1580s

The 1580s decade ran from January 1, 1580, to December 31, 1589.

English Ships and the Spanish Armada, August 1588
Millennium
2nd millennium
Centuries
Decades
Years
Categories
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Events

1580

January–March

April–June
  • April 6 – The Dover Straits earthquake occurs.[5]
  • April 9 – English Fury at Mechelen: English and Scottish mercenaries, assisting the Dutch Republic, storm the Spanish Netherlands city of Mechelen (in modern-day Belgium), killing 60 civilians and plundering the town's houses and churches.[6]
  • May 29 – Stephen Báthory is formally crowned as Grand Duke of Lithuania at the Vilnius Cathedral.[7]
  • May – The Lipizzan stud is established by Charles II, Archduke of Austria.
  • June 5 – In the Kingdom of Golconda (part of the modern-day Indian state of Telangana), 15-year-old Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah is proclaimed as the new Sultan upon the death of his father, Ibrahim Quli Qutb Shah Wali.
  • June 9 – Rebels of the Dutch Union of Utrecht, aided by French soldiers, make a surprise attack on the Spanish Netherlands city of Diest in the Duchy of Brabant, and overwhelm the strategic location, now in Belgium, in one day.[8]
  • June 11 – Within the Viceroyalty of Peru in South America Spanish explorer Juan de Garay founds the first permanent Spanish settlement at what is now the capital of Argentina, on the Rio de la Plata. Garay, who came on an expedition down the Paraná River from Asunción (now in Paraguay), arrives at the site of the failed Spanish settlement of Ciudad de Nuestra Señora Santa María del Buen Ayre, that had been created by Pedro de Mendoza in 1536 and abandoned in 1542. Garay names the new settlement "Santísima Trinidad" but the city eventually takes the name of the port, which he calls "Puerto de Santa María de los Buenos Aires."[9]
  • June 21 (8 Cemazi ul-evvel 988 AH) – England signs a commercial treaty with the Ottoman Empire, and Sultan Murad III sends a letter to Queen Elizabeth I informing her, "Just as the merchants of Poland and France and Venice come and go, the merchants of your domain also shall bring wares to our Well-Protected Domains and take away wares."[10] In return, Murad III is able to purchase English metals (iron, brass and tin) for his war with Persia.[11]
  • June 25 – The Book of Concord, a collection of Lutheran confessional documents, is published.

July–September

October–December
  • October 4 – Lorenzo Suárez de Mendoza, the Spanish Count of Coruña, arrives in Mexico City to take office as the Viceroy of New Spain, administering Mexico and Central America on behalf of King Philip II.[17]
  • October 15 (5th waning of Tazaungmon 942 ME) – King Bayinnaung of Bruma dispatches a naval force of 200 ships and 8,000 soldiers to invade the Kingdom of Mrauk U (now in the Rakhine State of Myanmar), but the attempt fails after a year. Burmese troops are ordered withdrawn after Bayinnaung dies and is succeeded by his son Nanda Bayin.[18]
  • October 18 – The Siege of Steenwijk in the Dutch Republic is started by the Spanish Netherlands. The siege will last four months and the Spanish troops will capture Steenwijk on February 23.
  • October 24 – The War of the Portuguese Succession comes to an end as Spanish forces crush the final Portuguese resistance in the last stronghold in mainland Portugal, Porto. For the next 60 years, Portugal will be ruled by the Kings of Spain.
  • November 10 – Second Desmond Rebellion: The Siege of Smerwick (now Ard na Caithne in County Kerry, Ireland) ends after three days when their commander surrenders to the English. Members of a group of at least 400 freelance soldiers, and perhaps as many as 700, for the Papal States are summarily executed on orders of the English Lord Deputy of Ireland, Baron Grey de Wilton.[19]
  • December 31 – James Douglas, 4th Earl of Morton, formerly the regent for King James VI of Scotland, is arrested during a meeting of Scotland's Privy Council at Holyrood on the accusation of James Stewart, Earl of Arran that the Earl of Morton had participated in the 1567 murder of Lord Darnley, husband of Mary, Queen of Scots and father of King James.[20] Morton is taken to Dumbarton Castle and convicted of conspiracy to murder, and executed on June 2.

Date unknown
  • The Billy Mitchell volcano, on the island of Bougainville, undergoes a catastrophic eruption (VEI 6).
  • The first session of the Jewish Vaad (Council of Four Lands) is held in Lublin, Poland; 70 delegates of Jewish local qahals meet to discuss taxation, and other issues important to Jewish communities.
  • The Old City of Zamość is established in Poland, by Jan Zamoyski.
  • The 1580 influenza pandemic sweeps the world, starting in Asia and moving rapidly through Africa, Europe, and eventually the Americas. More than 10% of the population of Rome dies, and whole towns in Spain are depopulated.[21]

1581

January–March

April–June

July–September

October–December

Date unknown

1582

January–March

April–June
  • April 2 – 1582 Ancuancu earthquake: Ancuancu (in modern-day La Paz Department, Bolivia) is struck by an earthquake that reportedly buries all of the inhabitants, except for one chief, who reportedly loses the ability to speak.[43][44] On the place where the village had stood, the Jacha Kalla (Achocalla) valley is formed as a result of the earthquake.[45]
  • April 3 – Battle of Temmokuzan: Unable to reverse the collapse of Takeda clan, Takeda Katsuyori and his household commit suicide.
  • April 14 – King James VI of Scotland signs a charter creating the Tounis College, which becomes the University of Edinburgh.
  • April 16 – Spanish conquistador Hernando de Lerma founds the settlement of Salta, Argentina.
  • April 17 – Siege of Takamatsu: In Japan, Toyotomi Hideyoshi departs from the Himeji Castle in the modern-day Hyōgo Prefecture and begins his march westward with 20,000 soldiers to the Bitchū Province in the modern-day Okayama Prefecture. Along the way, he stops at the Kameyama Castle where he makes a rendezvous with the Ukita clan and 10,000 additional forces before proceeding toward the Takamatsu Castle.[46]
  • May 17 – The Siege of Takamatsu begins as Hideyoshi attacks the forces of Shimizu Muneharu, who has twice as many soldiers. Hideyhoshi orders an engineering project to block the Ashimori River and divert its waters to flood Takamatsu Castle. [46]
  • June 8 – Siege of Takamatsu: Heavy rains and the dikes built by Hideyoshi's forces turn the area around Takamatsu Castle into a lake.[46]
  • June 21 – (2nd day of the sixth month, Tenshō 10) The Honnō-ji Incident occurs in Kyoto in Japan, as Japanese warlord Oda Nobunaga, on the verge of unifying Japan under his rule, is assassinated following a betrayal by a rebel subject, Akechi Mitsuhide.[47]
  • June 23 – After learning of the assassination of his commander, Oda Nobunaga, Shimizu Muneharu surrenders Takamatsu Castle to Toyotomi Hideyoshi and, in return for the pledge that the castle's defenders will be spared, commits the ritual suicide of seppuku.[48]

July–September
Young King James, taken hostage

October–December

Date unknown
  • The temple complex of Kumbum is founded in Tibet.
  • In Ming dynasty China:
  • The sultanate of Morocco begins to press southward, in search of a greater share of the trans-Saharan trade.
  • The Cagayan battles in the Philippines, the only recorded clashes between European regular soldiers and samurai warriors.

1583

January–March

April–June

July–September
  • July 25 – Cuncolim Revolt: The first documented battle of India's independence against a European colonial ruler is fought by the Desais of Cuncolim in Goa, against the Portuguese.
  • August 5 – Sir Humphrey Gilbert, on the site of the modern-day city of St. John's, claims the island of Newfoundland on behalf of England, marking the beginning of the British Empire.
  • August 19 – Petru Cercel enters Bucharest, and becomes Prince of Wallachia.
  • August 29 – English ship Delight, with Humphrey Gilbert's expedition, becomes the first of over 350 ships over time to run aground and be wrecked on Sable Island in the North Atlantic.[67]
  • September 4 – King James VI of Scotland orders a gift to Colonel William Stewart in recognition of Stewart's rescue of the King from prison. Colonel Stewart is presented with some of the jewels of Mary, Queen of Scots (the King's mother).[68]
  • September 9 – English ship Squirrel, the flagship of explorer, Sir Humphrey Gilbert, sinks in a storm with all hands along with all but one of Gilbert's colonial expedition.[69] Gilbert and his men had been returning from North America after claiming Newfoundland in the name of Queen Elizabeth.[70]

October–December

Date unknown

1584
March 18: Feodor I becomes the new Tsar of Russia.
June 4: Roanoke Island is discovered by English settlers.

January–March

April–June

July–September

October–December
  • October 26 – At the Battle of Slunj in the Kingdom of Croatia, an Ottoman invasion led by Ferhad Pasha Sokolović is turned back by Croatian forces, aided by troops of the Habsburg monarchy.[95]
  • November 23 – In the wake of the Throckmorton plot to overthrow her government, Queen Elizabeth convenes a new session of the English House of Commons since 1581. John Puckering is appointed by her as the Speaker of the House of Commons, which has 460 members. The parliament passes the Safety of the Queen Act and the Jesuits Act 1584,[96]
  • November 24 – Albert Fontenay sends an enciphered letter to Mary, Queen of Scots that will become the chief evidence against her in her trial for treason during the Babington Plot. After becoming a witness for the English government in return for immunity from prosecution, Jérôme Pasquier will decipher the letter in 1586, leading to Mary's conviction for an attempt to assassinate Queen Elizabeth and to overthrow the English government.[97]
  • December 31 – The Treaty of Joinville is signed secretly between the French Catholic League and Spain.[98]

Date unknown

1585

January–March

April–June
  • April 10 – Pope Gregory XIII, known for promulgating the Gregorian calendar within the Roman Catholic nations of the world in 1582, dies after a reign of almost 13 years. A papal conclave is convened 11 days later to elect a successor.
  • April 21 – The papal conclave begins at the Vatican in Rome on Easter Sunday, with only 42 of the 60 cardinals attending. Early voting favors Cardinals Pier Donato Cesi and Guglielmo Sirleto, neither of whom receives a majority.[105]
  • April 24 – Cardinal Felice Piergentile of the church of San Girolamo dei Croati is unanimously elected as the 227th Pope, and takes the regnal name Pope Sixtus V.[106]
  • May 1 – The coronation of Pope Sixtus V takes place in Rome.
  • May 19 – Spain seizes English ships in Spanish ports,[26] precipitating the Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604).
  • June 11 – The 9.2 magnitude Aleutian Islands earthquake unleashes a tsunami in the Pacific Ocean, killing many people in Hawaii and reportedly striking Japan.[107]
  • June – Toyotomi Hideyoshi begins the invasion of the Japanese island of Shikoku with an army of 113,000 men on 703 ships. The troops are divided into three groups, with 60,000 commanded by Hashiba Hidenaga and Hashiba Hidetsugu toward the provinces of Awa and Tosa; 23,000 under Ukita Hideie at the province of Sanuki; and 30,000 under Kobayakawa Takakage and Kikkawa Motoharu for the province of Iyo.[108]

July–September

October–December

Date unknown

1586

1587

January–March
  • January 7 – Sir Walter Raleigh appoints John White to be the Governor of the Roanoke Colony, to be established later in the year by English colonists on Roanoke Island off the coast of what is now the U.S. state of North Carolina.[119] White and 121 other colonists depart from Portsmouth on three ships on May 8 and arrive at Croatoan Island on July 22.
  • January 14 – In Japan, Chancellor of the Realm Toyotomi Hideyoshi ends Portugal's control of the port of Nagasaki after six years. Omura Sumitada had leased the fishing village to Portuguese Jesuits on August 15, 1580. [120]
  • February 5 – (1st waxing of Tabaung 948 ME) King Nanda of Burma appoints his eldest son and heir apparent, Minye Kyawswa II, as Viceroy of Ava, now part of upper Burma, with a capital at Inwa (located in what is now the Mandalay Region of Myanmar.
  • February 8 – Mary, Queen of Scots, the monarch of Scotland from 1542 to 1567, is beheaded in front of 300 witnesses at Fotheringhay Castle, seven days after the signing of a death warrant by her cousin, Queen Elizabeth of England. Mary had been convicted of treason for her role in the Babington Plot, a conspiracy to overthrow the English government and to assassinate Elizabeth.[121]
  • February 12 – A period of exceptionally severe cold begins in western Europe and lasts until February 24.[122]
  • February 27 – Sir Anthony Cope, a member of the English Parliament, is imprisoned in the Tower of London after presenting a Puritan revision of the Anglican Book of Common Prayer to the Speaker of the House of Commons, Sir John Puckering.[123] He is released on March 23.
  • March 6 – In west Africa, Álvaro II Nimi a Nkanga becomes the new ruler of the Kingdom of Kongo, with a capital at São Salvador in what is now the city of M'banza-Kongo in the northern part of the Republic of Angola, and including parts of the Republic of the Congo and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Alvaro II claims the throne upon the dath of his father, Álvaro I Nimi a Lukeni lua Mvemba.
  • March 15 – English privateer accepts a commission from the Kingdom to disrupt Spanish freighters trading with italy.

April–June
  • April 20 – (14th waxing of Kason 949 ME) Burmese–Siamese War (1584–1593): Burma's siege of Ayutthaya (now in Thailand), capital of the Ayutthaya Kingdom, fails after six months as the troops of Burma's King Nanda Bayin begin their withdrawal.[124]
  • April 29 – Singeing the King of Spain's Beard: On an expedition against Spain, English privateer Sir Francis Drake leads a raid in the Bay of Cádiz, sinking at least 23 ships of the Spanish fleet.
  • May 8 – The second expedition to establish an English colony at Roanoke Island in North America departs from England with two ships, supplies, and 121 people under the command of John White.[125]
  • May 19 – John Davis sets out from Dartmouth, Devon, for a third attempt to find the Northwest Passage.
  • June 11 – (Tensho 15, 6th day of 5th month); Most of Kyushu is surrendered to Toyotomi Hideyoshi by Yoshihisa Shimazu, 32 days after Hideyoshi's siege of Kagoshima began (on the 3rd day of the 4th month). Hideyoshi follows on July 24 (19th day of the 6th month of Tensho 15) with an order banishing all European Christian missionaries from the province.
  • June 20 – Gabriel VIII becomes the new Pontiff of the Coptic Christian Church in Egypt, being enthroned as Pope Gabriel VIII and filling a vacancy that had existed for nine months since the death of Pope John XIV of Alexandria. Gabriel will reign until his death on May 14, 1603.

July–September

October–December

Date unknown

1588

January–March
  • January 22 – Pope Sixtus V issues the papal bull Immensa aeterni Dei, a major reorganization of the Roman Curia creating 15 congregations of cardinals, including the Congregation of the Index Librorum Prohibitorum, the Church list of forbidden books; the Congregation of the Inquisition; and the Congregation of the Vatican Press.[140]
  • January 24 – War of the Polish Succession: The Battle of Pitschen takes place at Pitschen (now Byczyna in Poland, with Polish and Lithuanian troops commanded by the Polish hetman Jan Zamoyski defending against an invading Austrian force commanded by Maximilian III, Archduke of Austria. After his army is routed, Archduke Maximilian surrenders and is taken as a prisoner of war, and will be held for more than a year until his release is compelled by the intervention of Pope Sixtus V.[141]
  • February 9 – The sudden death of Álvaro de Bazán, 1st Marquis of Santa Cruz, in the midst of preparations for the Spanish Armada, forces King Philip II of Spain to re-allocate the command of the fleet.[142]
  • February 18 – In what is now Sri Lanka, the siege of Colombo by King Rajasinha I of Sitawaka ends when Portuguese Admiral Pedro Teixeira arrives with a fleet of 80 ships and frees the capital of Portuguese Ceylon. King Rajasinha and his troops flee back to his capital at Seethawakapura.[143]
  • March 20 – The ascension of Shah Abbas I as Emperor in Iran, of the Safavid Empire, is made official on the first day of the New Year on the Zoroastrian Caledar. Abbas has ruled since October 16, 1587.[144]
  • March 25 – The English Army begins the recruitment of volunteers to prepare for the expected invasion by Spain. On April 10, 1593, the English Parliament will enact the first military pension, "An Acte for relief of Soudiours", providing that "forasmuch as it is agreable with Christian Charity Policy and the Honor of our Nation, that shuch as have since the 25th day of March 1588, adventured their lives and lost their limbs or disabled their bodies, or shall hereafter adventure the lives, lose their limbs or disable their bodies, in defence and service of Her Majesty and the State, should at their return be relieved and rewarded to the end that they may reap the fruit of their good deservings, and others may be encouraged to perform like endeavors..."[145]

April–June

July–September
  • July 15 – At Rouen, King Henry III of France gives in to the latest demands of the Catholic League and the Duke of Guise, and signs the Edict of Union, agreeing to not allow French Protestants to participate in government,[152] in return for being able to return to Paris.
  • July 31 – The first engagement between the English and Spanish fleets (off Plymouth) results in a victory for the English, under command of Lord Howard of Effingham and Sir Francis Drake.
  • August 2 – The English fleet defeats the Spanish fleet, off the Isle of Portland.[153]
  • August 7 – The English fleet defeats the Spanish fleet off the coast of Flanders.
  • August 8 (July 29 Old Style) – Battle of Gravelines: The Spanish Armada is defeated by the English naval force off the coast of Gravelines, in the Spanish Netherlands (modern France).[154]
  • August 9 – The Duke of Medina Sidonia, commander of the Spanish Armada, decides to return the fleet to Spain after two days of trying to reach the coast of Flanders, to meet up with the army of the Duke of Parma.[155]
  • August 12 – Much of the Spanish Armada is destroyed by storms during an attempt to around Scotland and Ireland. The fleeing Spanish fleet sails past the Firth of Forth, and the English call off their pursuit, avoiding the storm entirely.[155]
  • August 19 (August 9 Old Style) – Speech to the Troops at Tilbury by Queen Elizabeth I.[156]
  • August 29 (8th day of the 7th month, Tensho 16) – In Japan, the Chancellor of the Realm, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, issues an edict for the katanagari (the sword hunt), the confiscation of swords from any persons thought to be opposed to his rule.
  • September 1 – The Ganja Fortress in what is now Azerbaijan is captured by Ottoman general Serdar Ferhad Pasha.
  • September 9 – English captain Thomas Cavendish and a fleet of ships complete sailing around the world in a record time of 781 days, returning to Plymouth more than two years after setting off on July 21, 1586. The previous record had been 1,018 days by the expedition of Sir Francis Drake from 1577 to 1580. By the time of his return, Cavendish has only his flagship, Desire, after having started with the two other vessels, the warship Content, and the 40-ton supply ship Hugh Gallant.
  • September 13 – Dutch General Charles III de Croÿ captures the German city of Bonn in the Electorate of Cologne.

October–December
  • October 7 – The first biography of Nicolaus Copernicus (d.1543) is completed by Bernardino Baldi.
  • November 13 – Dutch Republic and English forces capture Bergen op Zoom, a fortress in the Spanish Netherlands, after a siege of 41 days.
  • November 15 – The English Navy ship Great Spaniard, formerly the Spanish Armada ship San Salvador until its capture on August 1, sinks off of the coast of England's Isle of Purbeck, with the loss of 23 of the 57 crew. The survivors are rescued by an English man-o-war boat.[157]
  • December 5 – The Order of Augustinian Recollects is formally recognised as a separate province from the Order of Saint Augustine, an event later known as the Día de la Recolección or Day of Recollection.
  • December 23 – Henry III of France strikes his ultra-Catholic enemies, having the Duke of Guise and his brother, Louis II, Cardinal of Guise, killed, and holding the Cardinal de Bourbon a prisoner. As a result, large parts of France reject Henry III as their king, forcing him to side with Henry of Navarre.

Unknown

1589
September 15–September 18: Battle of Arques

January–March

April–June
  • April 13 – An English Armada, led by Sir Francis Drake and Sir John Norreys, and largely financed by private investors, sets sail to attack the Iberian Peninsula's Atlantic coast,[163] but fails to achieve any naval advantage.
  • May 2 – Girolamo Bargagli's play The Pilgrim Woman is given its first performance, premiering in Florence, three years after Bargagli's death.[164]
  • May 4 – In Spain, María Pita leads the defense of La Coruña against the English Armada after her husband is killed by a crossbow."[165]
  • May 11 – The Earl of Bothwell, accused of treason against the Crown of Scotland, surrenders along with the Earl of Huntly and is imprisoned at Holyrood Palace. Convicted on May 24, the conspirators are never sentenced and set free by King James VI.
  • May 17 – Ercole Grimaldi becomes the new Lord of Monaco upon the death of his older brother Charles II.
  • June 28 – On the island of Sumatra in what is now Indonesia, the Sultan of Aceh Darussalam, Ali Ri'ayat Syah II, is assassinated by a group of nobles dissatisfied with his rule. He becomes the fourth Sultan in a row to be murdered.[166] Sayyid al-Mukammal is approved by the nobles as the new Sultan of Aceh.[167]

July–September

October–December

Date unknown

Births

1580

Thomas Middleton
Francisco de Quevedo
  • January 8 – Jens Hermansson Juel, Stattholder of Norway (d. 1634)
  • January 12
  • January 20 – Stefano Amadei, Italian painter (d. 1644)
  • January 29 – Willem Isaacsz Swanenburg, Dutch engraver (d. 1612)
  • January 30 – Gundakar, Prince of Liechtenstein, court official in Vienna (d. 1658)
  • January – John Smith, English explorer and Virginia settler (d. 1631)
  • February – John Digby, 1st Earl of Bristol, English diplomat (d. 1653)
  • February 1 – Francis Fane, 1st Earl of Westmorland, English noble (d. 1629)
  • February 2 – Jens Bjelke, Norwegian noble (d. 1659)
  • February 22 – Charles de l'Aubespine, marquis de Châteauneuf, French diplomat and government official (d. 1653)
  • February 24 – Matthias Hoe von Hoenegg, German theologian (d. 1645)
  • February 28
    • Orazio Giustiniani, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1649)
    • Giovanni Srofenaur, Italian musician (d. 1634)
  • March 31 – Bogislaw XIV, Duke of Pomerania (d. 1637)
  • April 8
  • April 18 – (baptism) Thomas Middleton, English playwright (d. 1627)[176]
  • April 24 – Miguel Avellán, Spanish Catholic prelate, Auxiliary Bishop of Toledo from 1633 (d. 1650)
  • May 5
    • Johann Faulhaber, German mathematician (d. 1635)
    • Richard Webb, English settler in America (d. 1665)
  • May 6 – Charles Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua and Montferrat, French noble (d. 1637)
  • May 14 – Bassam Al-Soukaria, Lebanese army commander (d. 1667)
  • May 30 – Fadrique de Toledo, 1st Marquis of Villanueva de Valdueza, Spanish noble and admiral (d. 1634)
  • June 6 – Godefroy Wendelin, Flemish astronomer (d. 1667)
  • June 9 – Daniel Heinsius, Dutch scholar (d. 1655)
  • June 12 – Adriaan van Stalbemt, Flemish Baroque painter (d. 1662)
  • June 14 – Elisabeth Magdalena of Pomerania, German duchess (d. 1649)
  • June 26
    • Gaspar de Borja y Velasco, Spanish Catholic cardinal (d. 1645)
    • Peter Claver, Spanish Jesuit priest (d. 1654)
  • July 5 – Carlo Contarini, Doge of Venice (d. 1656)
  • July 6 – Johann Stobäus, German composer (d. 1646)
  • July 10 – Humphrey Chetham, English merchant (d. 1653)
  • July 18 – Giovanni Giacomo Semenza, Italian painter (d. 1638)
  • July 29 – Francesco Mochi, Italian early-Baroque sculptor (d. 1654)
  • August 2 – Prince Jeongwon, Korean prince (d. 1619)
  • August 19 – Pierre Vernier, French mathematician (d. 1637)
  • September 4 – George Percy, English explorer (d. 1632)
  • September 14
    • Francisco de Quevedo, Spanish writer (d. 1645)
    • Robert Gordon of Straloch, Scottish cartographer (d. 1661)
  • September 15
    • Charles Annibal Fabrot, French lawyer (d. 1659)
    • Thomas Fanshawe, English politician (d. 1631)
  • September 17 – Countess Charlotte Brabantina of Nassau, Belgian noble (d. 1631)
  • September 24 – Elisabeth of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg, Duchess consort of Pomerania (d. 1653)
  • October 8 – Gábor Esterházy (1580–1626), Hungarian noble (d. 1626)
  • October 12 – Hortensio Félix Paravicino, Spanish preacher and poet from the noble house of Pallavicini (d. 1633)
  • October 20 – Peter Crüger, German astronomer and mathematician (d. 1639)
  • October 30 – Armand-Nompar de Caumont, duc de La Force, Marshal of France (d. 1675)
  • November 9 – Johannes Narssius, Dutch physician and poet (d. 1637)
  • December 1 – Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc, French astronomer (d. 1637)
  • December 4
  • date unknown
    • Philipp Clüver, German geographer and historian (d. 1623)
    • Francesco Fontana, Italian lawyer and astronomer (d. 1656)
    • Dirk Hartog, Dutch ship's captain and explorer (d. 1621)
    • Jean Jannon, Swiss-born typefounder (d. 1658)
    • Robert Killigrew, English courtier, politician, ambassador and knight (d. 1633)
    • Willebrord Snellius, Dutch astronomer and mathematician (d. 1626)
    • Raphael Sobiehrd-Mnishovsky, Bohemian lawyer and writer (d. 1644)
    • Pierre Vernier, French mathematician and instrument inventor (d. 1637)
    • Krzysztof Zbaraski, Polish nobleman (d. 1627)
    • George Calvert, 1st Baron Baltimore, English politician and colonizer (d. 1623)
  • probable
    • William Brabazon, 1st Earl of Meath, English noble (d. 1651)
    • Edward Fairfax, English translator (d. 1635)
    • Frans Hals, Dutch painter (d. 1666)[177]
    • Alexander Leslie, 1st Earl of Leven, Scottish soldier (d. 1661)
    • Benjamin, Duke of Soubise, French Huguenot leader (d. 1642)
    • Adriana Basile, Italian composer (d. 1640)

1581

Countess Palatine Dorothea of Simmern
Archduchess Gregoria Maximiliana of Austria
Princess Hedwig of Denmark
Thomas Overbury

1582

George II, Duke of Pomerania
Taichang Emperor
  • January 6
    • Alonso de Contreras, Spanish privateer and writer (d. 1641)
    • Jaroslav Borzita of Martinice, Bohemian noble (d. 1649)
  • January 7 – Magdalene of Brandenburg, Landgravine consort of Hesse-Darmstadt (1598–1616) (d. 1616)
  • January 26 – Giovanni Lanfranco, Italian painter (d. 1647)
  • January 28 – John Barclay, Scottish satirist and Latin poet (d. 1621)[178]
  • January 30 – George II, Duke of Pomerania (d. 1617)
  • February 8 – Matthias Bernegger, German philologist (d. 1640)
  • February 17 – George, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (d. 1641)
  • February 22 – John Ratcliffe, English politician and soldier (d. 1627)
  • March 15
    • Daniel Featley, English theologian and controversialist (d. 1645)
    • Deodat del Monte, Flemish painter, architect (d. 1644)
  • March 22 – John Williams, Welsh clergyman and political advisor to King James I (d. 1650)
  • March 31 – Duchess Sophie of Prussia, Duchess consort of Courland (1609–1610) (d. 1610)
  • April 8 – (bapt.) Phineas Fletcher, English poet (d. 1650)
  • April 11 – Justus de Harduwijn, Dutch Catholic priest and poet (d. 1636)
  • May 1 – Marco da Gagliano, Italian composer of the early Baroque era (d. 1643)
  • May 5 – John Frederick, Duke of Württemberg (1608–1628) (d. 1628)
  • June 26 – Johannes Schultz, German composer (d. 1653)
  • June 28 – William Fiennes, 1st Viscount Saye and Sele, English nobleman and politician (d. 1662)
  • July 27 – Sir John Isham, 1st Baronet, English Member of Parliament (d. 1651)
  • August 11 – Sabina Catharina of East Frisia, Countess of Rietberg (1586–1618) (d. 1618)
  • August 17 – John Matthew Rispoli, major Maltese philosopher of great erudition (d. 1639)
  • August 26 – Humilis of Bisignano, Italian Franciscan friar and saint (d. 1637)
  • August 27 – Maria Amalia of Nassau-Dillenburg, German noble (d. 1635)
  • August 28
    • Taichang Emperor, of the Ming Dynasty of China (d. 1620)
    • Hans Meinhard von Schönberg, German military commander (d. 1616)
  • September 25 – Archduchess Eleanor of Austria (d. 1620)
  • September 26 – Eitel Frederick von Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, German Catholic cardinal (d. 1625)
  • October 2 – Augustus, Count Palatine of Sulzbach, Count Palatine of Neuburg (1614–1632) (d. 1632)
  • October 17 – Johann Gerhard, Lutheran church leader (d. 1637)
  • October 19 – Dmitri Ivanovich, Russian Tsarevich (d. 1591)
  • October 21 – John Ernest of Nassau-Siegen, German general (d. 1617)
  • October 22 – Francesco Piccolomini, Italian Jesuit (d. 1651)
  • November 2 – Elizabeth Jane Weston, English Czech poet (d. 1612)
  • November 21 – François Maynard, French poet (d. 1646)
  • November 27 – Pierre Dupuy, French historian (d. 1651)
  • November 30 – Anselm Casimir Wambold von Umstadt, Archbishop of Mainz (d. 1647)
  • December 10 – William Chappell, Irish bishop (d. 1649)
  • December 16 – Robert Bertie, 1st Earl of Lindsey, English adventurer and soldier (d. 1642)
  • December 23 – Severo Bonini, Italian composer (d. 1663)[179]
  • date unknown
    • Giovanni Francesco Abela, Maltese writer (d. 1655)
    • Giulio Alenio, Italian Jesuit missionary (d. 1649)
    • Gregorio Allegri, Italian composer (d. 1652)
    • John Bainbridge, English astronomer (d. 1648)
    • Richard Corbet, English poet and bishop (d. 1635)
    • William Juxon, Archbishop of Canterbury (d. 1663)
    • Thomas Moulson, Lord Mayor of London (d. 1638)
    • David Teniers the Elder, Flemish painter (d. 1649)
    • Francis Windebank, English politician (d. 1646)
    • Jacomina de Witte, politically influential Dutch woman (d. 1661)
    • Jakub Zadzik, Polish nobleman and diplomat (d. 1642)
  • probable – Sigismondo d'India, Italian composer (d. 1629)

1583

Peter Bulkley
Albrecht von Wallenstein

1584

Archduchess Maria of Austria
Margaret of Austria, Queen of Spain

1585

Cardinal Richelieu
John Cotton

1586

Duchess Magdalene Sibylle of Prussia
  • January 1 – Pau Claris i Casademunt, Catalan ecclesiastic (d. 1641)
  • January 20 – Johann Hermann Schein, German composer of the early Baroque era (d. 1630)[188]
  • January 29 – Louis Frederick, Duke of Württemberg-Montbéliard (1617–1631) (d. 1631)
  • February 8 – Jacob Praetorius, German Baroque composer and organist (d. 1651)
  • February 15 – Jacques de Bela, French writer (d. 1667)
  • February 20 – Hachisuka Yoshishige, Japanese daimyō of the Edo period (d. 1620)
  • February 24 – Matthias Faber, German Jesuit priest, writer (d. 1653)
  • February 26 – Niccolò Cabeo, Italian Jesuit writer, theologian (d. 1657)
  • March 12 – Jean Dolbeau, French missionary (d. 1652)
  • March 28 – Domenico Massenzio, Italian baroque composer (d. 1657)
  • March 29 – Ludwig Crocius, German Calvinist minister (d. 1653)
  • April 2 – Pietro Della Valle, Italian composer (d. 1652)
  • April 4 – Richard Saltonstall, English diplomat (d. 1661)
  • April 5 – Christopher Levett, English explorer (d. 1630)
  • April 9 – Julius Henry, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg (d. 1665)
  • April 12 (bapt.) – John Ford, English dramatist and poet (d. c. 1639)
  • April 20 – Saint Rose of Lima, Spanish colonist in Lima (d. 1617)
  • April 23 – Martin Rinkart, German clergyman and hymnist (d. 1649)
  • April 24 – Henry Hastings, 5th Earl of Huntingdon, English noble (d. 1643)
  • May 2 – Étienne de Courcelles, French scholar (d. 1659)
  • May 7 – Francesco IV Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua and Montferrat (d. 1612)
  • May 9 – Tsugaru Nobuhira, Japanese daimyō (d. 1631)
  • May 11 – Angelo Giori, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1662)
  • May 23 – Paul Siefert, German composer and organist (d. 1666)
  • June 24 – George John II, Count Palatine of Lützelstein-Guttenberg, German noble (d. 1654)
  • July 1 – Claudio Saracini, Italian composer (d. 1630)
  • July 5 – Thomas Hooker, prominent Puritan colonial leader (d. 1647)
  • July 6 – Thomas Trevor, English politician and judge (d. 1656)
  • July 7 – Thomas Howard, 21st Earl of Arundel, English courtier (d. 1646)
  • July 26 – Diego de Colmenares, Spanish historian (d. 1651)
  • August 14 – William Hutchinson, founder of Rhode Island (d. 1642)
  • August 17 – Johann Valentin Andrea, German theologian (d. 1654)
  • September 15 – Antoon Sanders, Dutch priest, historian (d. 1664)
  • September 29 – William Lytton, English Member of Parliament (d. 1660)
  • October 7 – Isaac Massa, Dutch diplomat (d. 1643)
  • October 9 – Leopold V, Archduke of Austria, regent of Tyrol (d. 1632)[189]
  • October 20 – Luke Foxe, English explorer (d. 1635)
  • October 28 – Francis West, Deputy Governor of the Colony and Dominion of Virginia (d. 1634)
  • November 20 – Polykarp Leyser II, German theologian (d. 1633)
  • November 22 – Walter Erle, English politician (d. 1665)
  • November 23 – Juan Bautista de Lezana, Spanish theologian (d. 1659)
  • November 27 – Sir John Wray, 2nd Baronet, English politician (d. 1655)
  • November 28 – Sir Thomas Bowyer, 1st Baronet, English politician (d. 1650)
  • December 6 – Niccolò Zucchi, Italian astronomer and physicist (d. 1670)
  • December 14 – Georg Calixtus, German Lutheran theologian who looked to reconcile all Christendom (d. 1656)
  • December 31 – Duchess Magdalene Sibylle of Prussia, Electress of Saxony (d. 1659)
  • date unknown – John Mason, English explorer (d. 1635)
  • date unknown – Kocc Barma Fall, Senegambian philosopher (d. 1655)[190][191]
  • probable

1587

Jan Pieterszoon Coen
Gabriel Gustafsson Oxenstierna
Hans van Steenwinckel the Younger
  • January 2 – Anders Arrebo, Danish writer (d. 1637)
  • January 5 – Xu Xiake, Chinese adventurer and geographer (d. 1641)
  • January 6 – Gaspar de Guzmán, Count-Duke of Olivares, Spanish politician (d. 1645)
  • January 8
  • January 12 – John Winthrop, English Puritan lawyer (d. 1649)
  • February 1 – Pál Esterházy, Hungarian noble (d. 1645)
  • February 3 – Dorothea Hedwig of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Princess of Anhalt-Zerbst (d. 1609)
  • February 20 – Emanuel Sueyro, Dutch historian, translator, spymaster (d. 1629)
  • February 26 – Stefano Landi, Italian composer (d. 1639)
  • March 17 – David Lindsay, 1st Lord Balcarres, Scottish politician and noble (d. 1642)
  • April 1 – Sir John Mill, 1st Baronet, English politician (d. 1648)
  • April 2 – Virginia Centurione Bracelli, Italian saint (d. 1651)
  • April 18 – Sir Charles Morrison, 1st Baronet, Member of the Parliament of England (d. 1628)
  • April 26
  • April 28 – Krzysztof Ossoliński, Polish nobleman (d. 1645)
  • April 29 – Sophie of Saxony, Duchess of Pomerania (d. 1635)
  • April 30 – Éléonore de Bourbon, Dutch princess (d. 1619)
  • May 7 – Richard Newport, 1st Baron Newport, English politician (d. 1651)
  • May 8 – Victor Amadeus I, Duke of Savoy (d. 1637)
  • May 17 – Esaias van de Velde, Dutch painter (d. 1630)
  • May – Esaias van de Velde, Dutch landscape painter (died 1630)[193]
  • May 26 – Susan de Vere, Countess of Montgomery, English noblewoman (d. 1628)
  • June 2 – Willem Bontekoe, skipper in the Dutch East India Company (d. 1657)
  • June 5 – Robert Rich, 2nd Earl of Warwick, English colonial administrator and admiral (d. 1658)
  • June 11 – Sir Thomas Jervoise, English politician (d. 1654)
  • June 15 – Gabriel Gustafsson Oxenstierna, Swedish statesman (d. 1640)
  • June 21 – Kaspar von Barth, German philologist and writer (d. 1658)
  • June 24
    • William Arnold, American settler (d. 1676)
    • Hans van Steenwinckel the Younger, Danish architect (d. 1639)
  • July 4 – Magdalene of Bavaria, Consort of Wolfgang William, Count Palatine of Neuburg (d. 1628)
  • August 16 – Khusrau Mirza, Mughal prince (d. 1622)
  • August 18 – Virginia Dare, Virginia colony settler
  • August 23 – Johann Friedrich, Count Palatine of Sulzbach-Hilpoltstein (1614–1644) (d. 1644)
  • August 28 – Christian William of Brandenburg, administrator of bishoprics of Magdeburg and Halberstadt (d. 1665)
  • September 1 – Gómez Suárez de Figueroa, 3rd Duke of Feria, Spanish general (d. 1634)
  • September 3 – Countess Juliane of Nassau-Siegen, Landgravine of Hesse-kassel (d. 1643)
  • September 18 – Francesca Caccini, Italian composer[194]
  • September 19
    • Robert Sanderson, English theologian and casuist (d. 1663)
    • Mu Zeng, Chinese politician (d. 1646)
  • October 8 – Thomas Howard, 1st Earl of Berkshire, English politician (d. 1669)
  • October 17 – Nathan Field, English dramatist and actor (d. 1620)
  • October 18 – Philippe-Charles, 3rd Count of Arenberg (d. 1640)
  • October 19 – Thomas Dacres, English politician (d. 1668)
  • October 22 – Joachim Jungius, German mathematician and philosopher (d. 1657)[195]
  • October 23 – Sir Gilbert Gerard, 1st Baronet of Harrow on the Hill, English politician (d. 1670)
  • November 3 – Samuel Scheidt, German composer (d. 1653)[196]
  • November 17
  • November 25 – Sir Gervase Clifton, 1st Baronet, English politician (d. 1666)
  • December 13 – Emmanuel Stupanus, Swiss physician (d. 1664)
  • December 19 – Dorothea Sophia, Abbess of Quedlinburg Abbey (1618–1645) (d. 1645)
  • December 30 – Simon VII, Count of Lippe-Detmold (1613–1627) (d. 1627)
  • date unknown
    • William Feilding, 1st Earl of Denbigh (d. 1643)
    • Francis Kynaston, English courtier and poet (d. 1642)[197]
    • Yun Seondo, Korean politician and poet (d. 1671)
    • Song Yingxing, Chinese encyclopedist (d. 1666)
    • George Yeardley, English colonial administrator in America (d. 1627)

1588

Pierre Seguier
  • January 4 – Arnold Vinnius, Dutch lawyer (d. 1657)
  • January 6 – Elizabeth Stanley, Countess of Huntingdon, English noblewoman and writer (d. 1633)
  • January 20 – Francesco Gessi, Italian painter (d. 1649)
  • February 2 – Georg II of Fleckenstein-Dagstuhl, German nobleman (d. 1644)
  • February 15 – Benjamin Bramer, German mathematician (d. 1652)
  • March 12 – Herman de Neyt, Flemish painter (d. 1642)
  • March 21 – Egon VIII of Fürstenberg-Heiligenberg, Bavarian count and field-marshal (d. 1635)
  • March 22 – Frederick IX, Margrave of Brandenburg, Grand Master of the Order of Saint John (d. 1611)
  • March 27 – Celestyn Myślenta, Polish theologian (d. 1653)
  • March 29 – Margherita Aldobrandini, Parmesan regent (d. 1646)
  • March – Johann Heinrich Alsted, German theologian (d. 1638)
  • April 4 – Padovanino, Italian painter (d. 1649)
  • April 5 – Thomas Hobbes, English philosopher (d. 1679)[198]
  • April 15 – Claudius Salmasius, French classical scholar (d. 1653)
  • April 16 – Emanuel Filibert of Savoy, Viceroy of Sicily (d. 1624)
  • May 2 – Étienne Pascal, French mathematician (d. 1651)
  • May 9 – Herman Hugo, Jesuit priest, writer, military chaplain (d. 1629)
  • May 13 – Ole Worm, Danish physician and antiquary (d. 1654)
  • May 28 – Pierre Séguier, Chancellor of France (d. 1672)
  • June 3 – Julius Frederick, Duke of Württemberg-Weiltingen (1617–16135) (d. 1635)
  • June 9 – Johann Andreas Herbst, German composer and music theorist (d. 1666)
  • June 11 – George Wither, English poet and satirist (d. 1667)
  • June 14 – Hoshina Masasada, Japanese daimyō who ruled the Ino Domain (d. 1661)
  • June 30 – Giovanni Maria Sabino, Italian composer, organist and teacher (d. 1649)
Adolf Frederick I, Duke of Mecklenburg

1589

Henry Vane the Elder
Robert Arnauld d'Andilly
Gabriel Báthory
  • January 8 – Ivan Gundulić, Croatian poet (d. 1638)
  • January 11 – William Strode, English politician (d. 1666)
  • January 28 – Francisco Ximénez de Urrea, Spanish historian (d. 1647)
  • February 5
    • Honorat de Bueil, seigneur de Racan (d. 1670)
    • Esteban Manuel de Villegas, Spanish poet (d. 1669)
  • February 7 – Jacob de Witt, Mayor of Dordrecht (d. 1674)
  • February 8 – Peter Melander Graf von Holzappel, Protestant military leader in the Thirty Years' War (d. 1648)
  • February 18
    • Henry Vane the Elder, English politician (d. 1655)
    • Maarten Gerritsz Vries, Dutch explorer (d. 1646)
  • March 1 – Thomas Middleton, English politician (d. 1662)
  • March 3 – Gisbertus Voetius, Dutch theologian (d. 1676)[200]
  • March 18 – Richard Sackville, 3rd Earl of Dorset, English noble (d. 1624)
  • April 16 – Nicolaes le Febure, Dutch Golden Age member of the Haarlem schutterij (d. 1641)
  • April 17 – Martin Zeiler, German author (d. 1661)
  • April 18 – John, Duke of Östergötland, Swedish prince (d. 1618)
  • April 20 – John Casimir, Count Palatine of Kleeburg, son of John I (d. 1652)
  • April 28 – Margaret of Savoy, Vicereine of Portugal (d. 1655)
  • May 12 – François L’Anglois, French artist (d. 1647)
  • May 28 – Robert Arnauld d'Andilly, French writer (d. 1674)
  • June 9 – John of St. Thomas, Portuguese philosopher (d. 1644)
  • June 16 – Albrycht Władysław Radziwiłł, Polish prince (d. 1636)
  • June 20 – Giambattista Altieri, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1654)
  • July 2 – Richard Pepys, English politician (d. 1659)
  • July 3 – Johann Georg Wirsung, German anatomist (d. 1643)
  • July 15 – Cornelis Bol, Flemish painter and etcher (d. 1666)
  • July 16 – Sinibaldo Scorza, Italian painter (d. 1631)
  • August 1 – Alexandrine von Taxis, German Imperial General Post Master (d. 1666)
  • August 8 – Framlingham Gawdy, English politician (d. 1654)
  • August 12
    • Domenico Fiasella, Italian painter (d. 1669)
    • Ulrich, Duke of Pomerania, Bishop of Cammin (d. 1622)
  • August 15 – Gabriel Báthory, Prince of Transylvania (d. 1613)
  • September 1 – Giovanni Pesaro, Doge of Venice (d. 1659)
  • September 7 – August of Saxony, German prince (d. 1615)
  • September 17 – Agostinho Barbosa, Portuguese bishop in Italy and writer on canon law (d. 1649)
  • October 7 – Maria Magdalena of Austria (d. 1631)
  • October 8 – Pedro de Villagómez Vivanco, Roman Catholic prelate, Archbishop of Lima, then Bishop of Arequipa (d. 1671)
  • October 24 – Giuseppe Marcinò, Italian priest, member of the Order of Friars Minor - or Capuchins (d. 1655)
  • October 25 – Jan Stanisław Sapieha, Grand Hetman of Lithuania (d. 1635)
  • October 31 – Muhammad Parviz, Mughal emperor (d. 1626)
  • December 21 – Otto, Count of Lippe-Brake (1621–1657) (d. 1657)

Deaths

1580

Henry, King of Portugal
Andrea Palladio
Anna of Austria

1581

James Douglas
Guru Ram Das
Saint Louis Bertrand
King Bayinnaung
Saints Alexander Briant and Edmund Campion died on December 1, 1581

1582

Oda Nobunaga
Saint Teresa of Avila
Diego, Prince of Asturias
Fernando Álvarez de Toledo

1583

King Magnus of Livonia
Humphrey Gilbert

1584

Bernal Díaz del Castillo
Tsar Ivan IV of Russia
Saint Charles Borromeo

1585

Rembert Dodoens
Pope Gregory XIII

1586

Saint Margaret Clitherow
Prince Masahito
Antoine Perrenot de Granvelle
Adolf, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp
Philip Sidney
King Stefan Batory

1587

Juraj Drašković
Mary, Queen of Scots
Ralph Sadler
Godfried van Mierlo
Francesco I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany

1588

Henri, Prince of Conde
King Frederick II of Denmark
Mimar Sinan
Henry I, Duke of Guise

1589

Philothei
Alessandro Farnese
Saint Benedict the Moor
Henry III of France
    • Pietro de' Mariscalchi, Italian painter (b. 1520)
    • Charles Dançay, French diplomat (b. 1510)
    • (after September 25) – John Stubbs, English seditious pamphleteer, in France (b. 1543)

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