Foreign relations of Tunisia

Former President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali has maintained Tunisia's long-time policy of seeking good relations with the West, while playing an active role in Arab and African regional bodies. President Habib Bourguiba took a nonaligned stance but emphasized close relations with Europe, Pakistan, and the United States.

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Nations with which Tunisia has diplomatic relations.

Bilateral relations

Africa
Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 AlgeriaSee Algeria–Tunisia relations

Tunisia and Algeria resolved a longstanding border dispute in 1993 and have cooperated in the construction of the Trans-Mediterranean natural gas pipeline through Tunisia that connects Algeria to Italy. In 2003 Tunisia and Algeria formed Numhyd, a petroleum company to develop oil resources. It is jointly owned (each 50%) by government corporations, Algeria's Sonatrach and Tunisia's Entreprise Tunisienne d'Activités Pétrolières (ETAP). Recently Tunisia signed an agreement with Algeria in order to demarcate more exactly the maritime frontier between the two countries.

 Botswana 11 November 1992 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 November 1992[1]
 Comoros

Both countries have established diplomatic relations.[2]

 EgyptSee Egypt–Tunisia relations

In the 1950s the President of Tunisia, Habib Bourguiba, criticized on pragmatic grounds the type of Arab nationalism then promoted by Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt, which was a widely popular ideology at the time in the Arabic-speaking countries. Their disagreement also concerned the policies of the Arab League. Bourguiba and Nassar eventually came to find some common ground.[3] Although ties were broken under Nasser, and again under Anwar Sadat, on the whole relations between Egypt and Tunisia have remained mutually beneficial.

After the Tunisian revolution in 2011, the Tunisian-Egyptian relations were very good, especially after the 2011 elections in Tunisia, where won the Ennahda Movement Islamic-oriented the elections, as well as the Muslim Brotherhood movement in Egypt won the elections, and also the convergence between the two presidents Moncef Marzouki and Mohamed Morsi. But since the 2013 Egyptian coup d'état, relations became increasingly strained, and between the two and considered Tunisia that what is happening in Egypt is a military coup d'État bloody and protested against it in the United Nations, which led to a diplomatic crisis in relations severed in an indirect way and there is a lack of official visits at all levels. After the 2014 elections in Tunisia and the win of Nidaa Tounes's secular movement, improved relations and exchanged visits between officials and ministers.

  • Egypt has an embassy in Tunis.
  • Tunisia has an embassy in Cairo.
 Eritrea 25 October 1993 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 October 1993[4]
 Ghana 11 June 1958 Both countries established diplomatic reklations on 11 June 1958[5]
 Guinea30 June 1962Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 June 1962[6]
  • Guinea has an embassy in Algiers that also serves as non-resident ambassador to Tunisia.
  • Tunisia has an embassy in either Bamako or Dakar that also serves as non-resident ambassador to Guinea. .
 Ivory Coast
  • Ivory Coast has an embassy in Tunis.
  • Tunisia has an embassy in Abidjan.
 Lesotho 1 December 2000 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 December 2000[7]
 LibyaSee Libya–Tunisia relations

Tunisia's relations with Libya have been erratic since Tunisia annulled a brief agreement to form a union in 1974. Diplomatic relations were broken in 1976, restored in 1977, and deteriorated again in 1980, when Libyan-trained rebels attempted to seize the town of Gafsa. In 1982, the International Court of Justice ruled in Libya's favor in the partition of the oil-rich continental shelf it shares with Tunisia. Libya's 1985 expulsion of Tunisian workers and military threats led Tunisia to sever relations. Relations were normalized again in 1987. While supporting the United Nations sanctions imposed following airline bombings, Tunisia has been careful to maintain positive relations with its neighbor. Tunisia supported the lifting of UN sanctions against Libya in 2003, and Libya is again becoming a major trading partner. Currently, Tunisia has a maritime dispute with Libya.

  • Libya has an embassy in Tunis and a consulate-general in Sfax.
  • Tunisia has an embassy in Tripoli and a consulate-general in Benghazi.
 Mali
  • Mali has an embassy in Tunis.
  • Tunisia has an embassy in Bamako.
 Mauritania
  • Mauritania has an embassy in Tunis.
  • Tunisia has an embassy in Nouakchott.
 Morocco

Trade is increasing between Tunisia and Morocco. Direct maritime shipping commenced between the two countries in 2008 to supplement rail connections that remained uncertain. Also, the stock exchanges of Tunis and Casablanca this year began to jointly list the stock of a Maghriban company, this initial case involving an IPO.[8]

  • Morocco has an embassy in Tunis.
  • Tunisia has an embassy in Rabat.
 Namibia1990

Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1990.

  • Namibia is accredited to Tunisia from its embassy in Algiers, Algeria.
  • Tunisia is accredited to Namibia from its embassy in Pretoria, South Africa.
 Nigeria15 January 1970Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 January 1970[9]
  • Nigeria has an embassy in Tunis.
  • Tunisia has an embassy in Abuja.
 Senegal
  • Senegal has an embassy in Tunis.
  • Tunisia has an embassy in Dakar.
 South Africa
  • South Africa has an embassy in Tunis.
  • Tunisia has an embassy in Pretoria.
 Sudan
  • Sudan has an embassy in Tunis.
  • Tunisia has an embassy in Khartoum.

Americas
Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Argentina11 October 1961Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 October 1961[10]
 Belize

Both countries have passed a number of bilateral agreements.[11]

 Brazil1956
  • Brazil has an embassy in Tunis.
  • Tunisia has an embassy in Brasília.
 Canada9 September 1957Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 September 1957[12]
  • Canada has an embassy in Tunis.
  • Tunisia has an embassy in Ottawa and a consulate in Montreal.
 Costa Rica 15 October 1973 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 October 1973[13]
 Cuba
  • Cuba has an embassy in Tunis.
  • Tunisia is accredited to Cuba from its embassy in Ottawa, Canada.
 Dominican Republic 27 September 2018 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 September 2018[14]
 El Salvador 14 March 2007 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 March 2007[15]
 Guatemala 19 March 2007 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 March 2007[16]
 Mexico16 November 1961See Mexico–Tunisia relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 November 1961[17]

  • Mexico is accredited to Tunisia from its embassy in Algiers, Algeria and maintains an honorary consulate in Tunis.[18]
  • Tunisia is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.[19]
 Nicaragua2 July 2019
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 July 2019[20]
 Panama 15 June 2007 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 June 2007[21]
 Paraguay 1 November 2018 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 November 2018[22]
 United States6 June 1956See Tunisia–United States relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 June 1956[23]

The Embassy of Tunisia in Washington, D.C.

The United States has very good relations with Tunisia, which date back more than 200 years. The United States has maintained official representation in Tunis almost continuously since 1795, and the American Friendship Treaty with Tunisia was signed in 1799. The two governments are not linked by security treaties, but relations have been close since Tunisia's independence. The United States and Tunisia have an active schedule of joint military exercises. U.S. security assistance historically has played an important role in cementing relations. The U.S.-Tunisian Joint Military Commission meets annually to discuss military cooperation, Tunisia's defense modernization program, and other security matters. Since 2015, Tunisia and the United States are partners under the Major non-NATO partnership agreement.

  • Tunisia has an embassy in Washington, D.C.
  • United States has an embassy in Tunis.
 Venezuela 26 March 1965 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 March 1965[24]

Asia

Tunisia has long been a voice for moderation and realism in the Middle East. Tunisia served as the headquarters of the Arab League from 1979 to 1990 and hosted the Palestine Liberation Organization's (PLO) headquarters from 1982 to 1993, when the PLO Executive Committee relocated to Jericho and the Palestinian Authority was established after the signing of the Oslo Accords. The PLO Political Department remains in Tunis.

Tunisia consistently has played a moderating role in the negotiations for a comprehensive Middle East peace. In 1993, Tunisia was the first Arab country to host an official Israeli delegation as part of the Middle East peace process and maintained an Interests Section until the outbreak in 2000 of the Intifada. Israeli citizens of Tunisian descent may travel to Tunisia on their Israeli passports.

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Armenia15 July 2002
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 July 2002[25]
 Azerbaijan 1 July 1998 See Azerbaijan-Tunisia relations
  • Diplomatic relations between the Republic of Azerbaijan and the Republic of Tunisia were established on July 1, 1998.[26]
  • Relations between Azerbaijan and Tunisia have been developed within the framework of international organizations, including the UN and OIC.[26]
  • Azerbaijan is accredited to the Republic of Tunisia through its ambassador in the Kingdom of Morocco.[26]
 China10 January 1964See China–Tunisia relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 January 1964[27]

  • China has an embassy in Tunis.
  • Tunisia has an embassy in Beijing.
 IndiaSee India–Tunisia relations
  • India has an embassy in Tunis.
  • Tunisia has an embassy in New Delhi.
 IranSee Iran–Tunisia relations

In May, 2005, Tunisia signed with Iran an agreement for cooperation in air, sea, and road transportation. It was signed on the visit of Tunisian minister Abderrahim Zouari to Iran.[28]

  • Iran has an embassy in Tunis.
  • Tunisia has an embassy in Tehran.
 IsraelSee Israel–Tunisia relations
  • Israel had an interest office in Tunis between 1996 and 2000.
  • Tunisia had an interest office in Tel Aviv between 1996 and 2000.
 Japan

Tunisia and Japan have a visa agreement, Tunisian people traveling to Japan and Japanese people traveling to Tunisia do not need a visa, as long as their stay do not exceed 3 months. Japan also supports Tunisia, with equipment and money donations. Both countries had friendly relations since Tunisia's independence in 1956. Since 2015, Tunisia and Japan are allies under the Major non-NATO ally agreement.

  • Japan has an embassy in Tunis.
  • Tunisia has an embassy in Tokyo.
 Lebanon

Tunisia and Lebanon share historical and civilizational ties. In June, 2010, the Tunisian Prime Minister Mohamed Ghannouchi and his Lebanese counterpart Mr. Saad Hariri chaired a Tunisian-Lebanese working session. Both countries want to energize the process for the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership. In addition, Tunisia reaffirmed its support of Lebanon.[29]

  • Lebanon has an embassy in Tunis.
  • Tunisia has an embassy in Beirut.
 Pakistan19 August 1957See Pakistan–Tunisia relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 August 1957[30]

  • Pakistan has an embassy in Tunis.
  • Tunisia has an embassy in Islamabad.
 QatarSee Qatar–Tunisia relations

Qatar is among the largest Arab investors in Tunisia.[31] Relations between Qatar and Tunisia improved immensely between 2011 and 2013, when Ennahda Movement-affiliated candidate Hamadi Jebali was declared Prime Minister of Tunisia in the 2011 Tunisian Constituent Assembly elections. Cooperation in all fields gradually started picking up traction; for instance, the two governments signed ten bilateral agreements in 2012.[32]

  • Qatar has an embassy in Tunis.
  • Tunisia has an embassy in Doha.
 Saudi ArabiaSee Saudi Arabia–Tunisia relations

In July 2010, a Tunisian-Saudi non-double taxation agreement was signed in Tunis, by Finance Minister Ridha Chalghoum and his Saudi counterpart Ibrahim Bin Abdulaziz Al-Assaf. The two ministers said this convention will certainly help boost trade exchanges between Tunisia and Saudi Arabia, stimulate investments, and favour exchange of expertise between the two countries.

In particular, it will further the Tunisian-Saudi Investment and Development Bank "STUSID Bank" in developing financial co-operation and the contribution of the Saudi Fund for Development (SFD) to boost the development process in Tunisia. The minister highlighted the importance of drawing on the two countries' expertise in the tax and customs field and set up a joint action plan to strengthen co-operation.[33]

  • Saudi Arabia has an embassy in Tunis.
  • Tunisia has an embassy in Riyadh and a consulate-general in Jeddah.
 South KoreaMarch 1969
  • South Korea has an embassy in Tunis.
  • Tunisia has an embassy in Seoul.
 Syria

The 11th session of the Tunisian-Syrian High Joint Committee met in Tunis in May 2010. The two countries share experience and information on such issues as housing, shipping, and tourism.[34]

  • Syria has an embassy in Tunis.
  • Tunisia has an embassy in Damascus.
  • Tunisia ceased to recognise the government of Syria on 4 February 2012. During his tenure, Hamadi Jebali, the Prime Minister, called on fellow Arab states to follow its lead: "We have to expel the Syrian ambassadors from Arab countries."[35]
  • In 2019, France24 speculated that new president Kais Saied could renew his country's diplomatic relations with Syria.[36]
  • Following the 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquake, President Saied decided to strengthen diplomatic ties with Syria.[37]
 Turkey1956[38]See Tunisia–Turkey relations
 United Arab Emirates
  • Tunisia has an embassy in Abu Dhabi.
  • UAE has an embassy in Tunis.

Europe
Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Albania

Both countries have a number of bilateral agreements.[41][42] Both countries are full members of the Union for the Mediterranean.

 Andorra 20 November 2006 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 November 2006[43]
 Bosnia and Herzegovina 30 October 1992 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 October 1992[44]
 Bulgaria1956
 Croatia1993-01-30
  • Croatia is accredited to Tunisia from its embassy in Rabat, Morocco and maintains an honorary consulate in Tunis.
  • Tunisia is accredited to Croatia from its embassy in Vienna, Austria and maintains an honorary consulate in Zagreb.
  • Both countries are full members of the Union for the Mediterranean.
 Cyprus1999
 Denmark
 Finland17 July 1959
 FranceSee France–Tunisia relations

Tunisia and France retain a special relationship due to their history, geographic location, and economic relationship. In France there is a sizeable Tunisian diaspora, and the French language is widely used in Tunisia. Business and government connections are extensive and mutually maintained. Ranked by country, France receives the largest amount of Tunisian exports, and France is number-one regarding Tunisian imports also. In recent years many French companies have re-localized production to Tunisia.

 Germany
  • Germany has an embassy in Tunis.
  • Tunisia has an embassy in Berlin.
 Greece See Greece–Tunisia relations
  • Greece has an embassy in Tunis.
  • Tunisia has an embassy in Athens.
 ItalySee Italy–Tunisia relations
  • Italy has an embassy in Tunis.
  • Tunisia has an embassy in Rome, a consulate-general in Palermo and consulates in Genoa, Milan and Naples.
 Malta
  • Both countries established official diplomatic relations soon after Malta's independence.
  • Malta has an embassy in Tunis.
  • Tunisia has an embassy in Valletta.
  • Both countries are full members of the Union for the Mediterranean.
  • Maltese and Tunisian Arabic are very similar languages. The two countries share very rich historical links.
 Moldova 27 September 2004 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 September 2004[48]
 North Macedonia 27 September 2019 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 September 2019[49]
 Poland
  • Poland has an embassy in Tunis.
  • Tunisia has an embassy in Warsaw.
 Romania1963
 Russia1956See Russia–Tunisia relations
  • Russia has an embassy in Tunis.
  • Tunisia has an embassy in Moscow.
 Serbia
  • Serbia has an embassy in Tunis.
  • Tunisia has an embassy in Belgrade.
 SpainSee Spain–Tunisia relations
  • Spain has an embassy in Tunis.
  • Tunisia has an embassy in Madrid.
 SwedenSee Sweden–Tunisia relations
  • Sweden has an embassy in Tunis.
  • Tunisia has an embassy in Stockholm.
 United Kingdom
  • Tunisia has an embassy in London.
  • United Kingdom has an embassy in Tunis.

Oceania
Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Australia17 February 1977Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 February 1977[51]
  • Australia is accredited to Tunisia from its high commission in Valletta, Malta.
  • Tunisia is accredited to Australia from its embassy in Jakarta, Indonesia.
 Vanuatu1 November 1988

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 November 1988[52]

Foreign Ambassadors

See also

Notes

    Footnotes
    1. "Diplomatic Relations Between Tunisia and Botswana as of 11 Nov. 1992". digitallibrary.un.org. Retrieved 19 May 2023.
    2. "Relations Tunisie - Union des Comores". www.diplomatie.gov.tn. Archived from the original on 2017-08-21.
    3. Jacques Baulin, The Arab role in Africa (Penguin 1962) at 118-128.
    4. Eritrea Update. Provisional Government of Eritrea (EPLF), Mission to the USA and Canada. 1992. p. 3. Retrieved 19 May 2023.
    5. Awakening Africa - Volume 1. Bureau of African Affairs. 1962. p. 113.
    6. Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts Issues 130-131. United States. Central Intelligence Agency. 1962. p. 9. Retrieved 30 April 2023.
    7. "Diplomatic relations between Lesotho and Tunisia as of 1 Dec. 2000". digitallibrary.un.org. Retrieved 19 May 2023.
    8. "Direct maritime transport commences between Tunisia and Morocco" www.magharebia.com - April 4, 2008.
    9. Record of the Arab World Yearbook of Arab and Israeli Politics. Research and Publishing House. 1970. p. 543.
    10. "Establecmiento de relaciones diplomáticas estableciendo relaciones diplomáticas entre la República Argentina y Túnez". Biblioteca Digital de Tratados (in Spanish). Retrieved 19 May 2023.
    11. http://www.diplomatie.gov.tn/index.php?id=399&no_cache=1&L=0&tx_wdtreaties_pi1%5Baction& Archived 2022-05-01 at the Wayback Machine#93;=listView&tx_wdtreaties_pi1[country]=BLZ&tx_wdtreaties_pi1[pointer]=0&tx_wdtreaties_pi1[mode]=1
    12. "A Guide to Canadian Diplomatic Relations 1925-2019". Canadian Global Affairs Institute. Retrieved 19 May 2023.
    13. "Celebramos 47 años de relaciones diplomáticas con la República de Túnez". Cancillería Costa Rica (in Spanish). Retrieved 19 May 2023.
    14. "Diplomatic Relations Between Dominican Republic and Republic of Tunisia as of 27 Sept. 2018". digitallibrary.un.org. Retrieved 19 May 2023.
    15. "Diplomatic Relations Between Tunisia and El Salvador as of 14 Mar. 2007". digitallibrary.un.org. Retrieved 19 May 2023.
    16. "Diplomatic Relations Between Tunisia and Guatemala as of 19 Mar. 2007". digitallibrary.un.org. Retrieved 19 May 2023.
    17. "Hoy conmemoramos el 61 aniversario de relaciones diplomáticas entre México y Túnez". Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores de México (in Spanish). Retrieved 19 May 2023.
    18. "Acerca de la Embajada". embamex.sre.gob.mx. Archived from the original on 2021-05-02. Retrieved 2021-10-28.
    19. "EMBASSY OF THE REPUBLIC OF TUNISIA". EMBASSY OF THE REPUBLIC OF TUNISIA. Archived from the original on 2021-10-28. Retrieved 2021-10-28.
    20. "Diplomatic Relations Between Republic of Nicaragua and Republic of Tunisia as of 2 July 2019". digitallibrary.un.org. Retrieved 19 May 2023.
    21. "Diplomatic Relations Between Tunisia and Panama as of 15 June 2007". digitallibrary.un.org. Retrieved 19 May 2023.
    22. "Diplomatic Relations Between Tunisia and Paraguay as of 1 Nov. 2018". digitallibrary.un.org. Retrieved 19 May 2023.
    23. "A Guide to the United States' History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations, by Country, since 1776: Tunisia". history.state.gov. Retrieved 19 May 2023.
    24. "En el 56° aniversario del establecimiento de las relaciones diplomáticas entre Venezuela y Túnez". Cancillería Venezuela (in Spanish). Retrieved 19 May 2023.
    25. "Diplomatic Relations between Tunisia and Armenia as of 15 July 2002". digitallibrary.un.org. Retrieved 19 May 2023.
    26. "Tunisia". mfa.gov.az. Retrieved 2021-01-24.
    27. "Tunisia". china.org.cn. Retrieved 19 May 2023.
    28. "Iran, Tunisia sign deal on transportation cooperation". People's Daily Online. May 16, 2005. Archived from the original on 2011-06-06.
    29. "Tunisia, Lebanon delagations hold working sessions" www.tunisiaonlinenews.com - June 26, 2010.
    30. Pakistan Quarterly - Volume 7. Pakistan Publications. 1957. p. 63.
    31. Youssef Cherif (7 September 2017). "Everyone is taking sides in the Qatar crisis. Here's why these four North African states aren't". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 7 September 2017. Retrieved 8 September 2017.
    32. Youssef Cherif (17 January 2017). "Tunisia's Fledgling Gulf Relations". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Archived from the original on 9 September 2017. Retrieved 8 September 2017.
    33. "Tunisia-Saudi Arabia: Non-double taxation agreement signed" www.zawya.com - July 8, 2010.
    34. "Tunisia-Syria boost bilateral co-operation" www.tunisiaonlinenews.com - May 14, 2010.
    35. Damien McElroy "Britain under pressure to withdraw diplomatic recognition of Syria" Daily Telegraph 5 Feb 2012
    36. "Tunisia's new president sworn in after surprise election win". France24. 23 October 2019.
    37. "Tunisian president decides to strengthen diplomatic ties with Syria". Reuters. 9 February 2023.
    38. "Relations between Turkey and Tunisia". Archived from the original on 2020-10-26. Retrieved 2020-10-20.
    39. "Türkiye Cumhuriyeti T.C. Tunus Büyükelçiliği". Archived from the original on 2017-08-23. Retrieved 2020-10-20.
    40. "Turkey-Tunisia Economic and Trade Relations". Archived from the original on 2011-06-09. Retrieved 2020-10-20.
    41. http://www.diplomatie.gov.tn/index.php?id=399&no_cache=1&L=0&tx_wdtreaties_pi1%5Baction& Archived 2022-05-01 at the Wayback Machine#93;=listView&tx_wdtreaties_pi1[country]=ALB&tx_wdtreaties_pi1[pointer]=0&tx_wdtreaties_pi1[mode]=1
    42. http://www.diplomatie.gov.tn/index.php?id=357&no_cache=1&L=0&tx_wdbilaterales_pi1%5Baction& Archived 2022-05-01 at the Wayback Machine#93;=singleView&tx_wdbilaterales_pi1[pointer]=0&tx_wdbilaterales_pi1[mode]=1&tx_wdbilaterales_pi1[showUid]=274
    43. "Diplomatic Relations Between Tunisia and Andorra as of 20 Nov. 2006". digitallibrary.un.org. Retrieved 19 May 2023.
    44. "Diplomatic Relations Between Tunisia and Bosnia and Herzegovina as of 30 Oct. 1992". digitallibrary.un.org. Retrieved 19 May 2023.
    45. "Bulgarian embassy in Tunis". Archived from the original on 2009-04-15. Retrieved 2009-06-18.
    46. "Danish embassy in Algiers, also accredited to Tunisia (in Danish and French only)". Archived from the original on 2010-04-20. Retrieved 2010-08-15.
    47. "Finland and Tunisia". finlandabroad.fi. Retrieved 19 May 2023.
    48. "Diplomatic Relations Between Tunisia and Republic of Moldova as of 27 Sept. 2004". digitallibrary.un.org. Retrieved 19 May 2023.
    49. "Diplomatic Relations Between North Macedonia and Tunisia as of 27 Sept. 2019". digitallibrary.un.org. Retrieved 19 May 2023.
    50. "Romanian embassy in Tunis (in French and Romanian only)". Archived from the original on 2009-09-19. Retrieved 2009-07-20.
    51. Australia's relations with Tunisia. Australian foreign affairs record.Vol. 48 No. 2 (February 1977). p. 52. Retrieved 19 May 2023.
    52. "Diplomatic Relations Between Tunisia and Vanuatu as of 1 Nov. 1988". digitallibrary.un.org. Retrieved 19 May 2023.
    53. "CIA - The World Factbook -- Field Listing - Diplomatic representation from the US". www.cia.gov. Archived from the original on 2007-06-13.
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