Foreign relations of Eritrea

The foreign relations of Eritrea are the policies of the Eritrean government by which it administers its external relations with other nations. Since its independence, Eritrea's foreign relations have been dominated by conflict and confrontation, both in the regional and international arenas. It has maintained often troubled, and usually violent, relations with its neighbors, including brief armed conflicts with Yemen and Djibouti and a destructive war with its bigger-neighbour, Ethiopia.[1] At present, Eritrea has very tense relations with neighboring Ethiopia and Djibouti. Relations in the international arena also have been strained since the last decade, particularly with major powers. What appeared cordial relations with the US in the 1990s turned acrimonious following the border war with Ethiopia, 1998-2000.[1] Although the two nations have a close working relationship regarding the ongoing war on terror, there has been a growing tension in other areas. Ties with international organizations such as the United Nations, the African Union, and the European Union have also been complicated in part because of Eritrea's outrage at their reluctance to force Ethiopia to accept a boundary commission ruling issued in 2002.[1]

Politics of Eritrea
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International organizations

Eritrea is a member of the United Nations, the African Union, and is an observing member of the Arab League.

Eritrea holds a seat on the United Nations' Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions (ACABQ).

Eritrea also holds memberships in the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, International Finance Corporation, International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL), Non-Aligned Movement, Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, Permanent Court of Arbitration, Port Management Association of Eastern and Southern Africa, and the World Customs Organization.

Bilateral relations
Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Argentina 24 May 1993 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 May 1993[2]
 Armenia16 October 1994

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 October 1994.[3]

 Azerbaijan 20 April 2004 Diplomatic relations between the Republic of Azerbaijan and the State of Eritrea were established on April 20, 2004.[4]
 Bahrain 2 December 1995 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 December 1995[5]
 Brazil 7 November 1996 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 November 1996[6]
 Brunei Darussalam 13 May 2004 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 May 2004[7]
 Cambodia 2 February 2010 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 February 2010[8]
 China 24 May 1993 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 May 1993[9]
 Colombia 22 December 1994 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 December 1994[10]
 Cote d'Ivoire 4 August 1993 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 August 1993[11]
 Croatia4 June 1999[12]See Croatia–Eritrea relations
 Cuba 8 November 1996 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 November 1996[13]
 Cyprus 6 August 2001 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 August 2001[14]
 Czech Republic 24 May 1993 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 May 1993[15]
 Denmark 1993 Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1993. See Denmark–Eritrea relations
 Djibouti 11 July 1993 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 July 1993,[16] but were broke off from 18 November 1998 to 11 March 2002.
 Dominica 11 May 2021 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 May 2021[17]
 Ecuador 13 March 2013 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 March 2013[18]
 Estonia 31 May 2005 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 31 May 2005[19]
 Ethiopia24 May 1993,[20] diplomatic relations were broken in May 1998, Restored 9 July 2018[21]See Eritrea–Ethiopia relations

Eritrea's foreign relations with Ethiopia are adversarial.[22] Immediately after Eritrea's independence from Ethiopia, relations were cordial despite the former relationship. Since independence Eritrea's relationship with Ethiopia was entirely political, especially in the resuscitation and expansion of IGAD's scope. Since 1998 and the Eritrean–Ethiopian War, the relationship became increasingly hostile.

In December 2000, Eritrea and Ethiopia signed a peace treaty ending their war and created a pair of binding judicial commissions, the Eritrea-Ethiopia Border Commission and the Eritrean-Ethiopian Claims Commission, to rule on their disputed border and related claims. In April 2002 The Commission released its decision (with a clarification in 2003).[23] Disagreements following the war have resulted in stalemate punctuated by periods of elevated tension and renewed threats of war.[24][25] Since these decisions Ethiopia has refused to permit the physical demarcation of the border while Eritrea insists the border must be demarcated as defined by the commission. Consequently, the Boundary Commission ruled boundary as virtually demarcated and effective.

Eritrea maintains a military force on its border with Ethiopia roughly equal in size to Ethiopia's force, which has required a general mobilization of a significant portion of the population.[26] Eritrea has viewed this border dispute as an existential threat to itself in particular and the African Union in general, because it deals with the supremacy of colonial boundaries in Africa.[27] Since the border conflict Ethiopia no longer uses Eritrean ports for its trade.[28]

During the border conflict and since, Ethiopia has fostered militants against Eritrea (including ethnic separatists and religiously based organizations).[29] Eritrea has retaliated by hosting militant groups against Ethiopia as well. The United Nations Security Council argues that Eritrea and Ethiopia have expanded their dispute to a second theater, Somalia.[30]

In March 2012, Ethiopia attacked Eritrean army outposts along the border. Addis Ababa said the assault was in retaliation for the training and support given by Asmara to subversives while Eritrea said the U.S. knew of the attacks, an accusation denied by U.S. officials.[31]

In July 2018, leaders both countries signed a peace treaty to put a formal end to a state of war between both nations paving the way for greater economic cooperation and improved ties between them.[32]

 Fiji 12 April 2010 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 April 2010[33]
 Finland28 May 1993[34]See Eritrea–Finland relations
 Georgia 24 February 2012 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 February 2012[35]
 Germany 3 August 1993 See Eritrea–Germany relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 August 1993[36]

  Holy See 15 July 1995 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 July 1995[37]
 Hungary 24 August 1993 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 August 1993[38]
 Iceland 6 October 2004 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 October 2004[39]
 India 17 September 1993 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 September 1993[38][40]
 Indonesia 2 August 1993 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 August 1993[11]
 Iran 31 May 2007 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 31 May 2007[41]
 Ireland 2002 Both countries established diplomatic relations in 2002[42]
 Israel24 May 1993See Eritrea–Israel relations

Eritrea developed relations with Israel shortly after gaining its independence in 1993, despite protests among Arab countries. Israeli-Eritrean relations are close. The president of Eritrea has visited Israel for medical treatment. However, Eritrea condemned Israeli military action during the 2008–2009 Israel–Gaza conflict.[43] Israeli-Eritrean ties are complicated by Israel's close ties to Ethiopia, who have shared an unfriendly dyad with Eritrea for a long time.

 Italy24 May 1993See Eritrea–Italy relations
  • Eritrea has an embassy in Rome and a consulate in Milan.
  • Italy has an embassy in Asmara.
 Japan 31 August 1993 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 31 August 1993[11][44]
 Jordan 15 July 1993 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 July 1993[16]
 Kazakhstan 7 December 2016 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 December 2016[45]
 Kenya 14 September 1993 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 September 1993[38]
 Kuwait 17 October 1993 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 October 1993[46]
 Kyrgyzstan 27 February 2014 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 February 2014[47]
 Latvia 5 April 2012 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 April 2012[48]
 Lebanon 3 September 1993 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 September 1993[38]
 Libya 5 February 1998 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 February 1998[49]
 Lithuania 29 August 1998 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 August 1998[50]
 Maldives 10 February 2021 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 February 2021[51]
 Malta 18 December 2008 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 December 2008[52]
 Mauritius 21 April 2004 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 April 2004[53]
 Mexico23 June 1993[54]
 Mongolia 24 June 2013 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 June 2013[57]
 Montenegro 18 March 2008 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 March 2008[58]
 Morocco 30 May 1994 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 May 1994[59]
 Namibia 28 January 1994 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 January 1994[60]
   Nepal 31 October 2017 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 31 October 2017[61]
 Nicaragua 6 June 2019 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 June 2019[62]
 Nigeria 1998 Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1998[63]
 North Korea 1993 Despite Pyongyang's alignment with Ethiopia during the Eritrean War of Independence, Eritrea has maintained diplomatic relations with North Korea since the 1990s. Covert military ties also exist between Eritrea and North Korea.[64]
 North Macedonia 13 September 2000 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 September 2000[65]
 Oman 23 May 1994 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 May 1994[66]
 Pakistan 1 December 1993 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 December 1993[67]
 Philippines 4 February 1997 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 February 1997[68]
 Poland 15 July 1993 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 July 1993[16]
 Qatar5 July 1993[16]

During the 2017 Qatar diplomatic crisis, Eritrea refused a request by Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates to cut relations with Qatar, citing its "strong ties with the brother people of Qatar."[69]

 Romania 23 November 1993 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 November 1993[67]
 Russia24 May 1993See Eritrea–Russia relations
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 May 1993[70]
 Saudi Arabia 2 October 1993 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 October 1993[71]
 Serbia 19 October 2012 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 October 2012[72]
 Seychelles 25 April 2002 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 April 2002[73]
 Singapore 15 December 1993 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 December 1993[74]
 Slovenia 4 April 1996 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 April 1996[75]
 Solomon Islands 27 June 2011 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 June 2011[76]
 South Korea24 May 1993

Diplomatic relations between the Republic of Korea and the State of Eritrea were established on 24 May 1993.[77]

 South Sudan 11 July 2011 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 July 2011[78]
 Spain 5 October 1993 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 October 1993[79]
 Sudan24 May 1993,[20] diplomatic relations were broken from 5 December 1994 to 2 May 1999

Eritrea broke diplomatic relations with the Sudan in December 1994. This action was taken after a long period of increasing tension between the two countries due to a series of cross-border incidents involving the Eritrean Islamic Jihad (EIJ). Although the attacks did not pose a threat to the stability of the Government of Eritrea (the infiltrators have generally been killed or captured by government forces), the Eritreans believe the National Islamic Front (NIF) in Khartoum supported, trained, and armed the insurgents. After many months of negotiations with the Sudanese to try to end the incursions, the Government of Eritrea concluded that the NIF did not intend to change its policy and broke relations. Subsequently, the Government of Eritrea hosted a conference of Sudanese opposition leaders in June 1995 in an effort to help the opposition unite and to provide a credible alternative to the present government in Khartoum. Eritrea resumed diplomatic relations with Sudan on December 10, 2005.[80] Since then, Sudan has accused Eritrea, along with Chad, of supporting rebels.[81] The undemarcated border with Sudan previously posed a problem for Eritrean external relations.[82]

After a high-level delegation to the Sudan from the Eritrean Ministry of Foreign Affairs, ties are being normalized. While normalization of ties continues, Eritrea has been recognized as a broker for peace between the separate factions of the Sudanese civil war. "It is known that Eritrea played a role in bringing about the peace agreement [between the Southern Sudanese and Government],"[83] while the Sudanese Government and Eastern Front rebels have requested Eritrea to mediate peace talks.[84] The Eritrean President, Isaias Afewerki, and his Sudanese counterpart Omar Al-Bashir held talks in Asmara on a number of bilateral issues of mutual concern to the two East African countries. The talks dealt with enhancing bilateral ties and cooperation including making their shared border more open. Sudan and Eritrea agreed to abolish entry visa requirements, opening their common borders for free movement of both nationals.[85] In 2011, Eritrea and Sudan cooperated in the building of the Kassala-Al Lafa Highway linking the two countries.[86]

 Sweden 24 June 1993 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 June 1993[87]
 Switzerland 11 June 1993 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 June 1993[88]
 Syria 22 April 1994 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 April 1994[89]
 Thailand 7 December 1993 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 December 1993[67]
 Tunisia 25 October 1993 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 October 1993[90]
 Turkey19 July 1993See also Eritrea–Turkey relations
  • The Embassy of Eritrea in Doha is accredited to Turkey.[91]
  • Turkey has an embassy in Asmara.[91]
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 13.9 million USD in 2019.[91]
 Ukraine 20 December 1993 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 December 1993[92]
 United Arab Emirates28 June 1993[16]

The United Arab Emirates are a member of the Saudi-led coalition against Houthi rebels in Yemen. Foreign Minister Osman Saleh Mohammed is quoted stating the UAE are using "logistical facilities at the port and airport" in the southern city of Assab.[93] Human Rights Watch reported that the UAE maintains a detention facility at the Assab base, where it may have transferred high-profile prisoners out of Yemen.[94]

 United States11 June 1993See Eritrea–United States relations

Diplomatic relations between the United States and the State of Eritrea were established on June 11, 1993.[95]

 Venezuela 7 April 2006 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 April 2006[96]
 Vietnam 20 July 1993 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 July 1993[97]
 Yemen24 May 1993[20]

A dispute with Yemen over the Hanish Islands in 1996 resulted in a brief war. As part of an agreement to cease hostilities, the nations agreed to refer the issue to the Permanent Court of Arbitration at the Hague. At the conclusion of the proceedings, both nations acquiesced to the 1998 decision which said sovereignty should be shared.[98]

See also

References
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