Foreign relations of Mozambique

While alliances dating back to the Mozambican War of Independence remain relevant, Mozambique's foreign policy has become increasingly pragmatic. The twin pillars of the policy are maintenance of good relations with its neighbors and maintenance and expansion of ties to development partners.

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Nations with which Mozambique has diplomatic relations.

History

During the 1970s and early 1980s, Mozambique's foreign policy was inextricably linked to the struggles for majority rule in Rhodesia and South Africa as well as superpower competition and the Cold War. Mozambique's decision to enforce United Nations sanctions against Rhodesia and support Rhodesian guerrillas led Ian Smith's regime to undertake overt and covert actions to destabilize the country. Although the change of government in Zimbabwe in 1980 removed this threat, the apartheid regime in South Africa continued to finance the destabilization of Mozambique.

The 1984 Nkomati Accord, while failing in its goal of ending South African support to RENAMO, opened initial diplomatic contacts between the Mozambican and South African governments. This process gained momentum with South Africa's elimination of apartheid, which culminated in the establishment of full diplomatic relations in October 1993. While relations with neighboring Zimbabwe, Malawi, Zambia, and Tanzania show occasional strains, Mozambique's ties to these countries remain strong.

Embassy of Mozambique in Washington, D.C.

In the years immediately following its independence, Mozambique benefited from considerable assistance from some western countries, notably the Scandinavians. The Soviet Union and its allies, however, became Mozambique's primary economic, military, and political supporters and its foreign policy reflected this linkage. This began to change in 1983; in 1984 Mozambique joined the World Bank and International Monetary Fund. Western aid quickly replaced Soviet support, with the Scandinavians, Finland, the United States, the Netherlands, and the European Union becoming increasingly important sources of development assistance. Italy also maintains a profile in Mozambique as a result of its key role during the peace process. Relations with Portugal, the former colonial power, are complex and of some importance as Portuguese investors play a visible role in Mozambique's economy.

Mozambique is a member of the Non-Aligned Movement and ranks among the moderate members of the African Bloc in the United Nations and other international organizations. Mozambique also belongs to the Organisation of African Unity/African Union and the Southern African Development Community. In 1994, the Government became a full member of the Organisation of the Islamic Conference (now the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation), in part to broaden its base of international support but also to please the country's sizeable Muslim population. Similarly, in early 1996 Mozambique joined its Anglophone neighbors in the Commonwealth. In the same year, Mozambique became a founding member and the first President of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP), and maintains close ties with other Lusophone states. The country is also a member of the Port Management Association of Eastern and Southern Africa (PMAESA).

Illicit drugs: Southern African transit point for South Asian hashish, South Asian heroin, and South American cocaine probably destined for the European and South African markets; producer of cannabis (for local consumption) and methaqualone (for export to South Africa); corruption and poor regulatory capability makes the banking system vulnerable to money laundering, but the lack of a well-developed financial infrastructure limits the country's utility as a money-laundering center.

Bilateral Relations
Country Formal relations began Notes
 Afghanistan 7 January 1985 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 January 1985[1]
 Albania 25 June 1975 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 June 1975[2]
 Andorra 15 January 2019 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 January 2019[3]
 Angola5 September 1978See Angola–Mozambique relations
 Argentina19 October 1981Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 October 1981[4]
  • Argentina has an embassy in Maputo.
  • Mozambique is accredited to Argentina from its embassy in Brasília, Brazil.
 Azerbaijan 20 June 1995 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 June 1995[5]
 Bahamas 7 September 2005 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 September 2005[6]
 Bahrain 3 November 1997 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 November 1997[7]
 Belarus 29 February 2000 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 February 2000[8]
 Belgium 5 December 1975 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 December 1975[9]
 Belize30 September 1997

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 September 1997[10]

 Bolivia 20 November 1986 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 November 1986[11]
 Brazil15 November 1975See Brazil–Mozambique relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 November 1975[12]

 Brunei Darussalam 18 June 1996 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 June 1996[16]
 Cambodia 5 March 1997 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 March 1997[17]
 Canada1975See Canada–Mozambique relations
 Cape Verde15 March 1976
  • Cape Verde is accredited to Mozambique from its embassy in Luanda, Angola and maintains an honorary consulate in Maputo.
  • Mozambique is accredited to Cape Verde from its Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Maputo.
  • Both nations also conduct diplomatic relations from their respective ambassadors accredited to the CPLP in Lisbon, Portugal.
 Chile 25 July 1990 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 July 1990[19]
 China25 June 1975Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 June 1975[20]

See China–Mozambique relations

China-Mozambique relations date back to the 1960s, when China began to support the struggle of Mozambique's Marxist-oriented FRELIMO party against Portuguese colonialism.[21] Diplomatic relations were formally established on 25 June 1975, soon after Mozambique gained its independence from Portugal.[22] In November 2006, Mozambique became the thirteenth African country to be added to China's official list of tourism destinations.[23] Hu Jintao, president of the People's Republic of China, made an official visit to Mozambique in February 2007, during which he and Armando Guebuza, the president of Mozambique, pledged further cooperation in the areas of economy, technology, agriculture, education and sports.[24]

  • China has an embassy in Maputo.
  • Mozambique has an embassy in Beijing and a consulate-general in Macau.
 Colombia 10 May 1988 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 May 1988[25]
 Democratic Republic of Congo 30 July 1976 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 July 1976[26]
 Republic of Congo 25 June 1975 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 June 1975[27]
 Costa Rica 15 March 2001 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 March 2001[28]
 Cuba27 August 1975Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 August 1975[29]
  • Cuba has an embassy in Maputo.
  • Mozambique has an embassy in Havana.
 Denmark25 June 1975Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 June 1975[30]

See Denmark–Mozambique relations

  • Denmark has an embassy in Maputo.
  • Mozambique is accredited to Denmark from its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden.
 East Timor21 May 2002Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 May 2002[31]
  • East Timor has an embassy in Maputo.
  • Mozambique is accredited to East Timor from its embassy in Jakarta, Indonesia and maintains an honorary consulate in Dili.
 Ecuador 3 December 1996 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 December 1996[32]
 Egypt 25 June 1975 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 June 1975[33]
 El Salvador 29 September 2015 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 September 2015[34]
 Estonia 25 September 2009 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 September 2009[35]
 Fiji 6 December 2012 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 December 2012[36]
 Finland18 July 1975See Finland–Mozambique relations
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 July 1975[37]
  • Mozambique is represented in Finland through its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden.
  • Finland has an embassy in Maputo.[38]
 France19 February 1976See France–Mozambique relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 February 1976[39]

  • France has an embassy in Maputo.
  • Mozambique has an embassy in Paris.
 Germany3 February 1976See Germany–Mozambique relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 February 1976[40]

  • Germany has an embassy in Maputo.
  • Mozambique has an embassy in Berlin.
 Greece 30 December 1976 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 December 1976[41]
 Grenada 27 July 1981 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 July 1981[42]
 Guatemala 4 February 1997 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 February 1997[43]
 Guinea 25 June 1975 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 June 1975[44]
 Guinea-Bissau9 June 1976Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 June 1976[45]
  • Guinea-Bissau is accredited to Mozambique from its Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Bissau.
  • Mozambique is accredited to Guinea-Bissau from its Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Maputo.
  • Both nations also conduct diplomatic relations from their respective ambassadors accredited to the CPLP in Lisbon, Portugal.
 Guyana21 August 1975
 Haiti 25 September 1997 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 September 1997[47]
 Iceland 4 March 1997 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 March 1997[48]
 India25 June 1975Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 June 1975[49]

See India–Mozambique relations

 Indonesia4 October 1991Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 October 1991[54]
 Iran 13 February 1983 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 February 1983[55]
 Iraq 25 June 1975 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 June 1975[56]
 Ireland13 June 1996Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 June 1996[57]
  • Ireland has an embassy in Maputo[58]
  • Mozambique is accredited to Ireland from its embassy in London, United Kingdom[59]
 Israel 26 July 1993 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 July 1993[60]
 Jamaica 7 August 1979 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 August 1979[61]
 Kenya1975See Kenya–Mozambique relations
  • Kenya has a high commission in Maputo.
  • Mozambique has a high commission in Nairobi.
 Kuwait 20 May 1996 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 May 1996[62]
 Kyrgyzstan 27 September 2019 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 September 2019[63]
 Laos 16 April 1980 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 April 1980[64]
 Latvia 29 April 1992 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 April 1992[65]
 Lebanon 20 April 1998 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 April 1998[66]
 Lithuania 30 March 1994 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 March 1994[67]
 Luxembourg 7 January 1988 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 January 1988[68]
 Madagascar6 August 1975
  • Madagascar is accredited to Mozambique from its embassy in Pretoria, South Africa.
  • Mozambique is accredited to Madagascar from its high commission in Pretoria, South Africa.
 Malawi1 July 1981See Malawi-Mozambique relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 July 1981[69]

  • Malawi has a high commission in Maputo.
  • Mozambique has a high commission in Lilongwe.
 Maldives 27 November 1995 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 November 1995[70]
 Malta 18 May 2009 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 May 2009[71]
 Mauritius 29 November 1984 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 November 1984[72]
 Mexico26 February 1988Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 February 1988[73]

See Mexico–Mozambique relations

  • Mexico is accredited to Mozambique from its embassy in Pretoria, South Africa.[74]
  • Mozambique is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.
 Moldova 17 January 1996 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 January 1996[75]
 Mongolia 27 September 1975 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 September 1975[76]
 Montenegro 27 May 2010 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 May 2010[77]
 NamibiaMarch 1990
  • Mozambique is accredited to Namibia from its high commission in Pretoria, South Africa.
  • Namibia is accredited to Mozambique from its high commission in Pretoria, South Africa.
 Nigeria 25 June 1975 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 June 1975[78]
 North Korea 25 June 1975 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 June 1975[79]
 North Macedonia 28 February 1997 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 February 1997[80]
 Norway 25 June 1975 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 June 1975[81]
 Oman 4 May 1993 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 May 1993[82]
 Pakistan 9 August 1975 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 August 1975[83]
 Paraguay 3 October 1997 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 October 1997[84]
 Peru 20 February 1986 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 February 1986[85]
 Philippines 27 March 1997 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 March 1997[86]
 Poland25 June 1975Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 June 1975[87]
  • Mozambique is accredited to Poland from its embassy in Berlin, Germany.
  • Poland is accredited to Mozambique from its embassy in Pretoria, South Africa and maintains an honorary consulate in Maputo.
 Portugal25 June 1975See Mozambique–Portugal relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 June 1975[88]

Both nations are members of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries.

  • Mozambique has an embassy in Lisbon and a consulate-general in Porto.
  • Portugal has an embassy in Maputo and a consulate-general in Beira.
  • Portuguese companies are the second largest private investor in Mozambique.[89]
  • In July 2008, Mozambique and Portugal have signed an agreement to set up a fund to support investments worth US$124 million in the Mozambican energy sector.[90]
  • In July 2008, Portugal cancelled Mozambique's remaining debts to Portugal, estimated at US$393.4 million, accumulated from independence until 2005.[91]
 Romania 25 June 1975 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 June 1975[92]
 Russia25 June 1975Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 June 1975[93]

See Mozambique–Russia relations

Mozambique-Russia relations date back to the 1960s, when Soviet Union began to support the struggle of Mozambique's Marxist-oriented FRELIMO party against Portuguese colonialism. Most leaders of the FRELIMO were trained in Moscow. Diplomatic relations were formally established on 25 June 1975, soon after Mozambique gained its independence from Portugal. In June 2007, both Russia and Mozambique signed an agreement on economic cooperation.[94]

  • Mozambique has an embassy in Moscow.
  • Russia has an embassy in Maputo.
 São Tomé and Príncipe1981
  • Mozambique is accredited to São Tomé and Príncipe from its embassy in Luanda, Angola and maintains an honorary consulate in São Tomé.
  • São Tomé and Príncipe is accredited to Mozambique from its embassy in Luanda, Angola and maintains an honorary consulate in Maputo.[95]
 Serbia 25 June 1975 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 June 1975[96]
 Sierra Leone 29 March 1976 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 March 1976[97]
 Singapore 29 July 1996 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 July 1996[98]
 Slovakia 10 May 1995 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 May 1995[99]
 Slovenia 19 December 1996 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 December 1996[100]
 Somalia 25 June 1975 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 June 1975[101]
 South Africa26 September 1993See Mozambique–South Africa relations
 South Korea11 August 1993

Establishment of Diplomatic Relations between the Republic of Korea and Mozambique on 11 August 1993[102] There were 78 South Koreans living in Mozambique in 2012.[103]

 Spain27 May 1977See Mozambique–Spain relations
  • Mozambique has an embassy in Madrid.
  • Spain has an embassy in Maputo.
 Sri Lanka 12 March 1999 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 March 1999[104]
 Sweden 25 June 1975 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 June 1975[105]
 Tajikistan 5 September 2013 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 September 2013[106]
 Tanzania25 June 1975See Mozambique–Tanzania relations
  • Mozambique has a high commission in Dar es Salaam and a consulate-general in Zanzibar City.
  • Tanzania has a high commission in Maputo.
 Turkey20 January 1981See Mozambique–Turkey relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 January 1981[107]

  • Mozambique is accredited to Turkey from its embassy in Rome, Italy.[108]
  • Turkey has an embassy in Maputo.[108]
  • Trade volume between the two countries was US$153 million in 2019.[108]
 Turkmenistan 22 November 1996 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 November 1996[109]
 Uganda 21 August 1975 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 August 1975[110]
 Ukraine 19 August 1993 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 August 1993[111]
 United Kingdom 1 September 1975 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 September 1975[112]
 United States23 September 1975See Mozambique–United States relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 September 1975[113]

Relations between the United States and Mozambique are good and steadily improving. By 1993, U.S. aid to Mozambique was prominent, due in part to significant emergency food assistance in the wake of the 1991-93 southern African drought, but more importantly in support of the peace and reconciliation process. During the process leading up to elections in October 1994, the United States served as a significant financier and member of the most important commissions established to monitor implementation of the Rome General Peace Accords. The United States is the largest bilateral donor to the country and plays a leading role in donor efforts to assist Mozambique.

 Venezuela 16 November 2005 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 November 2005[115]
 Vietnam25 June 1975Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 June 1975[116]
  • Vietnam has an embassy in Maputo also accredited to Madagascar, Mauritius and Seychelles.
  • Mozambique has an embassy in Hanoi.
 Zimbabwe30 April 1980
  • Mozambique has an embassy in Harare.
  • Zimbabwe has an embassy in Maputo.

See also

References
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