Foreign relations of Chad

The foreign relations of Chad are significantly influenced by the desire for oil revenue and investment in Chadian oil industry and support for former Chadian President Idriss Déby. Chad is officially non-aligned but has close relations with France, the former colonial power. Relations with neighbouring Libya, and Sudan vary periodically. Lately, the Idris Déby regime waged an intermittent proxy war with Sudan. Aside from those two countries, Chad generally enjoys good relations with its neighbouring states.

Politics of Chad
Constitution (suspended)
Government (National Transitional Council
National Assembly (dissolved)
Judiciary
Administrative divisions
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Foreign relations
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Africa

Although relations with Libya improved with the presidency of Idriss Déby, strains persist. Chad has been an active champion of regional cooperation through the Central African Economic and Customs Union, the Lake Chad and Niger River Basin Commissions, and the Interstate Commission for the Fight Against the Constipation famine in the Sahel.

Delimitation of international boundaries in the vicinity of Lake Chad, the lack of which led to border incidents in the past, has been completed and awaits ratification by Cameroon, Chad, Niger, and Nigeria.

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Algeria18 August 1975Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 August 1975[1]
 Benin 18 October 1976 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 October 1976[2]
 Cameroon
  • Cameroon has an embassy in N'Djamena.
  • Chad has an embassy in Yaoundé and a consulate in Garoua.
 Central African Republic
  • Central African Republic has an embassy in N'Djamena.
  • Chad has an embassy in Bangui.
 Côte d'Ivoire15 November 1977Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 November 1977[3]
  • Chad has an embassy in Abidjan.
  • Côte d'Ivoire has an embassy in N'Djamena.
 Democratic Republic of Congo
  • Chad has an embassy in Kinshasa.
  • DR Congo has an embassy in N'Djamena and a consulate in Moundou.
 Egypt
  • Chad has an embassy in Cairo.
  • Egypt has an embassy in N'Djamena.
 Equatorial Guinea
  • Chad has an embassy in Malabo.
  • Equatorial Guinea has an embassy in N'Djamena.
 Gambia 31 August 2021 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 31 August 2021[4]
 LibyaSee Chad-Libya relations

Chadian-Libyan relations were ameliorated when Libyan-supported Idriss Déby unseated Habré on December 2. Gaddafi was the first head of state to recognize the new regime, and he also signed treaties of friendship and cooperation on various levels; but regarding the Aouzou Strip Déby followed his predecessor, declaring that if necessary he would fight to keep the strip out of Libya's hands.[5][6]

The Aouzou dispute was concluded for good on February 3, 1994, when the judges of the ICJ by a majority of 16 to 1 decided that the Aouzou Strip belonged to Chad. The court's judgement was implemented without delay, the two parties signing as early as April 4 an agreement concerning the practical modalities for the implementation of the judgement. Monitored by international observers, the withdrawal of Libyan troops from the Strip began on April 15 and was completed by May 10. The formal and final transfer of the Strip from Libya to Chad took place on May 30, when the sides signed a joint declaration stating that the Libyan withdrawal had been effected.[7]

  • Chad has an embassy in Tripoli.
  • Libya has an embassy in N'Djamena.
 Morocco
  • Chad has an embassy in Rabat.
  • Morocco has an embassy in N'Djamena.
 Namibia
  • Chad is accredited to Namibia from its embassy in Pretoria, South Africa.
  • Namibia is accredited to Chad from its embassy in Kinshasa, DR Congo.
 Niger
  • Chad has an embassy in Niamey.
  • Niger has an embassy in N'Djamena.
 NigeriaSee Chad-Nigeria relations

Nigeria's 1983 economic austerity campaign produced strains with neighboring states, including Chad.[8] Nigeria expelled several hundred thousand foreign workers, mostly from its oil industry, which faced drastic cuts as a result of declining world oil prices.[8] At least 30,000 of those expelled were Chadians.[8] Despite these strains, however, Nigerians had assisted in the halting process of achieving stability in Chad, and both nations reaffirmed their intention to maintain close ties.[8]

  • Chad has an embassy in Abuja and a consulate in Maiduguri..
  • Nigeria has an embassy in N'Djamena.
 South Africa
  • Chad has an embassy in Pretoria.
  • South Africa has an embassy in N'Djamena.
 SudanSee Chad-Sudan relations

On December 24, 2005, Chad declared itself as in a "state of belligerance" with neighboring Sudan. The conflict in the border region of Darfur has become an increasingly bi-national affair as increasing numbers of Sudanese flee to refugee camps in Chad, and Sudanese government troops and militias cross the borders to strike at both these camps and specific ethnic groups. Although the Government of Chad and the Government of Sudan signed the Tripoli Agreement on February 8, 2006, officially ending hostilities, fighting continues. On August 11, 2006, Chad and Sudan resumed relations at the behest of Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi.[9]

Chad broke diplomatic relations with Sudan at least twice in 2006 because it believed the Sudanese government was supporting Janjaweed and UFDC rebels financially and with arms. Two accords were signed, the Tripoli Accord, which was signed on February 8 and failed to end the fighting, and the more recently signed N'Djamena Agreement. On May 11, 2008, Sudan announced it was cutting diplomatic relations with Chad, claiming that it was helping rebels in Darfur to attack the Sudanese capital Khartoum.[10]

  • Chad has an embassy in Khartoum and a consulate-general in Geneina.
  • Sudan has an embassy in N'Djamena.

Americas
Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Argentina24 May 1974Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 May 1974[11]
  • Argentina is accredited to Chad from its embassy in Abuja, Nigeria.[12]
  • Chad does not have an accreditation to Argentina.
 Brazil8 October 1996Both countries established dilomatic relations on 8 October 1996[13]
  • Brazil is accredited to Chad from its embassy in Yaoundé, Cameroon.[14]
  • Chad does not have an accreditation to Brazil.
 CanadaFebruary 1962Both countries established diplomatic relations in February 1962[15]
 Colombia 29 September 1988 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 September 1988[18]
 Cuba9 June 1976Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 June 1976[19]
  • Chad is accredited to Cuba from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.
  • Cuba is accredited to Chad from its embassy in Niamey, Niger.[20]
 Mexico25 February 1976See Chad–Mexico relations

Chad and Mexico established diplomatic relations on 25 February 1976.[21] In May 2002, Chadian Prime Minister Nagoum Yamassoum paid a visit to the Mexican city of Monterrey to attend the Monterrey Consensus conference.[22]

  • Chad is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.[23]
  • Mexico is accredited to Chad from its embassy in Cairo, Egypt.[24]
 United States11 August 1960See Chad–United States relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 August 1960[25]

Embassy of Chad in Washington, D.C.

The US embassy in N'Djamena, established at Chadian independence in 1960, was closed from the onset of the heavy fighting in the city in 1980 until the withdrawal of the Libyan forces at the end of 1981. It was reopened in January 1982. The U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) and the U.S. Information Service (USIS) offices resumed activities in Chad in September 1983. The United States Department of State issued a travel advisory to U.S. citizens in 2009, recommending that citizens not affiliated with humanitarian efforts avoid all travel to eastern Chad and the Chad/Central African Republic border area due to insecurity caused by banditry, recent clashes between Chadian government and rebel forces, and political tension between Chad and Sudan.[26] President Donald Trump issued a proclamation on September 24, 2017, suspending the entry of Chadian nationals to the United States. The proclamation claims that the government of Chad "does not adequately share public-safety and terrorism-related information..."[27] On April 10, 2018, the US Government lifted travel restrictions on Chad.[28][29][30]

  • Chad has an embassy in Washington, DC.[31]
  • United States has an embassy in N'djamena.[32]
 Venezuela5 May 2005Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 May 2005[33]
  • Chad is accredited to Venezuela from its embassy in Washington, D.C, United States.
  • Venezuela does not have an accreditation to Chad.

Asia

Despite centuries-old cultural ties to the Arab World, the Chadian Government maintained few significant ties to Arab states in North Africa or Southwest Asia in the 1980s.[8] Chad had broken off relations with the State of Israel under former Chadian President François (Ngarta) Tombalbaye in September 1972.[8] President Habré hoped to pursue closer relations with Arab states as a potential opportunity to break out of his Chad's post-imperial dependence on France, and to assert Chad's unwillingness to serve as an arena for superpower rivalries.[8] In addition, as a northern Muslim, Habré represented a constituency that favored Afro-Arab solidarity, and he hoped Islam would provide a basis for national unity in the long term.[8] For these reasons, he was expected to seize opportunities during the 1990s to pursue closer ties with the Arab World.[8] In 1988, Chad recognized the State of Palestine, which maintains a mission in N'Djamena.[34] In November 2018, President Deby visited Israel and announced his intention to restore diplomatic relations.[35] Chad and Israel re-established diplomatic relations in January 2019.[36] In February 2023, Chad opened an embassy in Israel.[37]

During the 1980s, Arab opinion on the Chadian-Libyan conflict over the Aouzou Strip was divided.[8] Several Arab states supported Libyan territorial claims to the Strip, among the most outspoken of which was Algeria, which provided training for anti-Habré forces, although most recruits for its training programs were from Nigeria or Cameroon, recruited and flown to Algeria by Libya.[8] Lebanon's Progressive Socialist Party also sent troops to support Qadhafi's efforts against Chad in 1987.[8] In contrast, numerous other Arab states opposed the Libyan actions,[38] and expressed their desire to see the dispute over the Aouzou Strip settled peacefully.[39][8] By the end of 1987, Algiers and N'Djamena were negotiating to improve relations and Algeria helped mediate the end of the Aouzou Strip conflict[40]

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Armenia26 December 2006

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 December 2006.[41]

 Azerbaijan 5 April 2004 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 April 2004[42]
 Cambodia 9 February 2010 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 February 2010[43]
 China28 November 1972See Chad–China relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 November 1972,[44]but China severed diplomatic relations with Chad in 1997 when the country resumed diplomatic ties with Taiwan.[45]According to a joint communique signed by the two countries when they resumed diplomatic ties starting from August 6, 2006, Chad recognized there is only one China in the world and Taiwan is an inalienable part of the Chinese territory[46]

  • Chad has an embassy in Beijing.
  • China has an embassy in N'Djamena.
 Georgia 19 June 2014 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 June 2014[47]
 IndiaSee Chad–India relations
  • Chad has an embassy in New Delhi.[48]
  • India is accredited to Chad from its high commission in Abuja, Nigeria and maintains an honorary consulate in N'Djamena.
 Israel10 January 1961See Chad–Israel relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 January 1961,[49] but diplomatic relations were broken on 28 November 1972[50]and re-established on 20 January 2019[51] In November 2018, Chadian President Idriss Déby paid a visit to Israel.[52] In January 2019 Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu paid a visit to Chad. During the visit, both nations re-established diplomatic relations since relations were cut in 1972.[36] In February 2023, Chad opened an embassy in Israel.[37]

  • Chad has an embassy in Tel Aviv.[37]
  • Israel is accredited to Chad from its embassy in Dakar, Senegal[37]
 Mongolia 3 April 2014 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 April 2014[53]
 Oman 1 December 1973 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 December 1973[54]
 Qatar13 December 1972Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 December 1972[55]
  • Chad has an embassy in Doha.
  • Qatar has an embassy in N'Djamena.
 Saudi Arabia
  • Chad has an embassy in Riyadh and a consulate in Jeddah.
  • Saudi Arabia has an embassy in N'Djamena.
 South Korea6 August 1961

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 August 1961[56]

 Syria 16 August 1969 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 August 1969[57]
 TaiwanSee Chad–Taiwan relations

Chad and Taiwan had relations from 1962 to 1972 when Chad first switched diplomatic recognition to the People's Republic of China. Chad then reestablished bilateral ties with Taiwan from 1997 to 2006. Since August 2006, Chad has granted diplomatic recognition to China.

 Turkey27 January 1970See Chad–Turkey relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 January 1970[58]

  • Chad has an embassy in Ankara.[59]
  • Turkey has an embassy in N’Djamena.[59]
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 72.4 million USD in 2019 (Chadian exports/imports: 32.5/39.9 million USD).[59]
  • There are direct flights from Istanbul to N’Djamena since December 12, 2013.[59]
 United Arab Emirates7 April 1973Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 April 1973[60]
  • Chad has an embassy in Abu Dhabi and a consulate-general in Dubai.
  • UAE has an embassy in N'Djamena.

Europe

Chad is officially non-aligned but has close relations with France, the former colonial power, which has about 1,200 troops stationed in the capital N'Djamena. It receives economic aid from countries of the European Community, the United States, and various international organizations. Libya supplies aid and has an ambassador resident in N'Djamena. Traditionally strong ties with the Western community have weakened over the past two years due to a dispute between the Government of Chad and the World Bank over how the profits from Chad's petroleum reserves are allocated. Although oil output to the West has resumed and the dispute has officially been resolved, resentment towards what the Déby administration considered foreign meddling lingers.

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Belgium
  • Belgium is accredited to Chad from its embassy in Yaoundé, Cameroon and maintains an honorary consulate in N'Djamena.
  • Chad has an embassy in Brussels.
 Bulgaria 10 October 1989 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 October 1989[61]
 Croatia 17 September 1999 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 September 1999[62]
 Cyprus 18 September 2002 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 September 2002[63]
 Estonia 27 September 2018 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 September 2018[64]
 Finland 21 March 2007 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 March 2007[65]
 France12 August 1960See Chad–France relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 August 1960[66]

France was Chad's most important foreign donor and patron for the first three decades following independence in 1960.[8] At the end of the 1980s, economic ties were still strong, and France provided development assistance in the form of loans and grants.[8] It was no longer Chad's leading customer for agricultural exports, but it continued to provide substantial military support.

Chad remained a member of the African Financial Community, which linked the value of its currency, the CFA franc, to the French franc.[8] French private and government investors owned a substantial portion of Chad's industrial and financial institutions, and the French treasury backed the Bank of Central African States, which served as the central bank for Chad and six other member nations.[8] Chad's dependence on France declined slightly during Habré's tenure as president, in part because other foreign donors and investors returned as the war subsided and also because increased rainfall since 1985 improved food production.[8] French official attitudes toward Chad had changed from the 1970s policies under the leadership of Giscard d'Estaing to those of the Mitterrand era of the 1980s.[8] Economic, political, and strategic goals, which had emphasized maintaining French influence in Africa, exploiting Chad's natural resources, and bolstering francophone Africa's status as a bulwark against the spread of Soviet influence, had been replaced by nominally anticolonialist attitudes.[8] The election in France of the Socialist government in 1981 had coincided with conditions of near-anarchy in Chad, leading France's Socialist Party to reaffirm its ideological stance against high-profile intervention in Africa.[8] Hoping to avoid a confrontation with Libya, another important client state in the region, President Mitterrand limited French military involvement to a defense of the region surrounding N'Djamena in 1983 and 1984.[8] Then, gradually increasing its commitment to reinforce Habré's presidency, France once again increased its military activity in Chad.[8]

 Germany11 August 1960Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 August 1960[69]
  • Chad has an embassy in Berlin.
  • Germany has an embassy in N'Djamena.
 Iceland 14 April 2004 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 April 2004[70]
 Ireland 30 June 2000 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 June 2000[71]
 Kosovo May 27, 2018 Both countries established diplomatic relations on May 27, 2018.[72]
 Montenegro 20 March 2015 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 March 2015[73]
 NetherlandsSee Chad–Netherlands relations
  • Chad is accredited to Netherlands from its embassy in Brussels, Belgium.
  • Netherlands is accredited to Chad from its embassy in Khartoum, Sudan.
 North Macedonia 13 October 1999 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 October 1999[74]
 Poland5 January 1979Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 January 1979[75]
  • Chad is accredited to Poland from its embassy in Moscow, Russia.
  • Poland is accredited to Chad from its embassy in Tunis, Tunisia.
 Portugal 4 May 1977 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 May 1977[76]
 Romania15 July 1969See Chad–Romania relations

Chad–Romania relations were established on July 15, 1969.[77] However, neither country has an embassy in the other's capital, and although an agreement on trade was signed in 1969, followed by an agreement on economic and technical cooperation in 1971, as of 2007, the volume of bilateral trade remained insignificant.[78]

In November 2007, Romania announced that they would deploy 120 troops to Chad and the Central African Republic in connection with a European Union peacekeeping mission there.[79] Romania continued to condemn violence in Chad and blamed it on rebel groups.[80] However, by mid-2008, Romanian defence minister Teodor Meleşcanu indicated that his country would not send further troops to the mission in Chad, stating that they had reached their limits and did not want involvement in a war theatre.[81]

 Russia
  • Chad has an embassy in Moscow.
  • Russia has an embassy in N'Djamena.
 Serbia 31 May 1964 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 31 May 1964[82]
 Slovakia 20 April 2000 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 April 2000[83]
 Spain1975See Chad–Spain relations
  • Chad is accredited to Spain from its embassy in Paris, France.
  • Spain is accredited to Chad from its embassy in Yaoundé, Cameroon.
 Sweden 3 August 1995 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 August 1995[84]
 Switzerland
  • Chad has an embassy in Geneva accredited to Switzerland and the United Nations.[85]
  • Switzerland has a cooperation office in N'Djamena.[86]
 Ukraine 27 July 1993 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 July 1993[87]
 United Kingdom
  • Chad is accredited to the United Kingdom from its embassy in Brussels, Belgium.
  • United Kingdom has an embassy in N'Djamena.

Oceania
Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Australia
  • Australia is accredited to Chad from its embassy in Paris, France.
  • Chad does not have an accreditation to Australia.
 Fiji 4 September 2015 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 September 2015[88]

Membership of international organizations

Chad belongs to the following international organizations:

See also

References
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