Foreign relations of Zambia

After independence in 1964 the foreign relations of Zambia were mostly focused on supporting liberation movements in other countries in Southern Africa, such as the African National Congress and SWAPO. During the Cold War Zambia was a member of the Non-Aligned Movement.

Politics of Zambia
Constitution
Government
Legislature
Elections
Administrative divisions
Foreign relations
National symbols
flag Zambia portal
Nations with which Zambia has diplomatic relations.

Zambia is a member of 44 international organizations, with the United Nations, World Trade Organization, African Union, Commonwealth of Nations and Southern African Development Community being among the most notable.

Zambia is involved in a border dispute concerning the convergence of the boundaries of Botswana, Namibia, Zambia and Zimbabwe. An additional dispute with the Democratic Republic of Congo concerns the Lunchinda-Pweto Enclave.

History
Kenneth Kaunda visiting communist Romania's leader, Nicolae Ceauşescu, in 1970.
Kuanda talking privately with U.S. President Jimmy Carter at the White House in 1978
U.S. Secretary of State Colin Powell and President of Zambia Levy Mwanawasa meet in New York City during the 59th UN General Assembly.

After independence in 1964, Zambia was one of the most vocal opponents to white minority rule and colonialism. President Kenneth Kaunda, who held office 1964–1991, was a very visible advocate of change in Southern Africa. He actively supported UNITA during the Angolan liberation and civil war, SWAPO during their fight for Namibian independence from apartheid South Africa, Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe), and the African National Congress in their fight against apartheid in South Africa.[1]

Many of these organizations were based in Zambia during the 1970s and 1980s. For this reason South Africa as well as Rhodesia carried out military raids on targets inside Zambia. Zambia's support for the various liberation movements also caused problems for the Zambian economy, since it was heavily dependent on electricity supply and transportation through South Africa and Rhodesia. However these problems was partly solved by the Kariba Dam and the construction of the Chinese supported Tan-Zam railway.

For their part in the liberations struggles, Zambia enjoys wide popularity among the countries they supported as well as all over Africa. For instance, former South African president Nelson Mandela often referred to the debt South Africa owes Zambia.[2]

Before Zambian independence, Kaunda met with John F Kennedy while visiting the United States in 1961, and he would meet with Lyndon Johnson, Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter, Ronald Reagan, and George H.W. Bush at the White House during his long presidency.[1] He also clashed with British prime minister Margaret Thatcher on several occasions, disliking her policy towards South Africa.[3]

As with most African states, Zambia was a member of the Non-Aligned Movement during the Cold War, and is still today. The country hosted the 3rd Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement in 1970. In practice Zambia was more to the left than to the right during the Cold War. The country had good relations with China and with Yugoslavia. Kaunda is famous in Yugoslavia for crying openly at president Josip Broz Tito's funeral.

Kaunda's successor, president Frederick Chiluba (1991–2002), also played an important role in African politics. His government played a constructive regional role sponsoring Angola peace talks that led to the 1994 Lusaka Protocols. Zambia has provided troops to UN peacekeeping initiatives in Mozambique, Rwanda, Angola, and Sierra Leone. Zambia was the first African state to cooperate with the International Tribunal investigation of the 1994 Rwanda genocide.

In 1998, Zambia took the lead in efforts to establish a cease-fire in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Zambia was active in the Congolese peace effort after the signing of a cease-fire agreement in Lusaka in July and August 1999, although activity diminished considerably after the Joint Military Commission tasked with implementing the ceasefire relocated to Kinshasa in September 2001.

International organizations

Zambia is a member of 45 international organisations. These are:[4]

Concerning Zambia's membership in the ICC, Zambia has a Bilateral Immunity Agreement of protection for the United States military from prosecution.

United Nations

Zambia joined the United Nations on 1 December 1964,[5] only a month after the nation had become independent. Zambia has a permanent mission to the UN, with headquarters on 237 East 52nd Street, New York City. The head of the mission is Tens Chisola Kapoma.

International Monetary Fund managing director Rodrigo Rato meeting with the Republic of Zambia's President Levy Mwanawasa.

Regional diplomacy
Lusaka province, the capital of Zambia

Following the independence of Zambia on 24 October 1964, the country has lent military aid and support to numerous movements and governments on the international stage. Most notably, Zambia has a history of providing military aid to combatants and political parties fighting for independence throughout Africa.[6] The aid that Zambia has provided for African nationalistic movements during the colonial era revolves around both military and diplomatic arrangement for liberation and peace.[7] The Zambian Defense Force (ZDF), which consists of the Zambian Army, Zambian Air force and Zambian National Service, has played a key part in a multitude of key regional and international conflicts throughout the 1970s and 1980s.[8] Most notably, the Zambian military has provided counter insurgent efforts during major African confrontations such as the Rhodesian Bush War despite not being the main belligerent.[9]

Zambia has a history of supporting regional liberation movements and Former President Kenneth Kaunda had previously decreed that "Zambia will not be independent and free until the rest of Africa is Free".[10] Critics have pointed to Zambia's historical stance of non-engagement and détente as a self-preservation act for a historically authoritarian government.[11] As a large central nation, the governability of Zambia relies on the stability and diplomacy of nearby states that surround Zambia.[7] Regional stability has allowed Former President Kenneth Kaunda to maintain power in the relatively poor nation for several decades.[12]

Liberation and political support

Zambia received its own liberation from colonialism relatively early from Britain. The newly formed Zambian government under President Kenneth Kaunda of the UNIP party was active in the liberation and disputes of its neighbors for decades following its independence.[13] The Zambian government offered shelter for revolutionaries, mediated treaty signings and offered aid and weapons. The continuation of colonial rule in Southern Africa was seen as a slight to Zambia and inherent feelings of African unity drove the new nation to aid its neighbors resist colonial rule.[14]

Most notably, Zambia was a haven for revolutionaries from the Namibia liberation party,[15] South West African People's Organization (SWAPO) and the African National Congress (ANC) in South Africa. Zambia provided a rear base for revolutionaries as well as administrative and political aid.

SWAPO
Former President of South Africa, Nelson Mandela had previously expressed the important role Zambia played in post-apartheid South Africa

The South West African People's Organization (SWAPO) is a political party that was formerly an independence movement based in Namibia.[16] Due to pressures from within Namibia, SWAPO moved its headquarters and much of its forces into neighboring Zambia in the 1970s. Zambia became a safe haven for the group and SWAPO set up guerrilla training camps and sent exiled members into Zambia.[15] The Shipanga Crisis, so named for senior SWAPO leader Andreas Shipanga, saw the Zambian government help round up thousands of dissidents and critics of the movement.[17] SWAPO leaders in Namibia saw growing dissent in the SWAPO installations and guerrilla camps in Zambia, and appealed to then President Kaunda for help. After rounding up thousands of perceived rebels, including Shipanga with the aid of Zambia, SWAPO leadership in Namibia became markedly more authoritarian.[18]

African National Congress

The African National Congress was an anti-apartheid political party based in South Africa, with close ideological ties to the Zambian African National Congress of President Kenneth Kaunda.[19] When the political party was banned in South Africa by the colonial government, many of its leaders went underground or fled to Zambia.[20] Lusaka, the capital of Zambia, became the new headquarters for many ANC leaders in exile from their native South Africa. Zambia thus developed a legacy of being the center of activity for South African liberation and allowed exiled leaders to convene and organize. Former South African President Nelson Mandela had expressed the important role that Zambia played in the liberation of their country during the years of exile.[21] Zambia's policy of liberation through diplomacy and discreet support for African nationalist movements within the region is most poignant in the South African case.[22]

Zimbabwe

Zambia has also provided key support to the liberation struggles of nearby Zimbabwe from their colonial rulers in the 1960s to 1970s.[23] Specifically, Zambia provided armed and diplomatic support to Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU) and the Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU) during their struggles against the unrecognized rogue state Rhodesian government in the Rhodesian Bush War.[24] Zambia provided limited arms and training towards Zimbabwe's African nationalist movements, but largely applied diplomatic approaches to induce liberation in Zimbabwe.[25] This included multiple visits and discussion between the Rhodesian government and Zambia leaders to negotiate a resolution to the civil strife within the country. Eventually, in 1979, the Rhodesian government submitted to international pressures and conducted elections that lead to majority rule and the eventual renaming of the country as Zimbabwe.[26]

UNITA

The National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) was a party in Angola that served as one of the main belligerents in the Angolan Civil War of 1975 against People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA).[27] Zambia, under Kenneth Kaunda trained and funded UNITA against the MPLA during the civil war. Lusaka remained one of the most ardent supporters of the UNITA African nationalists and UNITA troops trained in Zambia.[28] Since then, Zambia has rescinded its historical support of UNITA and has apologized to the current Angolan government over the historical support of UNITA.[29]

Angolan Civil War

Zambia was key in facilitating talks between People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) and the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) of the Angolan Civil War.[30] The Angolan Civil War waged on from 1975 onward and involved massive foreign intervention in the face of the Cold War.[31] Initiated by Zambia, the Lusaka Protocol was a treaty that attempted to end the Civil War by disarmament and national reconciliation. The treaty was signed in Lusaka on 20 November 1994 and garnered international support, as well as support from Zimbabwean President Robert Mugabe and South African President Nelson Mandela.[32] Ultimately the fighting resumed, and by 1998, the peace process ceased.[33]

The Second Congo War

The Second Congo war was a major African continental war that began in the Democratic Republic of Congo in 1998, and involved nine different African countries.[34] Zambia was not a belligerent in this military engagement, but sought to facilitate peace and an end to the fighting. Representatives from various international organizations such as the United Nations, met on 21–27 June 1999 in Lusaka in order to draft a resolution to the conflict.[35] The ceasefire agreement set to end the fighting, deploy peacekeeping forces and release prisoners of war on both sides of the fighting. Heads of state from Angola, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Namibia, Rwanda, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe convened in Lusaka, Zambia on 10 July 1999 to sign the Lusaka Ceasefire Agreement.[36] Ultimately hostilities continued despite the passage of the Peace Agreement, and the official fighting did not resolve itself until 2003.[37]

African cooperation

Zambia is a member of the Organization of African Unity (OAU), now known as the African Union, and was its chairman until July 2002. Zambia also takes part in the unions economical cooperation, the African Economic Community (AEC). Among th AEC's different pillars, Zambia takes part in two; Southern African Development Community (SADC) and the preferential trade area Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA). The country is also a member of the Port Management Association of Eastern and Southern Africa (PMAESA).

SADC was founded in Zambia's capital Lusaka on 1 April 1980, and COMESA has its headquarters there as well.

International disputes

A dormant dispute remains where Botswana, Namibia, Zambia, and Zimbabwe's boundaries converge; and with the DRC in the Lunchinda-Pweto Enclave in the North of Chienge following concerns on the Zambia-Congo Delimitation Treaty raised with the late President Laurent Kabila. The lack of demarcation beacons, and the citizenship rights of people in that enclave remain thorny issues, especially in Luapula Province.

Zambia and the Commonwealth of Nations

Zambia has been a republic in the Commonwealth of Nations since 24 October 1964, when Northern Rhodesia became independent.

Bilateral relations
Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Albania 9 July 1969 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 July 1969[38]
 Algeria 15 January 1973 Both countries established diplomatic relationson 15 January 1973[39]
 Angola
 Argentina 27 September 1974 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 September 1974[40]
 Armenia7 October 1993

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 October 1993[41]

 Azerbaijan 18 November 1993 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 November 1993[42]
 Australia
  • Australia is accredited to Zambia from its embassy in Harare, Zimbabwe.
  • Zambia has a High Commission in Canberra.[43]
  • Both countries are full members of Commonwealth of Nations.
 Bolivia 5 January 1987 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 January 1987[44]
 Brazil
  • Brazil has an embassy in Lusaka.
  • Zambia has an embassy in Brasília.
 Brunei Darussalam 3 February 2003 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 February 2003[45]
 Canada1966Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1966[46]
  • Canada has a high commission in Lusaka.
  • Zambia has a high commission in Ottawa.
 Cape Verde 10 July 1982 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 July 1982[47]
 China29 October 1964Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 October 1964[48]

See China–Zambia relations

  • China has an embassy in Lusaka.
  • Zambia has an embassy in Beijing.
 Croatia20 September 1995

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 September 1995[49]

 Cyprus
  • Cyprus is accredited to Zambia from its high commission in Pretoria, South Africa[50] and an honorary consulate in Lusaka.[50]
  • Zambia is accredited to Cyprus from its embassy in Rome, Italy[50] and an honorary consulate in Limassol.[50]
  • Both countries have a bilateral agreement on Air Service between both countries.[51]
  • Both countries are full members of Commonwealth of Nations.
 Democratic Republic of the Congo24 October 1964Both countries established diplomatic relations on Zambia's independence 24 October 1964, when Democratic Republic of the Congo has raised its consulate-general in Lusaka to embassy level, and consul Mabita has been promoted to charge d'affaires[52]
  • DR Congo has an embassy in Lusaka.
  • Zambia has an embassy in Kinshasa and a consulate-general in Lubumbashi.
 Cote d'Ivoire 10 April 1968 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 April 1968[53]
 Czech Republic 2 February 1965 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 February 1965[54]
 DenmarkSee Denmark-Zambia relations
 Finland8 March 1968
 Gabon 18 July 1975 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 July 1975[58]
 Georgia14 October 1993

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 October 1993[59]

 Greece
  • Greece is accredited to Zambia from its embassy in Harare, Zimbabwe and an honorary consulate in Lusaka.[60]
  • Zambia is accredited to Greece from its embassy in London, United Kingdom.[60]
 Guyana11 February 1971
 Iceland 23 July 2004 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 July 2004[62]
 IndiaSee India-Zambia relations
 IrelandSee Ireland–Zambia relations
  • Ireland has an embassy in Lusaka.[67]
  • Zambia is accredited to Ireland from its high commission in London[68]
 Israel

Both countries have a number of bilateral agreements in force.[69]

 JapanOctober 1964

Both countries established diplomatic relations in October 1964.[70]

 KenyaSee Kenya–Zambia relations
  • Kenya has a high commission in Lusaka.
  • Zambia has a high commission in Nairobi.
 Laos 9 November 1996 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 November 1996[71]
 Lithuania13 July 2001

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 July 2001.[72]

 Madagascar 13 September 1973 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 September 1973[73]
 Malawi 15 September 1970 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 September 1970[74]
 Maldives 1 April 2018 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 April 2018[75]
 Mexico15 October 1975
  • Mexico is accredited to Zambia from its embassy in Pretoria, South Africa.[76]
  • Zambia is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.[77]
 Moldova 26 October 1993 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 October 1993[78]
 Montenegro29 June 2010

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 June 2010[79]

 Mozambique
  • Mozambique has a high commission in Lusaka.
  • Zambia has a high commission in Maputo.
 Namibia5 August 1990See Namibia–Zambia relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 August 1990[80]

  • Namibia has a high commission in Lusaka.
  • Zambia has a high commission in Windhoek.
   Nepal 10 September 1986 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 September 1986[81]
 New Zealand2 April 1985Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 April 1985[82]
  • New Zealand is accredited to Zambia from its high commission in Pretoria, South Africa.
  • Zambia is accredited to New Zealand from its high commission in Canberra, Australia.[83]
  • Both countries are full members of Commonwealth of Nations.
 Nicaragua 21 April 1980 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 April 1980[84]
 Peru 5 October 1970 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 October 1970[85]
 Poland1 July 1966Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 July 1966[86]
  • Poland is accredited to Zambia from its embassy in Harare, Zimbabwe.
  • Zambia is accredited to Poland from its embassy in Berlin, Germany.
 Portugal 3 April 1975 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 April 1975[87]
 Romania28 May 1968

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 May 1968[88]

 Russia30 October 1964See Russia–Zambia relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 October 1964[89]

  • Russia has an embassy in Lusaka.
  • Zambia has an embassy in Moscow.
 Serbia23 October 1964

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 October 1964.[90]Both countries have passed a number of bilateral agreements.[91]

 Sierra Leone 19 February 1971 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 February 1971 when first High Commissioner of Zambia Mr. Siteke G. Mwale presented his credentials to the Governor General of Sierra Leone Sir Banja Tejan-Sie[92]
 South Africa10 May 1994Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 May 1994[93]

See South Africa–Zambia relations

Zambia was a strong supporter of the African National Congress during their struggle against minority rule and hosted the ANC for a number of years. In 2009, nearly 52% of all goods imported to Zambia were from South Africa.

  • South Africa has a high commission in Lusaka.
  • Zambia has a high commission in Pretoria.
 South Korea4 September 1990

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 September 1990[94]

High-level Exchanges: May 1991 Special Envoy Chung Won-shik; October 1994 Special Envoy Hong Soon-young; May 1995 Special Envoy Kim Hang-kyung; May 2010 Economic Mission Kim Jung-hoon (The Republic of Korea-Zambia business Forum).[95]

 Spain26 September 1969Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 September 1969[96]
  • Spain is accredited to Zambia from its embassy in Harare, Zimbabwe and maintains an honorary consulate in Lusaka.
  • Zambia is accredited to Spain from its embassy in Paris, France.
 Syria 15 May 1969 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 May 1969[97]
 TanzaniaSee Tanzania–Zambia relations
  • Tanzania has a high commission in Lusaka.
  • Zambia has a high commission in Dar es Salaam.
 Turkey1964[98]See Turkey–Zambia relations
  • Turkey has an embassy in Lusaka.[98]
  • Zambia has an embassy in Ankara.[98]
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 23.7 million USD in 2019 (Zambian exports/imports: 5.9/17.8 million USD).[98]
  • There are direct flights from Istanbul to Lusaka since 14 December 2018.[98]
 United Arab Emirates 29 November 1974 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 November 1974[99]
 United Kingdom 24 October 1964 See United Kingdom–Zambia relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 October 1964[100]

  • United Kingdom has a high commission in Lusaka.
  • Zambia has a high commission in London.
 United States24 October 1964Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 October 1964[101]

See United States–Zambia relations

Zambia, led by president Kenneth Kaunda and other diplomats such as Vernon Mwaanga, Mark Chona, and Siteke Mwale, cooperated closely with the United States between 1975 and 1984 in order to promote peaceful solutions to the conflicts in Angola, Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), and Namibia.[102]

  • United States has an embassy in Lusaka.
  • Zambia has an embassy in Washington, D.C.
 Venezuela 2 November 1978 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 November 1978[103]
 Vietnam15 September 1972

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 September 1972[104]

 ZimbabweSee Zambia–Zimbabwe relations
  • From 1953 to 1963 Zambia and Zimbabwe were, along with Nyasaland (now Malawi) part of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland.[105]
  • Initially the two countries had good relations after gaining independence. However, relations have recently been strained. Following the controversial Zimbabwean presidential election of 2008, the late Zambian President Levy Mwanawasa described Mugabe's Zimbabwe as a "regional embarrassment".[106]
  • The former foreign affairs minister, Kabinga Mpande, once said Zambia had lodged a protest against Zimbabwe, against the "sustained malicious campaign against Zambia".[107] But relations have improved tremendously with the election of Michael Sata as President of Zambia. It was reported in the Zambian media that Zambia was pushing for the readmission of Zimbabwe into the British led Commonwealth of Nations.

See also

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