1590s

The 1590s decade ran from January 1, 1590, to December 31, 1599.

Events

1590

JanuaryMarch

AprilJune

JulySeptember

OctoberDecember

Date unknown

1591

JanuaryMarch

AprilJune

JulySeptember

OctoberDecember

  • October 8 The Separation Edict, a law imposing an immobile social class structure in Japan, is promulgated by Toyotomi Hideyoshi.
  • October 16 Pope Gregory XIV dies from an attack of gallstones and leaves the Papacy of the Roman Catholic Church vacant for the third time in 14 months. The Pope, formerly Cardinal Niccolò Sfondrati, had served for only 10 months after being elected on December 5, 1590.
  • October 19 The Islamic calendar year 1000 A.H. begins with the first day of the month of Muharram, with concerns that the new year will herald the end of the world. When the year ends on October 7, 1592, without an apocalypse, the official interpretation among Ottoman Muslims is that the Ottoman Empire "had come closer to perfection than any other Muslim state.[34]
  • October 21 The city of Nijmegen is captured from Spanish occupiers by Maurice of Orange, the staatholder of the Dutch Republic.
  • October 26 The Portuguese invasion of the Jaffna Kingdom begins on the north side of the island of Sri Lanka.
  • October 29 Giovanni Antonio Facchinetti is elected on the third ballot to succeed the late Pope Gregory XIV, after Cardinal Ludovico Madruzzo withdraws his candidacy.[35] and takes the name Pope Innocent IX.[36]
  • November 3 The coronation of Pope Innocent IX takes place in Rome as Cardinal Andreas von Österreich places the crown on the head of Giovanni Facchinetti.
  • November 6 Hundred Years' Croatian–Ottoman War: The Ottoman Empire successfully captures the Croatian rebel fort of Ripač.
  • November 11 King Henry IV of France begins the siege of Rouen, the Spanish-held capital of Normandy.[37] The Spanish Navy arrives after five months and King Henry abandons the siege on April 20.
  • November 27 In Italy, Giovanni Giustiniani Campi is elected as the new Doge of the Republic of Genoa after a 12-day search for a successor to Battista Negrone.[38]
  • December 10 Four Roman Catholic priests and three laymen are executed in England in a campaign against the Roman Catholic Church.
  • December 18 Pope Innocent IX begins a tour of the seven pilgrimage churches around Rome, despite being unwell, and his illness worsens. He dies 12 days later.
  • December 27 Francis Stewart, Earl of Bothwell leads the attack on the Holyrood Palace in Edinburgh. Having been alerted by a premature attack on the palace's prison, King James VI of Scotland and Queen Anne are able to take refuge within the castle, and the raid fails. Seven of Bothwell's men are subsequently captured and hanged.[39]
  • December 30 Pope Innocent IX dies only two months after having been elected as the Pontiff of the Roman Catholic Church, leaving the Papacy vacant for the 4th time in 16 months.

Date unknown

1592

January–March

April–June

July–September

October–December

Date unknown

1593

January–March

April–June

  • April 10 The English Parliament enacts a law for the first military disability pension in British history, titled "An Acte for relief of Soudiours". The Act states that "forasmuch as it is agreable with Christian Charity Policy and the Honour of our Nation, that such as have since the 25th day of March 1588, adventured their lives and lost their limbs or disabled their bodies, or shall hereafter adventure the lives, lose their limbs or disable their bodies, in defence and service of Her Majesty and the State, should at their return be relieved and rewarded to the end that they may reap the fruit of their good deservings, and others may be encouraged to perform like endeavors..."[55]
  • April 18 Anglo-Spanish War: Naval Battle of Blaye in the Gironde estuary sees a Spanish victory over the blockading English fleet, allowing the Spanish to relieve the French Catholic garrison of Blaye.[56]
  • After April William Shakespeare's poem Venus and Adonis probably becomes his first published work, printed in London from his own manuscript. In his lifetime it will be his most frequently reprinted work: at least nine times.[57]
  • May 5 "Dutch church libel" bills posted in London threaten Protestant refugees from France and the Netherlands, alluding to Christopher Marlowe's plays.
  • May 12 English dramatist Thomas Kyd is arrested over the "Dutch church libel". "Atheist" literature found in his home is claimed to be Marlowe's.[58]
  • May 18 A warrant for the arrest of Christopher Marlowe is issued. On May 20 he presents himself to the Privy Council.
  • May 30 Christopher Marlowe is stabbed to death in a dispute over a bill at a lodging house in Deptford.[59]
  • June 7 Battle of Salbertrand in Piedmont: Victory of François de Bonne, Duke of Lesdiguières, over the Spanish of Rodrigue Alvarez of Toledo, allies of Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy.[60]
  • June 22 Battle of Sisak in Croatia: The Habsburgs defeat the Ottoman Empire.[61]

July–September

  • July 25 As he promised in January, Henry IV of France abjures Protestantism at the Basilica of Saint-Denis.[62] Legend attributes to him the saying Paris vaut bien une messe ("Paris is well worth a mass").[63]
  • July 29 The Long War breaks out in Hungary between the Habsburgs and the Ottomans.
  • August 3 Poland's council of nobles, the Sejm, grants permission to King Sigismund III Vasa and his wife, Queen consort Anne, to travel to Sweden to claim the Swedish crown.
  • August 24 After losing the Battle of Sisak two months earlier, the Ottoman Empire attacks the Austrian fortress guarding the city and breaks through its walls with cannon fire, forcing its surrender on August 30.
  • September 10 With no fortress or troops to defend Croatia, Ottoman General Mehmed Pasha captures the city of Sisak. Selânikî Mustafa Efendi, Tarih-i Selânikî (Türk Tarih Kurumu, 1999)

October–December

  • October 11 The Battle of Belleek takes place at County Fermanagh in Ireland as an English expeditionary force led by Henry Bagenal defeats Irish troops commanded by the Lord of Fermanagh.
  • October 24 Supposed date of the event described in the 1593 transported soldier legend.
  • October 28 The Siege of Coevorden begins as the Spanish Army attempts to retake a fortress captured a year earlier by the Dutch Republic and the Kingdom of England.[64]
  • November 27 Antonio Grimaldi Cebà begins a two-year term as the new Doge of the Republic of Genoa, succeeding Giovanni Giustiniani Campi.
  • December 6 The Battle of Dryfe Sands takes place in Scotland at Annandale, between rival clans as John Maxwell leads Clan Maxwell, aided by Clan Grierson and Clan Pollock, in an invasion of the lands of Clan Johnstone, led by Sir James Johnstone. With their defense aided by Clan Scott and Clan Graham, the Johnstone clan wins the battle, but only 160 of the 600 defenders survive the fight.[65]
  • December 27 Spanish Jesuit priest Gregorio Céspedes becomes the first Christian missionary to Korea, arriving at Busan to begin his ministry in the Buddhist kingdom of Joseon. Céspedes is able to enter Korea by coming with the Japanese invasion force of General Toyotomi Hideyoshi.[66]

Date unknown

1594

JanuaryMarch

AprilJune

JulySeptember

OctoberDecember

Date unknown

1595

JanuaryMarch

AprilJune

JulySeptember

OctoberDecember

  • October 26 Battle of Giurgiu: Michael the Brave, led by Transylvanian Prince Sigismund Báthory, again defeats the Turkish army led by Sinan Pasha, pushing them on the east side of the Danube.
  • October 30 The surviving members of Spain's Mendaña expedition to Santa Cruz, including Mendaña's widow Isabel Barreto, decide to abandon the Santa Cruz colony in the South Pacific.
  • November 7 Portuguese explorer Sebastião Rodrigues Soromenho, who had departed from the Philippines on the ship San Agustin on July 5 with cargo of Asian silk, porcelain, and almost 100 passengers and crew, drops anchor at Drakes Bay in what is now the U.S. state of California. [94] He and some of his crew come ashore, where they are greeted by Native Americans. A gale in a few weeks later sinks the San Agustin, killing at least 7 people and ruining the ship's cargo. The crew salvages a launch that they had brought with them.
  • November 8 The Battle of Guadalupe Island is fought between nine English Navy warships (led by Sir Francis Drake) and eight Spanish frigates off in the North Atlantic Ocean. The Spanish force wins the battle, capturing one ship and killing 45 English sailors. Both sets of ships proceed toward Puerto Rico.
  • November 9 In India, Prince Man Singh I, Maharaja of Amber within the Mughal Empire, becomes the Mughal Governor (subahdar) of Bengal in what is now Bangladesh and the Indian state of West Bengal. He lays the foundations of a new capital of Bengal, Akbarnagar (now Rajmahal, Jharkhand state). [95]
  • November 17 In the remodeling of the Church of Saint Sylvester in Rome, the ashes of Pope Anterus are discovered almost 1,360 years after his death. Anterus had served as Pope for six weeks before dying on January 3, 236. [96]
  • November 18 The settlers of the first attempt to create a European colony in the South Pacific depart from Santa Cruz Island on three surviving ships, the San Geronimo, the San Felipe and the Santa Catalina (which disappears during the attempt to return home). Despite the lack of navigation charts, navigator Pedro Fernandes de Queirós brings the San Geronimo and the San Felipe back to Manila Bay, arriving on February 11 after 12 weeks and the deaths of 50 passengers.
  • November 22 The Battle of San Juan is fought off of the island of Puerto Rico as an English fleet of 27 ships and 2,500 men, led by Francis Drake, attempts to invade the Spanish colony. In a three-day battle, the English lose at least eight ships and 400 men, including Admiral John Hawkins. Drake's fleet withdraws and attempts to conquer Panama. [97]
  • December 8 A group of 80 people from the sunken ship San Agustin, are able to leave California on the launch which they had brought along, which they name the San Buenaventura. The group sails past San Francisco Bay and arrives at Chacala in Mexico on January 17. [94]
  • December 9 What is probably the first performance of William Shakespeare's play, Richard II, takes place in London.
  • December 14 Sultan Murad, 4th son of Emperor Akbar of the Mughal Empire invades Ahmednagar Sultanate which is defended by Chand Bibi.

Date unknown

1596

January–March

  • January 6 – Drake's Assault on Panama: Sir Francis Drake, General Thomas Baskerville and an English force of 15 ships land at the Atlantic Ocean port of Nombre de Dios in an attempt to capture the Isthmus of Panama.[99]
  • January 20 – Francis Drake, unable to receive a ransom for the town of Nombre de Dios, orders the town and all Spanish ships in harbor to be burned. At the same time, General Baskerville leads 750 men on a mission to clear the Isthmus of Spanish parties.[100]
  • January 27 – With an epidemic of dysentery spreading through the English forces of Drake and Baskerville, Drake orders survivors to retreat to the English ships, anchored off of the island of Escudo de Veraguas. Drake dies of dystentery two days later on his flagship, Defiance.[101]
  • February 11Albert of Austria arrives in Brussels to begin his administration as Governor General of the Habsburg Netherlands.
  • February 14 – Archbishop John Whitgift begins building his hospital at Croydon.
  • March 11 – The Battle of Pinos is fought between the English Navy (with 14 warships) and the Spanish Navy (with 13 galleons) off of the coast Cuba's Isla de Pinos, with 325 English Navy men killed or captured, while Spain drives Baskerville's ships to retreat and sustains 80 dead or wounded.[102]
  • March 15 – During Spain's Brittany Campaign during the Anglo-Spanish War, a Spanish ship carrying 25 soldiers invades England after arriving at Cawsand Bay in Cornwall. After starting a fire, the Spanish retreat.[103]

April–June

July–September

  • July 5Capture of Cádiz: An English fleet, commanded by Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, and Lord Howard of Effingham, sacks Cádiz.
  • July 14 – King Dominicus Corea (Edirille Bandara) is beheaded by the Portuguese in Colombo, Ceylon.
  • July 18 – Queen Elizabeth I of England issues "an open warrant to the Lord Mayor of London and the aldermen and his brethren, and to all other vice-admirals, mayors, and other public officers whatsoever to whom it may appertain" directing that Africans in the realm will be deported. Citing a request from Casper van Senden "to have licence to take up so many blackamoors here in this realm and to transport them into Spain and Portugal," the Queen notes that "Her majesty... considering the reasonableness of his request to transport so many blackamoors from hence, doth think it a very good exchange and that those kind of people may be well spared in this realm being so populous and numbers of able persons the subjects of the land and Christian people that perish for want of service, whereby through their labor they might be maintained."[104][105]
  • August 18 – The siege of the Dutch city of Hulst is completed after a month as Spanish forces under the command of Albert, son of the late Holy Roman Emperor Maxmimilan II, force the surrender of the city.
  • August 29 – The coronation of Christian IV as King of Denmark and King of Norway takes place at the Vor Frue Kirke cathedral in Copenhagen. The Bishop of Zealand, Peder Virstrup, places the crown upon the head of King Christian IV, who had become the monarch in 1588 at the age of 11.
  • AugustDavid Fabricius discovers the variable nature of the star Mira.
  • September 20 – Diego de Montemayor founds the city of Monterrey, Mexico.

October–December

Date unknown

1597

January–March

April–June

July–September

October–December

  • October 18 – The 3rd Spanish Armada, a fleet of 140 ships, departs from the port of La Coruña with 12,634 soldiers and sailors and a plan to invade the British Isles with a landing at Falmouth in Cornwall. [114]
  • October 21 – The Spanish Armada reaches the English Channel without opposition. An English ship sees the invading force's approach, but is intercepted and sunk, with the survivors being taken prisoner. The Armada encounters a storm the next day. [115]
  • October 25 – Following the loss of an artillery ship and the galleon San Bartolome, Spanish Admiral Diego Brochero orders the remaining ships in the attacking Armada to disperse until the weather improves. [115]
  • October 26 – Battle of Myeongnyang: The Koreans, commanded by Yi Sunsin, are victorious over a Japanese invasion fleet.
  • November 10 – In the last major action during the war of the 3rd Spanish Armada, the galleon Bear of Amsterdam is captured as it approaches Falmouth, where an English squadron intercepts it and leads it into Dartmouth.
  • November 12 – Lingen capitulates to forces led by Maurice of Nassau.
  • November 21 – The remainder of the 3rd Spanish Armada is assembled at La Coruña. Only 108 of the original fleet of 140 ships is left, and many of the vessels require food and supplies. King Philip elects not to attempt another invasion of the British Isles.
  • December 6 – Queen Elizabeth of England appoints George Nicholson as the English Resident in Scotland, the London's chief diplomatic official to Edinburgh, with a letter of accreditation for Nicholson to present to King James VI of Scotland. [116]
  • December 7 – Lazzaro Grimaldi Cebà is elected as the new Doge of the Republic of Genoa, as the previous chief executive, Matteo Senarega completes his two-year term. Senarega is given the post of procuratore perpetuo.
  • December 23
    • The Roman Catholic order of the Congregatio Patrum Doctrinae Christianae, which will later be more commonly known as the Christian Doctrine Fathers, is approved by Pope Clement VIII. Founded on September 29, 1592, the order continues to operate more than four centuries later and is headquartered in Rome.
    • Prince Sigismund Báthory signs an agreement with Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor to abdicate the throne of Transylvania in return for the Silesian duchies of Racibórz and Opole and an annual subsidy of 50,000 thalers.

Date unknown

1598

January–March

April–June

July–September

October–December

  • October 19 – The Siege of Suncheon, an attempt by Korean and Chinese troops to capture the Japanese-occupied Suncheon Castle. [131] An attempt to lure Japanese General Konishi Yukinaga into an ambush fails when a Korean Army cannon is fired too early and gives away the Korean plan.
  • November 2 – Admiral Yi Sunsin of the Korean Navy attempts to bombard the Suncheon Castle, two days after the joint Chinese and Korean land assault is driven back. Korea and Japan lose 39 ships when a large number of the fleet gets stuck in the shallow waters at low tide and the vessels are attacked by the Japanese. Yi Sunsin calls off the siege the next day. [132]
  • November 10 (11th waxing of Tazaungmon 960 ME) – In what is now the Rakhine State of Myanmar, King Min Razagyi of Arakan and the rebel leader Minye Thihathu begin their assault on Pegu, the remaining portion of the Toungoo Empire in southern Burma. [133]
  • November 15 – Pope Clement VIII authorizes the marriage between Albert of Austria and Isabella Clara Eugenia of Spain. The two will be married on April 18.
  • December 4 – In what is now part of the U.S. state of New Mexico, a dispute breaks out between the Keres people of the Acoma Pueblo (near what is now Albuquerque, New Mexico between the Keres Chief Zutacapan and the Spanish colonial envoy Juan de Zaldívar. After being refused food and shelter for himself and his 16 men, Zaldivar retaliates by pillaging Acoma, and Zutacapan orders a counterattack in which Zaldivar and 11 other men are killed. [134] Spanish troops from the Santa Fe de New Mexico colony retaliate on January 22 by carrying out the Acoma Massacre of 800 people.
  • December 16 (Keichō 3, 19th day of the 11th month, lunar calendar) – Battle of Noryang: An allied Korean and Chinese fleet under Korean Admiral Yi Sun-sin and Chinese Admiral Chen Lin defeats the Japanese navy, ending the Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–98).[135]
  • December 21Battle of Curalaba: The revolting Mapuche, led by cacique Pelantaro, inflict a major defeat on Spanish troops in southern Chile; all Spanish cities south of the Bío Bío River eventually fall victim to the Destruction of the Seven Cities by the Mapuches, and all conquest of Mapuche territories by Europeans practically ceases, until the later 19th century Occupation of Araucanía.
  • December 29Pope Clement VIII refuses to allow dispensation for Henry of Lorraine, who is Catholic, to marry Catherine of Bourbon, a Protestant Calvinist. King Henry IV of France then intimidates the Catholic Archbishop of Reims into authorizing the marriage. [125]

Date unknown

1599

January–March

April–June

July–September

October–December

Date unknown

Births

1590

Emperor Ahmed I
  • July 3 Lucrezia Orsina Vizzana, Italian singer and composer (d. 1662)
  • July 13 Pope Clement X (d. 1676)[146]
  • July 26 Johannes Crellius, PolishGerman theologian (d. 1633)
  • August 6 Count John Louis of Nassau-Hadamar (d. 1653)
  • August 7 Charles of Austria, Bishop of Wroclaw (d. 1624)
  • August 9 John Webster, colonial settler and governor of Connecticut (d. 1661)
  • August 19 Henry Rich, 1st Earl of Holland, English soldier (d. 1649)
  • August 27 Ferruccio Baffa Trasci, Italian bishop (d. 1656)
  • August 30 Anthony Stapley, English politician (d. 1655)
  • September 12 María de Zayas, Spanish writer (d. 1661)
  • September 15 Erasmus Earle, English barrister and politician (d. 1667)
  • October 3 Anna of Pomerania, Duchess-Consort of Croy and Havré (d. 1660)
  • October 11 William Pynchon, English colonist and fur trader in North America (d. 1662)
  • November 25 Juan Alonso de Cuevas y Davalos, Roman Catholic prelate, Archbishop of Mexico and Antequera (d. 1665)
  • December 3 Daniel Seghers, Flemish Jesuit brother and painter (d. 1661)
  • December 14 John West, colonial governor of Virginia (d. 1659)
  • December 18 William Louis, Count of Nassau-Saarbrücken (d. 1640)
  • Angelica Veronica Airola, Italian painter (d. 1670)
  • Boris Morozov, Russian statesman and boyar (d. 1661)
  • Isaac de Caus, French landscaper (d. 1648)
  • Yamada Nagamasa, Japanese adventurer (d. 1630)
  • Ii Naokatsu, Japanese daimyō (d. 1662)
  • William Bradford, English leader of Plymouth Colony (d. 1657)
  • William Browne, English poet (d. 1645)
  • Theophilus Eaton, Puritan colonial merchant (d. 1658)
  • Kösem Sultan (d. 1651)
  • Mícheál Ó Cléirigh, Irish chronicler (d. 1643)
  • Marie Vernier, French actress (d. 1627)
  • Caterina Assandra, Italian composer (died c. 1618)
  • Magdalena Andersdotter, Norwegian-Faroese shipowner (d. 1650)
  • Teofila Chmielecka, Polish military role model (d. 1650)
  • Marie Fouquet, French medical writer and philanthropist (d. 1681)

1591

Michael de Sanctis
  • David Blondel, French Protestant clergyman (d. 1655)
  • Andrew Bobola, Polish Jesuit missionary and martyr (d. 1657)
  • Thomas Goffe, English dramatist (d. 1629)
  • William Lenthall, English politician of the Civil War period (d. 1662)

1592

Emperor Shah Jahan born on January 15
Sir John Eliot born on April 11
Francis Quarles born on May 8
Emperor Hong Taiji born on November 28
  • January 5 Shah Jahan, 5th Mughal Emperor of India from 1628 to 1658 (d. 1666)
  • January 22
    • Philippe Alegambe, Belgian Jesuit priest and bibliographer (d. 1652)
    • Pierre Gassendi, French philosopher and scientist (d. 1655)[148]
  • February 5 Vincenzo della Greca, Italian architect (d. 1661)
  • February 22 Nicholas Ferrar, English trader (d. 1637)
  • February 23 Balthazar Gerbier, Dutch painter (d. 1663)
  • March 20 Giovanni da San Giovanni, Italian painter (d. 1636)
  • March 28 Comenius, Czech teacher and writer (d. 1670)[149]
  • April 4 Abraham Elzevir, Dutch printer (d. 1652)
  • April 9 Jiří Třanovský, Czech priest and musician (d. 1637)
  • April 11 John Eliot, Member of Parliament, Statesman, Vice-Admiral of Devon (d. 1632)
  • April 15 Francesco Maria Brancaccio, Catholic cardinal (d. 1675)
  • April 22 Wilhelm Schickard, German inventor (d. 1635)
  • April 24
    • Marcos Ramírez de Prado y Ovando, Roman Catholic prelate who served as Archbishop of Mexico (d. 1667)
    • Sir John Trelawny, 1st Baronet, British baronet (d. 1664)
  • May 8 Francis Quarles, English poet most famous for his Emblem book aptly entitled Emblems (d. 1644)
  • May 14 Alice Barnham, wife of English scientific philosopher and statesman Francis Bacon (d. 1650)
  • June 7 Balthasar Cordier, Belgian Jesuit exegete, editor (d. 1650)
  • June 9 Jean de Brisacier, French Jesuit (d. 1668)
  • June 13
    • Sophia Hedwig of Brunswick-Lüneburg, German noblewoman (d. 1642)
    • Tobias Michael, German composer and cantor (d. 1657)[150]
  • Catalina de Erauso, Spanish-Mexican nun and soldier (d. 1650)
  • Richard Bellingham, American colonial magistrate (d. 1672)
  • John Hacket, English churchman (d. 1670)
  • Angélique Paulet, French salonnière, singer, musician and actress (d. 1651)
  • Ingen, Chinese Zen Buddhist poet, calligrapher (d. 1673)
  • John Jenkins, English composer (d. 1678)
  • John Oldham, early English settler in Massachusetts (d. 1636)
  • Walatta Petros, saint in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church (d. 1642)
  • Sara Copia Sullam, Italian poet and writer (d. 1641)

1593

Catherine de' Medici, Governor of Siena
Elisabeth of Brunswick-Wolfenbuttel, Duchess of Saxe-Altenburg
  • January 1 Sun Chuanting, Ming Dynasty general (d. 1643)
  • January 10 Prince Maurice of Savoy, Catholic cardinal and Prince of Savoy (d. 1657)
  • February 8 Louis de Nogaret de La Valette, French Catholic Cardinal (d. 1639)
  • February 24 Henry de Vere, 18th Earl of Oxford, English noble (d. 1625)
  • March 1 Franz Wilhelm von Wartenberg, German Catholic cardinal (d. 1661)
  • March 13 Georges de La Tour, French Baroque painter (d. 1652)
  • March 20 Jean de La Haye, French preacher and biblical scholar (d. 1661)
  • March 22 Johann Ulrich Steigleder, German composer (d. 1635)
  • March 25 Jean de Brébeuf, French Jesuit missionary who travelled to Canada in 1625 (d. 1649)
  • April Mumtaz Mahal, Queen of India (d. 1631)
  • April 3 George Herbert, Welsh-born English poet (d. 1633)[151]
  • April 4 Edward Nicholas, English statesman (d. 1669)
  • April 12 Nicholas Martyn, English politician (d. 1653)
  • April 13 Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford, English statesman (d. 1641)
  • April 19 Sir John Hobart, 2nd Baronet, English politician (d. 1647)
  • April 27 Jérôme Lalemant, French Jesuit priest and missionary to Canada (d. 1673)
  • May 2
    • John Forbes, Scottish theologian (d. 1648)
    • Catherine de' Medici, Governor of Siena, Italian princess (d. 1629)
  • May 5 Cesare Monti, Italian cardinal, Archbishop of Milan (d. 1650)
  • May 19
  • June 3 Richard Knightley, English politician (d. 1639)
  • June 8 George I Rákóczi, Hungarian prince of Transylvania (d. 1648)
  • June 22 Sir John Gell, 1st Baronet, Parliamentarian politician and military figure in the English Civil War (d. 1671)
  • June 23 Elisabeth of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Duchess of Saxe-Altenburg (d. 1650)
  • June 24 Abraham von Franckenberg, German writer (d. 1652)
Sixtinus Amama
Liborius Wagner
  • July 5 Achille d'Étampes de Valençay, Knight of Malta (d. 1646)
  • July 8
  • July 20 Henry Ernest, Count of Stolberg, then count of Stolberg-Ilsenburg (d. 1672)
  • July 30 William, Margrave of Baden-Baden (1596–1677) (d. 1677)
  • August 9 Izaak Walton, English writer (d. 1683)[153]
  • August 12 Jonathan Brewster, American settler (d. 1659)
  • August 30 Noël Juchereau, Quebec pioneer (d. 1648)
  • September 5 Orazio Riminaldi, Italian painter (d. 1630)
  • September 8 Toyotomi Hideyori, Japanese nobleman (d. 1615)
  • September 20 Gottfried Scheidt, German composer (d. 1661)
  • September 22 A. Matthäus Merian, Swiss cartographer (d. 1650)
  • September 26 Francis Osborne, English writer (d. 1659)
  • October 6 Jobst Herman, Count of Schaumburg (d. 1635)
  • October 9 Nicolaes Tulp, Dutch anatomist and politician (d. 1674)
  • October 13 Sixtinus Amama, Dutch Reformed theologian and orientalist (d. 1629)
  • October 23 Michael Warton, English politician (d. 1645)
  • October 27 Christoffer Urne, Governor General of Norway (d. 1663)
  • November 1 Abel Servien, French diplomat (d. 1659)
  • November 25 Alain de Solminihac, French bishop and beatified person (d. 1659)
  • December 5 Liborius Wagner, German Roman Catholic priest (d. 1631)
  • December 11 Sir William Airmine, 1st Baronet, English politician (d. 1651)
  • December 12
    • Adam Christian Agricola, German Evangelical preacher (d. 1645)
    • Nathaniel Bacon, English politician (d. 1660)
  • Leonardo Agostini, Italian antiquary (d. 1685)
  • Louis Barbier, French bishop (d. 1670)
  • Francis Russell, 4th Earl of Bedford (d. 1641)
  • Claudia Rusca, Italian composer, singer, and organist (d. 1676)
  • Mervyn Tuchet, 2nd Earl of Castlehaven (d. 1631)
  • Anthony van Diemen, Dutch merchant (d. 1645)
  • Jerónimo Lobo, Portuguese Jesuit missionary (d. 1678)
  • Mikołaj Ostroróg, Polish nobleman (d. 1651)
  • Sir George Radcliffe, English politician (d. 1657)
  • Kimura Shigenari, Japanese samurai (d. 1615)
  • Giovanni Battista Pacetti, Italian painter (d. 1630)

1594

Maria Tesselschade Visscher
  • July 6 Frederick V, Margrave of Baden-Durlach (1622–1659) (d. 1659)
  • July 10 Bartolomeo Gennari, Italian painter (d. 1661)
  • July 14 Beat Albrecht von Ramstein, German Catholic bishop (d. 1651)
  • August 4 Aleksander Ludwik Radziwiłł, Polish noble (d. 1654)
  • August 5 Stefano Durazzo, Italian cardinal (d. 1667)
  • August 16 Queen Inyeol, Korean royal consort (d. 1636)
  • September 13 Francesco Manelli, Italian composer (d. 1667)
  • September 30 Antoine Girard de Saint-Amant, French poet (d. 1661)
  • October 4 Johan Schatter, Dutch Golden Age member of the Haarlem schutterij (d. 1673)
  • October 27 Johann Rudolf Wettstein, Swiss diplomat (d. 1666)
  • November 15 Jean Puget de la Serre, French author and dramatist (d. 1665)
  • November 24 Henry Grey, 10th Earl of Kent (d. 1651)
  • November 26 James Ware, Irish genealogist (d. 1666)
  • November 30 John Cosin, English churchman (d. 1672)
  • December 7 Frederik Coning, Dutch Golden Age member of the Haarlem schutterij (d. 1636)
  • December 8 Pierre Petit, French astronomer, military engineer, and physicist (d. 1677)
  • December 9 King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden, Swedish king and general (d. 1632)
  • December 21 Robert Sutton, 1st Baron Lexinton, English politician (d. 1668)
  • December 24 Otto, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel, Prince of Hesse-Kassel, Administrator of Hersfeld Abbey (d. 1617)
  • December 27 Ove Gjedde, Danish admiral, member of the interim government after the death of Christian IV (d. 1660)
  • John Bramhall, English Anglican clergyman and controversialist (d. 1663)
  • Peter Oliver, English miniaturist (d. 1648)
  • Tomasz Zamoyski, Polish nobleman (d. 1638)

1595

Hedwig of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
  • January 15 Henry Carey, 2nd Earl of Monmouth, English politician (d. 1661)
  • January 22 George Rudolf of Liegnitz, Polish noble (d. 1653)
  • January 23 Herman Fortunatus, Margrave of Baden-Rodemachern (d. 1665)
  • February 9 Hedwig of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Duchess consort of Pomerania (d. 1650)
  • March 19 Carlo de' Medici, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1666)
  • March 21 Ferdinando Ughelli, Italian Cistercian monk and church historian (d. 1670)
  • March 23 Bevil Grenville, English royalist soldier (d. 1643)
  • April 5 John Wilson, English composer (d. 1674)
  • April 6
    • Henri II d'Orléans, Duke of Longueville, Prince of France (d. 1663)
    • Pieter de Molijn, Dutch painter (d. 1661)
  • April 12 Miles Hobart, English politician (d. 1632)
  • April 30
  • May 1 Lars Kagg, Swedish count and military Officer (d. 1661)
  • May 3 Aloysius Gottifredi, Italian Jesuit (d. 1652)
  • June 9 King Wladislaus IV of Poland (d. 1648)[155]
  • June 10 Aegidius Gelenius, German heraldist (d. 1656)
  • June 13
    • John Holles, 2nd Earl of Clare, English politician and Earl (d. 1666)
    • Jan Marek Marci, Bohemian physician and scientist (d. 1667)
  • June 19 Guru Har Gobind, the Sixth Sikh Guru (d. 1644)
  • June 24 Ulderico Carpegna, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1679)
  • Thomas Carew, English poet (d. 1645)
  • Miles Corbet, English Puritan politician (d. 1662)
  • Jean Desmarets, French writer (d. 1676)
  • Henry Herbert, English official (d. 1673)
  • Lars Kagg, Swedish soldier and politician (d. 1661)
  • Thomas May, English poet and historian (d. 1650)
  • Bartholomaeus Nigrinus, Polish Rosicrucian (d. 1646)
  • Pocahontas, Algonquian princess (d. 1617)
  • Mikołaj Potocki, Polish politician (d. 1651)
  • Robert Sempill the younger, Scottish writer (d. 1663)
  • Cornelius Vermuyden, Dutch engineer (d. 1683)

1596

  • Francesco Buonamici, Italian architect, painter and engraver (d. 1677)[160]
  • John Dury, Scottish-born Calvinist minister (d. 1680)
  • Franz von Hatzfeld, Prince-Bishop of Würzburg (d. 1642)
  • Lucas Holstenius, German humanist (d. 1661)
  • Georg Jenatsch, Swiss political leader (d. 1639)
  • Richard Mather, American clergyman (d. 1669)
  • Horio Tadaharu, Japanese warlord (d. 1633)
  • Pocahontas, Algonquian (Native American) princess (d. 1617)

1597

Henry Gage
Justus Sustermans
  • July 2 – Theodoor Rombouts, Flemish painter (d. 1637)
  • July 13Sebastian Stoskopff, French painter (d. 1657)
  • July 22 – Virgilio Mazzocchi, Italian Baroque composer (d. 1646)
  • July 29 – Abdias Treu, German mathematician and academic (d. 1669)
  • August 20
    • Girolamo Grimaldi-Cavalleroni, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1685)
    • Józef Bartłomiej Zimorowic, Polish poet (d. 1677)
  • August 21 – Roger Twysden, English antiquarian and royalist (d. 1672)
  • August 29 – Henry Gage, Royalist officer in the English Civil War (d. 1645)
  • September 23Francesco Barberini, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1679)
  • September 28 – Justus Sustermans, Flemish painter (d. 1681)
  • Cristóbal Diatristán de Acuña, Spanish missionary and explorer (d. 1676)
  • Johan van Heemskerk, Dutch poet (d. 1656)
  • Cornelis Jol, Dutch naval commander and privateer (d. 1641)
  • Wang Wei, Chinese poet (d. 1647)

1598

  • January 23François Mansart, French architect (d. 1666)
  • March 12 – Guillaume Colletet, French writer (d. 1659)
  • March 13 – Johannes Loccenius, German historian (d. 1677)
  • March 15 – Redemptus of the Cross, Portuguese Carmelite lay brother and martyr (d. 1638)
  • March 25
    • Ralph Corbie, Irish Jesuit (d. 1644)
    • Robert Trelawney, English politician (d. 1643)
  • March 26 – Sir William Lewis, 1st Baronet, English politician (d. 1677)

1599

  • January 22 – Robert Petre, 3rd Baron Petre, English baron (d. 1638)
  • January 31 – Juraj V Zrinski, Ban of Croatia (d. 1626)
  • February 12
    • Duke Friedrich of Saxe-Altenburg, third son of Duke Friedrich Wilhelm I of Saxe-Weimar (d. 1625)
    • Thomas Whitmore, English lawyer and politician who sat in the House of Commons (d. 1677)
  • February 13Pope Alexander VII (d. 1667)[165]
  • March 1 – John Mennes, English Royal Navy admiral (d. 1671)
  • March 3 – Juan Alfonso Enríquez de Cabrera, Viceroy of Sicily and Viceroy of Naples (d. 1647)
  • March 13John Berchmans, Belgian Jesuit scholastic and saint (d. 1621)
  • March 22 – Anthony van Dyck, Flemish painter (d. 1641)[166]
  • March 23 – Thomas Selle, German baroque composer (d. 1663)
  • March 28Witte de With, famous Dutch naval officer of the 17th century (d. 1658)
  • October 10
    • Samuel Clarke, English writer and priest (d. 1683)
    • Étienne Moulinié, French Baroque composer (d. 1676)
  • October 11 – Abraham de Fabert, Marshal of France (d. 1662)
  • October 15 – Cornelis de Graeff, Dutch mayor (d. 1664)
  • October 28Marie of the Incarnation, French foundress of the Ursuline Monastery in Quebec (d. 1672)
  • October 31Denzil Holles, 1st Baron Holles, English statesman and writer (d. 1680)
  • November 5 – Carlo Emanuele Madruzzo, Italian prince-bishop (d. 1658)
  • November 11
  • November 13 – Otto Christoph von Sparr, German general (d. 1668)
  • November 15 – Werner Rolfinck, German physician, chemist, botanist and philosopher (d. 1673)
  • November 29Peter Heylin, English ecclesiastic and author of many polemical works (d. 1662)
  • November 30Andrea Sacchi, Italian painter of High Baroque Classicism (d. 1661)
  • December 2
    • Thomas Bruce, 1st Earl of Elgin, Scottish nobleman (d. 1663)
    • Alexander Daniell, sole proprietor of the Manor of Alverton, Cornwall (d. 1668)
  • December 11 – Pieter Codde, Dutch painter (d. 1678)
  • December 14 – Charles Berkeley, 2nd Viscount Fitzhardinge, English politician (d. 1668)
  • December 16 – Jacques Vallée, Sieur Des Barreaux, French poet (d. 1673)
  • December 20 – Niels Trolle, Governor General of Norway (d. 1667)
  • December 29 – Gabriel Bucelin, German historian (d. 1681)

Deaths

1590

  • Nicholas Bobadilla, one of the first Spanish Jesuits (b. 1511)
  • Marietta Robusti, Venetian Renaissance painter (b. 1555 or 1560)
  • Roger Dudley, British soldier (b. 1535)
  • Sorley Boy MacDonnell, Irish chieftain (b. 1505)
  • Juan Bautista de Pomar, Spanish colonial historian and writer
  • Catherine Salvaresso, Wallachian regent
  • Maddalena Casulana, Italian composer, lutenist and singer (d. 1544)

Bernard Palissy, French potter (b. 1510)

1591

  • Ananias Dare, father of Virginia Dare, (b. circa 1560)
  • Virginia Dare, first English child born in America, (b. 1587) (Unverified)
  • (by February 6) Crispin van den Broeck, Flemish painter (b. 1523)
  • John Erskine of Dun, Scottish religious reformer (b. 1509)
  • Veronica Franco, Italian poet and courtesan (b. 1546)

1592

Saint Paschal Baylon died on May 17, 1592
King John III of Sweden died on November 17, 1592

1593

The Marlowe portrait, often claimed to be Christopher Marlowe, playwright

1594

1595

Magnus, Duke of Östergötland

1596

Hattori Hanzō

1597

1598

1599

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