earthquake. 2010 Chile earthquake. iPad. 2010 eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull. Deepwater Horizon oil spill. Large Hadron Collider begins operating. 2010 European sovereign debt crisis. 2010 United Kingdom general election brings David Cameron to power. 2010 Gaza flotilla clash. 2010 Northern Hemisphere summer heat waves. 2010 Pakistan floods. WikiLeaks publishes US diplomatic cables. 2010–11 Queensland floods.

Arab Spring. 2010–2011 Tunisian revolution. Egyptian Revolution of 2011. February 2011 Christchurch earthquake. Fukushima nuclear accident. Beginning of Syrian Civil War. Killing of Osama bin Laden. Last Space Shuttle flight. 2011 North American heat wave, 2011 Norway attacks. United States debt-ceiling crisis. 2011 England riots. 2011 Libyan civil war ends rule of Mu`ammar al-Qaddhafi, 2011 Thailand floods. Largest strike-slip earthquake ever recorded.[206] François Hollande becomes president of France. Discovery of the Higgs boson. Curiosity rover lands on Mars. 2012 Summer Olympics. Hurricane Sandy. Gangnam Style becomes the most-viewed YouTube video. November 2012 Gaza conflict. Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting. 2012 phenomenon. France intervenes in the Northern Mali conflict.

Chelyabinsk meteor. Hugo Chavez dies. Benedict XVI resigns, Jorge Mario Bergoglio becomes Pope Francis. Cyprus bailout. 2013 Korean crisis. 2013 protests in Turkey. 2013 Egyptian coup d'état. 2013 NSA surveillance scandal. Ghouta chemical attack. Typhoon Haiyan (Yolanda), one of the most powerful on record. Central African Republic conflict (2013–2014), beginning of South Sudanese Civil War. Nelson Mandela dies. Early 2014 North American cold wave. Belgium legalises euthanasia. 2014 Ukrainian revolution and Russian annexation of Crimea. Chibok kidnapping. Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant launches 2014 Northern Iraq offensive and announces caliphate. 2014 FIFA World Cup. Felipe VI becomes new king of Spain. 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict. West African Ebola virus epidemic, Rosetta mission lands on Comet 67P. 2014 Scottish independence referendum. Malala Yousafzai wins the Nobel Peace Prize. 2014 Peshawar school massacre. United States–Cuban thaw.

January 2015 Paris attacks. Assassination of Boris Nemtsov. Dawn spacecraft lands on Ceres. 2015 military intervention in Yemen, Garissa University College attack. April 2015 Nepal earthquake, FIFA crisis. 2015 Rohingya refugee crisis. US Supreme Court allows same-sex marriage. Greek bailout referendum, Iran nuclear deal, Turkey-PKK conflict restarts, New Horizons flies by Pluto, Beginning of European refugee crisis. Windows 10. Volkswagen emissions scandal. Mecca crane collapse and Mina stampede. Evidence of saltwater flows found on Mars. Russian intervention in Syria. Knife Intifada. Metrojet Flight 9268 brought down near Sharm el-Sheikh. November 2015 Paris attacks. Mauricio Macri President in Argentina, opposition wins 2015 Venezuelan parliamentary election. 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference. New Year's Eve sexual assaults in Germany.

Saudi Arabia executes Nimr al-Nimr.Sanctions on Iran are lift. January 2016 North Korean nuclear test and satellite launch. LIGO announces discovery of gravitational waves. Zika fever outbreak, ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter launched. 2016 Brussels bombings. Panama Papers. 2016 Ecuador earthquake. 2016 Fort McMurray Wildfire. Impeachment of Dilma Rousseff. Britain votes to leave the EU. Panama Canal widened. Atatürk Airport attack. July 2016 Baghdad bombings. 2016 shooting of Dallas police officers. 2016 Nice truck attack. Turkish coup d'état attempt. July 2016 Kabul bombing. 2016 Summer Olympics. 2016 Louisiana floods. 2016–2017 Central Italy earthquakes. Hurricane Matthew. Colombian peace agreement referendum. Paris climate agreement becomes law. Donald Trump elected. Fidel Castro dies. 2016 Italian constitutional referendum. Impeachment of Park Geun-hye. Berlin Christmas market truck attack. Syrian Army and Russia win the battle over Ḥalab (Aleppo).

WikiLeaks publishes Vault 7. 2017 Shayrat missile strike. 2017 Turkish constitutional referendum. WannaCry ransomware attack. Emmanuel Macron president of France. Manchester Arena bombing. May 2017 Kabul attack. United States withdrawal from the Paris Agreement. 2017 Qatar diplomatic crisis. 2017 United Kingdom general election. North Korea tests ICBMs. Mawsil recaptured from IS. Despacito becomes the most-viewed YouTube video. Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville. 2017 Barcelona attacks. Hurricanes Harvey and Irma hit the Caribbean and the US. Northern Rakhine State clashes. 2017 South Asian floods. Cassini–Huygens plunges into Saturn. 2017 Central Mexico earthquake. Hurricane Maria devastates Dominica and Puerto Rico. 2017 Las Vegas shooting. 2017 Catalan independence referendum. October 2017 Northern California wildfires. October 2017 Mogadishu bombings. Iraqi government forces take Kirkuk Lebanese PM Sa`ad Hariri resigns in Saudi Arabia. Robert Mugabe resigns. U.S. recognition of Jerusalem as Israeli capital. Violence in Democratic Republic of the Congo. December 2017 California wildfires.

2018 Southern California mudflows. Hawaii missile panic. Turkish invasion of Afrin. 2018 Winter Olympics in South Korea. Jacob Zuma resigns. Poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal. 2018 Venezuelan presidential election widely condemned. Kim Jong-un meets Moon Jae-in. 2018 Kilauea eruption. US withdraws from Iran deal. 2018 Italian election brings to power a coalition of the Five Star Movement and the Lega Nord. Socialist Pedro Sánchez becomes PM of Spain. Peace between Ethiopia and Eritrea. Kim meets Donald Trump. Trump tariffs. Tham Luang cave rescue. 2018 Mexican general election brings López Obrador to presidency. France wins 2018 World Cup. Venezuelan refugee crisis. National Museum of Brazil fire. Hurricane Florence. 2018 Sulawesi earthquake and tsunami. Brett Kavanaugh confirmed as US Supreme Court justice. Murder of Jamal Khashoggi. Hurricane Michael. Yellow vests movement. Hurricane Leslie hits Iberia. 2018 Moscow–Constantinople schism. Bolsonaro elected president of Brazil. Fire destroys Paradise, California. Gilets jaunes riots in Paris. 2018 Sunda Strait tsunami (Anak Krakatau). Longest US government shutdown.

Chang'e 4 lands on far side of the moon. Félix Tshisekedi controversially declared president of the DRC. Protests in Sudan and Zimbabwe. Juan Guaidó recognized by many countries as interim president of Venezuela. Cyclone Idai, possibly the worst weather-related natural disaster in history in the southern hemisphere. Christchurch mosque shootings. Boeing 737 MAX groundings. Beginning of 2019–20 Hong Kong protests. Abdelaziz Bouteflika resigns. 2019 Western Libya offensive. First photography of a black hole. Omar al-Bashir removed from power. Notre-Dame de Paris fire. Redacted Mueller Report released. 2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings. Naruhito accedes to the throne of Japan. Escalating tension between US and Iran. Beginning of 2019–20 locust infestation around horn of Africa. Boris Johnson becomes prime minister of UK. 2019 Amazon rainforest wildfires. Hurricane Dorian devastates areas of the Bahamas. 2019 Papua protests. Attacks on two Saudi oil facilities. 2019 Egyptian protests. 2019 Indonesian protests and riots. Impeachment inquiry against Donald Trump opens. September 2019 climate strikes. Riots in Iraq. 2019 Ecuadorian protests. 2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria. Typhoon Hagibis makes landfall in Japan, the biggest storm to hit the region in decades. 2019 Catalan protests. 2019–20 Lebanese protests and 2019 Chilean protests. Death of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi. Alberto Fernández wins presidential election in Argentina. 2019 California wildfires. 2019 Bolivian protests and resignation of Evo Morales. Protests in the Czech Republic. Beginning of 2019–2020 Iranian protests. 2019 Georgian protests. Chaos in Haiti. 2019 Maltese protests. 2019 United Kingdom general election won by Tories. Protests in India over citizenship act. Congress votes for the impeachment of Donald Trump.

2019–2021 Persian Gulf crisis, killing of Qasem Soleimani, downing of UIA 752 near Tehran. COVID-19 pandemic. Police arrest 15 pro-democracy activists in Hong Kong. Super Cyclonic Storm Amphan, costliest cyclone in Indian Ocean. China proposes amending the Hong Kong Basic Law. George Floyd protests. Hong Kong national security law imposed. 2020 deployment of federal forces in the United States. 2020 Beirut explosions. 2020–21 Belarusian protests. Israel-United Arab Emirates accord. 2020 Thai protests. 2020 Malian coup. Poisoning of Alexei Navalny. 2020 Western United States wildfire season worst in many years. Hurricane Laura. Hurricane Sally. Signing of the "Abraham Accords". 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict. "End SARS" protests in Nigeria. 2020 Aegean Sea earthquake. Super Typhoon Goni hits Catanduanes Island in the Philippines with wind speeds up to 315 km/hr, a record for a landfalling tropical cyclone. Joe Biden wins 2020 United States presidential election. Start of Tigray War in Ethiopia. Hurricane Iota ends the 2020 Atlantic hurricane season with a record 28 storms. Assassination of Mohsen Fakhrizadeh. Arecibo collapses. Kent variant of the COVID-19 virus. EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement.

2021 storming of the United States Capitol. Inauguration of Joe Biden. Alexei Navalny releases video about Putin's Palace, returns to Russia and is imprisoned. 2021 Myanmar coup d'état. and 2021 Myanmar protests. Mario Draghi becomes PM of Italy. Perseverance lands on Mars. 2021 Bata explosions in Equatorial Guinea. Number of displaced persons from Islamist insurgency in Mozambique exceeds half a million.[207] 2021 Suez Canal blockage. Ingenuity is deployed from Perseverance. 2021 eruption of La Soufrière on Saint Vincent (Antilles). Natanz uranium enrichment facility sabotaged. Russian troops deploy around Ukraine. Tiangong space station begins construction. Chadian president Idriss Déby killed. Derek Chauvin convicted for the murder of George Floyd. 2021 Israel–Palestine crisis. Ryanair forced landing in Belarus. 2021 Mount Nyiragongo eruption. Naftali Bennett replaces Binyamin Netanyahu as PM of Israel. Ebrahim Raisi wins 2021 Iranian presidential election. Surfside condominium building collapse. Tigray Defense Forces retake Mekelle. 2021 Western North America heat wave sets records. U.S. abandons Bagram Air Base and Taliban take over much of Afghanistan. Increasing ransomware attacks. Spate of kidnapping in Nigeria. Assassination of Jovenel Moïse, president of Haiti. Delta variant of the coronavirus spreads worldwide. 2021 Cuban protests. 2021 South African unrest. 2021 European floods. China blamed for the 2021 Microsoft Exchange Server data breach. 2021 Henan floods. 2021 Tunisian political crisis. Pedro Castillo becomes President of Peru. 2021 Haiti earthquake. Fall of Kabul (2021). Hurricane Ida, flooding in New York. 2021 Sudanese coup d'état. COP26 climate conference. 2021 Belarus–European Union border crisis. November 2021 riots in the Netherlands. Omicron variant. Olaf Scholz becomes chancellor of Germany. Largest tornado outbreak on record in December. Typhoon Rai. Launch of James Webb Space Telescope.

2022 Kazakh protests. 2022 Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha'apai eruption and tsunami. Canada convoy protests. January 2022 Burkina Faso coup d'état. We Don't Talk About Bruno becomes a global hit. Cryptocurrency crash. 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. Gabriel Boric becomes president of Chile. 2022 Sri Lankan protests. 2022 monkeypox outbreak. Bongbong Marcos is elected president of the Philippines. 2022 Buffalo shooting. Hassan Sheikh Mohamud is elected president of Somalia. Anthony Albanese elected prime minister of Australia. Robb Elementary School shooting. Mona Lisa gets attacked by a climate change activist. Tulsa hospital shooting. June 2022 Afghanistan earthquake. Roe v. Wade is overturned. NATO summit in Madrid; Finland and Sweden consider entering the organization. Yair Lapid replaces Naftali Bennett as prime minister of Israel. 2022 Karakalpak protests. Highland Park parade shooting. Assassination of Shinzo Abe. Killing of Ayman al-Zawahiri. Nancy Pelosi Taiwan visit. 2022 European and Mediterranean wildfires. 2022 Israel-Islamic Jihad conflict. FBI search of Mar-a-Lago. 2022 Cetinje shooting. Stabbing of Salman Rushdie. 2022 China heat wave, most severe recorded anywhere.[208] 2022 Pakistan floods. Liz Truss becomes prime minister of the UK. Death of Elizabeth II. Hurricane Fiona, most intense to hit Canada. Hurricane Ian, deadliest in Florida since 1935. 2022 Nord Stream pipeline sabotage. Annexation of southeastern Ukraine by the Russian Federation. September 2022 Burkina Faso coup d'état. 2022 Nigeria floods. Mahsa Amini protests in Iran. Rishi Sunak becomes prime minister of the UK. Attack on Paul Pelosi. Elon Musk purchases Twitter. 2022 COVID-19 protests in China. Launch of Artemis 1. 2022 Chesapeake shooting. National Ignition Facility achieves scientific breakeven. Dina Boluarte becomes president of Peru. Argentina wins 2022 World Cup. Pope Benedict XVI dies.

2023 invasion of the Brazilian Congress. 2023 Israeli anti-Judicial reform protests. 2023 French pension reform strikes. 2023 Chinese balloon incident. 2023 Ohio train derailment. 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquake. Windsor framework. Nashville school shooting. 2023 Sudan conflict.