Foreign relations of Angola

The foreign relations of Angola are based on Angola's strong support of U.S. foreign policy as the Angolan economy is dependent on U.S. foreign aid. From 1975 to 1989, Angola was aligned with the Eastern bloc, in particular the Soviet Union,[1] Libya, and Cuba.[1] Since then, it has focused on improving relationships with Western countries, cultivating links with other Portuguese-speaking countries, and asserting its own national interests in Central Africa through military and diplomatic intervention.[1] In 1993, it established formal diplomatic relations with the United States.[1] It has entered the Southern African Development Community as a vehicle for improving ties with its largely Anglophone neighbors to the south.[1] Zimbabwe and Namibia joined Angola in its military intervention in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, where Angolan troops remain in support of the Joseph Kabila government.[1] It also has intervened in the Republic of the Congo (Brazzaville) in support of Denis Sassou-Nguesso in the civil war.[1]

Politics of Angola
Constitution
Executive
Legislature
Judiciary
  • Constitutional Court
Elections
Administrative divisions
Foreign relations
  • Ministry of External Relations
    Minister: Manuel Domingos Augusto
Nations with which Angola has diplomatic relations.

Since 1998, Angola has successfully worked with the United Nations Security Council to impose and carry out sanctions on UNITA.[2] More recently, it has extended those efforts to controls on conflict diamonds, the primary source of revenue for UNITA during the Civil War that ended in 2002.[2] At the same time, Angola has promoted the revival of the Community of Portuguese-Speaking Countries (CPLP) as a forum for cultural exchange and expanding ties with Portugal (its former ruler) and Brazil (which shares many cultural affinities with Angola) in particular.[1][2] Angola is a member of the Port Management Association of Eastern and Southern Africa (PMAESA).

Africa
Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Algeria
  • Algeria has an embassy in Luanda.
  • Angola has an embassy in Algiers.
 Botswana18 February 1976[3]
  • Angola has an embassy in Gaborone.
  • Botswana is accredited to Angola from its high commission in Windhoek, Namibia.
 Cape Verde30 October 1977[3]See Angola–Cape Verde relations

Cape Verde signed a friendship accord with Angola in December 1975, shortly after Angola gained its independence. Cape Verde and Guinea-Bissau served as stop-over points for Cuban troops on their way to Angola to fight UNITA rebels and South African troops. Prime Minister Pedro Pires sent FARP soldiers to Angola where they served as the personal bodyguards of Angolan President José Eduardo dos Santos.[4]

  • Angola has an embassy in Praia.
  • Cape Verde has an embassy in Luanda and a consulate in Benguela.
 Central African Republic 22 January 1979 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 January 1979[5]
 Republic of Congo 25 July 1976[3]
 Democratic Republic of Congo17 October 1978[3]


Many thousands of Angolans fled the country after the civil war. More than 20,000 people were forced to leave the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 2009, an action the DR Congo said was in retaliation for regular expulsion of Congolese diamond miners who were in Angola illegally. Angola sent a delegation to DR Congo's capital Kinshasa and succeeded in stopping government-forced expulsions which had become a "tit-for-tat"[6] immigration dispute. "Congo and Angola have agreed to suspend expulsions from both sides of the border," said Lambert Mende, DR Congo information minister, in October 2009.[7] "We never challenged the expulsions themselves; we challenged the way they were being conducted – all the beating of people and looting their goods, even sometimes their clothes," Mende said.[6]

  • Angola has an embassy in Kinshasa.
  • DR Congo has an embassy in Luanda.
 Egypt18 February 1976[3]
  • Angola has an embassy in Cairo.
  • Egypt has an embassy in Luanda.
 Equatorial Guinea
  • Angola has an embassy in Malabo.
  • Equatorial Guinea has an embassy in Luanda.
 Ethiopia13 July 1977Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 July 1977[8]
  • Angola has an embassy in Addis Ababa.
  • Ethiopia is accredited to Angola from its embassy in Harare, Zimbabwe.
 Gabon 24 May 1982[3]
 Gambia 3 September 2021 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 September 2021[9]
 Ghana
  • Angola has an embassy in Accra.
  • Ghana has an embassy in Luanda.
 Guinea-Bissau

Following a request by the government of Guinea-Bissau, Angola sent there a contingent of about 300 troops meant to help putting an end to the political-military unrest in that country, and to reorganize the local military forces. In fact, these troops were perceived as a kind of Pretorian Guard for the ruling party, PAIGC. In the beginning of April 2012, when a new military Coup d'état was under preparation, the Angolan regime decided to withdraw its military mission from Guinea-Bissau.

  • Angola has an embassy in Bissau.
  • Guinea-Bissau has an embassy in Luanda.
 Ivory Coast 1983[3]
 KenyaSee Angola–Kenya relations
  • Angola has an embassy in Nairobi.
  • Kenya has an embassy in Luanda.
 Malawi 9 November 1993 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 November 1993[10]
 Morocco 24 June 1985 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 June 1985[11]
 Mozambique5 July 1975[3]See Angola–Mozambique relations
  • Angola has an embassy in Maputo.
  • Mozambique has an embassy in Luanda.
 Namibia18 September 1990[3]See Angola–Namibia relations

Namibia borders Angola to the south. In 1999, Namibia signed a mutual defense pact with its northern neighbor Angola.[12] This affected the Angolan Civil War that had been ongoing since Angola's independence in 1975. Namibia's ruling party SWAPO sought to support the ruling party MPLA in Angola against the rebel movement UNITA, whose stronghold is in southern Angola, bordering to Namibia. The defence pact allowed Angolan troops to use Namibian territory when attacking Jonas Savimbi's UNITA.

 Nigeria15 March 1976[3]See Angola–Nigeria relations

Angolan-Nigerian relations are primarily based on their roles as oil exporting nations. Both are members of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, the African Union and other multilateral organizations.

  • Angola has an embassy in Abuja.
  • Nigeria has an embassy in Luanda.
 Rwanda 13 September 2002[3]
 São Tomé and Príncipe19 February 1978[3]
  • Angola has an embassy in São Tomé.
  • São Tomé and Príncipe has an embassy in Luanda.
 Senegal 16 February 1982 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 February 1982[13]
 Seychelles 7 November 1986 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 November 1986[14]
 South Africa17 May 1994[3]See Angola–South Africa relations

Angola-South Africa relations are quite strong as the ruling parties in both nations, the African National Congress in South Africa and the MPLA in Angola, fought together during the Angolan Civil War and South African Border War. They fought against UNITA rebels, based in Angola, and the apartheid-era government in South Africa who supported them. Nelson Mandela mediated between the MPLA and UNITA factions during the last years of Angola's civil war.

 Tanzania 25 August 1981[3]
 Zambia19 October 1979[3]
  • Angola has an embassy in Lusaka.
  • Zambia has an embassy in Luanda and a consulate-general in Luena.
 Zimbabwe15 October 1982[3]See Angola–Zimbabwe relations

Angola-Zimbabwe relations have remained cordial since the birth of both states, Angola in 1975 and Zimbabwe in 1979, during the Cold War. While Angola's foreign policy shifted to a pro-U.S. stance based on substantial economic ties, under the rule of President Robert Mugabe Zimbabwe's ties with the West soured in the late 1990s.

  • Angola has an embassy in Harare.
  • Zimbabwe has an embassy in Luanda.

Americas
Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Argentina2 June 1979Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 June 1979[15]

See Angola–Argentina relations

 Barbados 17 August 2022 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 August 2022[16]
 Brazil12 November 1975[3]See Angola–Brazil relations

Commercial and economic ties dominate the relations of each country. Parts of both countries were part of the Portuguese Empire from the early 16th century until Brazil's independence in 1822. As of November 2007, "trade between the two countries is booming as never before"[17]

 Belize24 January 2001

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 January 2001[18]

 Canada1 February 1978

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 February 1978[19]

Canada-Angola relations were established in 1978, and Canada is accredited to Angola from its Embassy in Harare, Zimbabwe. Ties have grown since the end of the civil war in 2002, with increased engagement in areas of mutual interest. As Chair of the United Nations Security Council's Angola Sanctions Committee, Canada limited the ability of UNITA to continue its military campaign, sanctions helped to bring a ceasefire agreement to end Angola's conflict.

  • Angola is accredited to Canada from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.
  • Canada is accredited to Angola from its embassy in Harare, Zimbabwe and maintains an honorary consulate in Luanda.
 Chile 8 August 1990 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 August 1990[20]
 Colombia 29 April 1988 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 April 1988[21]
 Costa Rica 13 March 2001 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 March 2001[22]
 Cuba15 November 1975[3]See Angola–Cuba relations

During Angola's civil war Cuban forces fought to install a Marxist–Leninist MPLA-PT government, against Western-backed UNITA and FLNA guerrillas and the South-African army.[23]

  • Angola has an embassy in Havana.
  • Cuba has an embassy in Luanda.
 Ecuador17 June 1997Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 June 1997[24]
  • Angola is accredited to Ecuador from its embassy in Brasília, Brazil.
  • Ecuador does not have an accreditation to Angola.
 Guyana24 July 1977

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 July 1977.[25]

 Jamaica 8 October 2002 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 October 2002[26]
 Mexico20 February 1976Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 February 1976[27]

See Angola–Mexico relations

  • Angola is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.
  • Mexico is accredited to Angola from its embassy in Pretoria, South Africa and maintains an honorary consulate in Luanda.
 Panama 16 February 1989 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 February 1989[28]
 Trinidad and Tobago 7 December 2022 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 December 2022[29]
 United States14 July 1994Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 July 1994[30]

See Angola–United States relations

Embassy of Angola in Washington, D.C.

From the mid-1980s through at least 1992, the United States was the primary source of military and other support for the UNITA rebel movement, which was led from its creation through 2002 by Jonas Savimbi. The U.S. refused to recognize Angola diplomatically during this period.

Relations between the United States of America and the Republic of Angola (formerly the People's Republic of Angola) have warmed since Angola's ideological renunciation of Communism before the 1992 elections.

 Uruguay6 March 1987Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 March 1987[32]

See Angola–Uruguay relations

  • Angola has a consulate-general in Montevideo.
  • Uruguay is accredited to Angola from its embassy in Pretoria, South Africa.
 Venezuela9 December 1986Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 December 1986[33]
  • Angola has a consulate-general in Caracas.
  • Venezuela has an embassy in Luanda.

Asia
Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Armenia3 October 1994
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 October 1994[34]
 Azerbaijan1 December 1994Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 December 1994[35]

See Angola–Azerbaijan relations

  • Angola is accredited to Azerbaijan from its embassy in Moscow, Russia.
  • Azerbaijan is accredited to Angola from its embassy in Pretoria, South Africa.
 Bahrain 26 September 2013 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 September 2013[36]
 Brunei Darussalam 18 October 2006 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 October 2006[37]
 China12 January 1983Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 January 1983[38]

See Angola–China relations

Chinese Prime Minister Wen Jiabao visited Angola in June 2006, offering a US$9 billion loan for infrastructure improvements in return for petroleum. The PRC has invested heavily in Angola since the end of the civil war in 2002.[39] João Manuel Bernardo, the current ambassador of Angola to China, visited the PRC in November 2007.[40]

  • Angola has an embassy in Beijing and a consulate-general in Macau.
  • China has an embassy in Luanda.
 Georgia 10 March 1997 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 March 1997[41]
 India2 June 1979Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 June 1979[42]

See Angola–India relations

  • Angola has an embassy in New Delhi.
  • India has an embassy in Luanda.
 Iran 8 January 1986 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 January 1986[43]
 Israel16 April 1992[3]See Angola–Israel relations

Angola-Israel relations, primarily based on trade and pro-United States foreign policies, are excellent. In March 2006, the trade volume between the two countries amounted to $400 million. In 2005, President José Eduardo dos Santos visited Israel.

 JapanSeptember 1976See Angola–Japan relations

Diplomatic relations between Japan and Angola were established in September 1976. Japan has donated towards demining following the civil war.[44]

  • Angola has an embassy in Tokyo.
  • Japan has an embassy in Luanda.
 Jordan 15 July 2004 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 July 2004[45]
 Kazakhstan 3 October 1994 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 October 1994[46]
 Kuwait 20 November 1997 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 November 1997[47]
 Laos 11 July 1980 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 July 1980[48]
 Lebanon 3 July 1996 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 July 1996[49]
 Maldives 10 November 2020 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 November 2020[50]
 Myanmar 19 September 2013 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 September 2013[51]
 Pakistan20 October 1977

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 October 1977[52]

The Government of Angola called for the support of Pakistan for the candidature of Angola to the seat of non-permanent member of the UN Security Council, whose election is set for September this year, during the 69th session of the General Assembly of United Nations. On the fringes of the ceremony, the Angolan diplomat also met with officials in charge of the economic and commercial policy of Pakistan, to assess the business opportunities between the two states. It asked to discuss aspects related to the cooperation on several domains of common interest.

 Philippines 14 September 2001 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 September 2001[53]
 Saudi Arabia 24 March 2009 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 March 2009[54]
 South Korea6 January 1992Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 January 1992[55]
  • Angola has an embassy in Seoul.
  • South Korea has an embassy in Luanda.
 Sri Lanka 23 February 2004 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 February 2004[56]
 Syria 10 February 1999 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 February 1999[57]
 Tajikistan 5 October 2020 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 October 2020[58]
 Thailand 24 August 1992 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 August 1992[59]
 Timor Leste20 May 2002Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 May 2002[60]
  • Angola is accredited to East Timor from its embassy in Singapore.
  • East Timor has an embassy in Luanda.
 Turkey9 July 1980Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 July 1980[61]

See Angola–Turkey relations

 Turkmenistan 18 June 1997 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 June 1997[63]
 United Arab Emirates11 December 1997Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 December 1997[64]
  • Angola has an embassy in Abu Dhabi.
  • UAE has an embassy in Luanda.
 Uzbekistan 29 May 2002 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 May 2002[65]
 Vietnam12 November 1975Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 November 1975[66]

See Angola–Vietnam relations

Angola-Vietnam relations were established on 12 November 1975 after Angola gained its independence, when future President of Angola Agostinho Neto visited Vietnam.[67] Angola and Vietnam have steadfast partners as both transitioned from Cold War-era foreign policies of international communism to pro-Western pragmatism following the fall of the Soviet Union.

  • Angola has an embassy in Hanoi.
  • Vietnam has an embassy in Luanda.
 Yemen 28 October 2004 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 October 2004[68]

Europe
Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Andorra 20 March 2009 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 March 2009[69]
 Austria 25 October 1977 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 October 1977[70]
 Belarus 24 April 1995 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 April 1995[71]
 Belgium15 October 1976Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 October 1976[72]
 Bosnia and Herzegovina 24 September 1999 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 September 1999[73]
 Bulgaria20 November 1975
  • Date started: 1975-11-20
  • Bulgaria has an embassy in Luanda.
  • Angola is accredited to Bulgaria from its embassy in Ankara, Turkey.
 Cyprus 1 June 2000 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 June 2000[74]
 Denmark
  • Angola is accredited to Denmark from its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden.
  • Denmark is accredited to Angola from its embassy in Lusaka, Zambia.
 Estonia 10 March 1997 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 March 1997[75]
 Finland 18 September 1976 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 September 1976[76]
 France17 February 1976[3]See Angola–France relations

Relations between the two countries have not always been cordial due to the former French government's policy of supporting militant separatists in Angola's Cabinda province and the international Angolagate scandal embarrassed both governments by exposing corruption and illicit arms deals. Following French President Nicolas Sarkozy's visit in 2008, relations have improved.

  • Angola has an embassy in Paris.
  • France has an embassy in Luanda.
 Germany16 August 1979Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 August 1979[77]

See Angola–Germany relations

  • Angola has an embassy in Berlin.
  • Germany has an embassy in Luanda.
 Greece 30 August 1980 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 August 1980[78]
  Holy See14 April 1975
 Hungary
  • Angola has an embassy in Budapest.
  • Hungary has an embassy in Luanda.
 Ireland 24 January 2001 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 January 2001[80]
 Italy4 June 1976[3]
  • Angola has an embassy in Rome.
  • Italy has an embassy in Luanda.
 Latvia 7 July 2011 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 July 2011[81]
 Lithuania 4 June 2002 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 June 2002[82]
 Luxembourg 14 May 2002 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 May 2002[83]
 Malta 15 June 2010 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 June 2010[84]
 Montenegro 18 December 2009 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 December 2009[85]
 Netherlands18 February 1976[3]
  • Angola has an embassy in The Hague and a consulate-general in Rotterdam.
  • Netherlands has an embassy in Luanda.
 North Macedonia 10 November 1993 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 November 1993[86]
 Norway 31 October 1977 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 31 October 1977[87]
 Poland21 November 1975[3]
  • Angola has an embassy in Warsaw.
  • Poland has an embassy in Luanda.
 Portugal9 March 1976[3]See Angola–Portugal relations

Angola-Portugal relations have significantly improved since the Angolan government abandoned communism and nominally embraced democracy in 1991, embracing a pro-U.S. and to a lesser degree pro-Europe foreign policy. Portugal ruled Angola for 400 years,[88] colonizing the territory from 1483 until independence in 1975. Angola's war for independence did not end in a military victory for either side, but was suspended as a result of a coup in Portugal that replaced the Caetano regime.

  • Angola has an embassy in Lisbon and a consulate-general in Porto.
  • Portugal has an embassy in Luanda and a consulate-general in Benguela.
 Russia11 November 1975Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 November 1975[89]

See Angola–Russia relations

  • Angola has an embassy in Moscow.
  • Russia has an embassy in Luanda.
 San Marino 30 March 2009 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 March 2009[90]
 Serbia12 November 1975Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 November 1975[91]

See Angola–Serbia relations

The Defence Minister of Serbia, Dragan Šutanovac, stated in a 2011 meeting in Luanda that Serbia would negotiate with the Angolan military authorities for the construction of a new military hospital in Angola.[92]

Angola supports Serbia's stance on Kosovo, and recognizes Serbia's territorial integrity.[93]

  • Angola has an embassy in Belgrade.
  • Serbia has an embassy in Luanda.
 Slovakia 30 September 1993 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 September 1993[94]
 Slovenia 20 January 2004 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 January 2004[95]
 Spain19 October 1977Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 October 1977[96]

See Angola–Spain relations

  • Angola has an embassy in Madrid.
  • Spain has an embassy in Luanda.
 Sweden22 March 1978[3]
  • Angola has an embassy in Stockholm.
  • Sweden has an embassy in Luanda.
 Switzerland18 February 1977[3]
  • Angola has an embassy in Bern.
  • Switzerland has an embassy in Luanda.
 Ukraine 30 September 1994 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 September 1994[97]
 United Kingdom14 October 1977Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 October 1977[98]
  • Angola has an embassy in London.
  • United Kingdom has an embassy in Luanda.

Oceania
Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Australia
  • Angola is accredited to Australia from its embassy in Singapore.
  • Australia is accredited to Angola from its high commission in Pretoria, South Africa.
 Fiji 18 May 2011 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 May 2011[99]
 New Zealand
  • Angola is accredited to New Zealand from its embassy in Singapore.
  • New Zealand is accredited to Angola from its high commission in Pretoria, South Africa.
 Vanuatu 16 July 1986 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 July 1986[100]

See also

References
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